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Rau Alexander,Neubauer Jakob,Taleb Laetitia,Stein Thomas,Schuermann Till,Rau Stephan,Faby Sebastian,Wenger Sina,Engelhardt Monika,Bamberg Fabian,Weiss Jakob 대한영상의학회 2023 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.24 No.10
Objective: Computed tomography (CT) is an established method for the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of multiple myeloma. Here, we investigated the potential of photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) in terms of image quality, diagnostic confidence, and radiation dose compared with energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT). Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, patients with known multiple myeloma underwent clinically indicated whole-body PCD-CT. The image quality of PCD-CT was assessed qualitatively by three independent radiologists for overall image quality, edge sharpness, image noise, lesion conspicuity, and diagnostic confidence using a 5-point Likert scale (5 = excellent), and quantitatively for signal homogeneity using the coefficient of variation (CV) of Hounsfield Units (HU) values and modulation transfer function (MTF) via the full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the frequency space. The results were compared with those of the current clinical standard EID-CT protocols as controls. Additionally, the radiation dose (CTDIvol) was determined. Results: We enrolled 35 patients with multiple myeloma (mean age 69.8 ± 9.1 years; 18 [51%] males). Qualitative image analysis revealed superior scores (median [interquartile range]) for PCD-CT regarding overall image quality (4.0 [4.0–5.0] vs. 4.0 [3.0–4.0]), edge sharpness (4.0 [4.0–5.0] vs. 4.0 [3.0–4.0]), image noise (4.0 [4.0–4.0] vs. 3.0 [3.0–4.0]), lesion conspicuity (4.0 [4.0–5.0] vs. 4.0 [3.0–4.0]), and diagnostic confidence (4.0 [4.0–5.0] vs. 4.0 [3.0–4.0]) compared with EID-CT (P ≤ 0.004). In quantitative image analyses, PCD-CT compared with EID-CT revealed a substantially lower FWHM (2.89 vs. 25.68 cy/pixel) and a significantly more homogeneous signal (mean CV ± standard deviation [SD], 0.99 ± 0.65 vs. 1.66 ± 0.5; P < 0.001) at a significantly lower radiation dose (mean CTDIvol ± SD, 3.33 ± 0.82 vs. 7.19 ± 3.57 mGy; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Whole-body PCD-CT provides significantly higher subjective and objective image quality at significantly reduced radiation doses than the current clinical standard EID-CT protocols, along with readily available multi-spectral data, facilitating the potential for further advanced post-processing.
Performance of a Surface Densified P/M Gear for a Passenger Car Gear Box
Rau Gunter,Sigl Lorenz S.,Mork Gerold,Wattenberg Frank 한국분말야금학회 2006 한국분말야금학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.1
Selective surface densification is a tool for improving the mechanical properties of PM steels, such that the requirements for highly loaded gears can be matched. This paper describes the manufacturing and the properties of a helical P/M gear. The gear performance was evaluated on a 3-shaft back to back test rig, on a load bearing test rig and on a sound test bench. The results of these tests are presented and compared to data obtained from solid steel gear with identical geometry and surface quality. This comparison indicates that P/M gears have a load bearing capacity and noise level which are both well comparable to solid steel gears.
Smart Television Interaction Design Guideline and Evaluation
( Pei Luen Patrick Rau ),( Yubo Zhang ),( Sheau Farn Max Liang ) 한국감성과학회 2014 춘계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.-
This study aims to develop a set of interaction design guidelines for smart TV, as well as to utilize the guidelines to analyze existing interaction design of smart TV and provide beneficial design implications for related manufacturers. Relevant literature was reviewed to cover three areas of smart TV interaction design: TV screen design, interaction design and user experience design. With theoretical foundations from previous studies, the Guidelines of Smart TV Interaction Design were developed, which contained four sections: the first section was about general design principles about simplicity, consistency, aesthetics and feedback; sections from the second to the fourth were about TV screen design, interaction design and user experience design. For each guideline, there was a paragraph demonstrating the requirement of design details with several cases illustrating the requirement. Based on the guidelines, a heuristic expert evaluation was conducted to assess the interaction designs provided by three different brands of smart TV set-top boxes. Different levels of usability problems and user experience issues were identified according to the guidelines. It was found that the most important design issue was the consistency, which means that the interaction design should match the TV-remote control mode rather than the computer-mouse/keyboard mode.
Smart Television Interaction Design Guideline and Evaluation
Pei-Luen Patrick Rau,Yubo Zhang,Sheau-Farn Max Liang 대한인간공학회 2014 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.5
This study aims to develop a set of interaction design guidelines for smart TV, as well as to utilize the guidelines to analyze existing interaction design of smart TV and provide beneficial design implications for related manufacturers. Relevant literature was reviewed to cover three areas of smart TV interaction design: TV screen design, interaction design and user experience design. With theoretical foundations from previous studies, the Guidelines of Smart TV Interaction Design were developed, which contained four sections: the first section was about general design principles about simplicity, consistency, aesthetics and feedback; sections from the second to the fourth were about TV screen design, interaction design and user experience design. For each guideline, there was a paragraph demonstrating the requirement of design details with several cases illustrating the requirement. Based on the guidelines, a heuristic expert evaluation was conducted to assess the interaction designs provided by three different brands of smart TV set-top boxes. Different levels of usability problems and user experience issues were identified according to the guidelines. It was found that the most important design issue was the consistency, which means that the interaction design should match the “TV-remote control” mode rather than the “computer-mouse/keyboard” mode. Issues about user experience innovation and design for the smart TV were also discussed. It was suggested that the guidelines and findings from the evaluation should be considered in the future development and design of smart TV products.