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CENTRAL ASIAN PIPELINE DILEMMAS - SECURITY, POLITICS AND ECONOMY
RAFIS ABAZOV 서울대학교 국제학연구소 1998 Journal of International and Area Studies Vol.5 No.1
This article assesses major oil and gas pipeline projects proposed to bring the natural resources from Central Asian republics (CARs) to the international market and focuses on various factors affecting realization of these projects. Also I examine the economic viability of the numerous transportation and pipeline projects. I argue that due to the landlocked location of the CARs and vulnerability of the oil and gas pipelines to various external and internal influences, the local policy makers and international corporations are searching for multiple routes from the region to the international market. In order to avoid dependence on a single international actor such as Russia or Iran, the CARs governments are attempting to involve new outside actors, including East Asian countries, into the regional affairs with whom they could co-operate in maintaining the security balance and stability.<BR> This paper examines three major issues that are especially important for policy makers in the Central Asian republics: (1) security issues in the post-Soviet CAR; (2) economic issues; (3) political and regional issues and their impact on the perspectives of the realization of these projects. The author argues that realization of these projects will affect security regimes in and around the regions that create dilemmas for the Central Asian policy makers considering realization of various projects.
Closure filters and prime fuzzy closure filters of $MS-$algebras
Rafi Noorbhasha,Ravi Kumar Bandaru,Kar Ping Shum 강원경기수학회 2020 한국수학논문집 Vol.28 No.3
The notion of fuzzy closure filters is introduced and discussed in an MS-algebra. In particular, we characterize the prime fuzzy closure filters in terms of boosters. Some relationship between the lattice of fuzzy closure filters and the fuzzy ideal lattice of boosters are explored and investigated.
ON THE C-PROJECTIVE VECTOR FIELDS ON RANDERS SPACES
Rafie-Rad, Mehdi,Shirafkan, Azadeh Korean Mathematical Society 2020 대한수학회지 Vol.57 No.4
A characterization of the C-projective vector fields on a Randers space is presented in terms of 𝚵-curvature. It is proved that the 𝚵-curvature is invariant for C-projective vector fields. The dimension of the algebra of the C-projective vector fields on an n-dimensional Randers space is at most n(n + 2). The generalized Funk metrics on the n-dimensional Euclidean unit ball 𝔹<sup>n</sup>(1) are shown to be explicit examples of the Randers metrics with a C-projective algebra of maximum dimension n(n+2). Then, it is also proved that an n-dimensional Randers space has a C-projective algebra of maximum dimension n(n + 2) if and only if it is locally Minkowskian or (up to re-scaling) locally isometric to the generalized Funk metric. A new projective invariant is also introduced.
TOPOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CERTAIN CLASSES OF ALMOST DISTRIBUTIVE LATTICES
RAFI, N.,RAO, G.C. The Korean Society for Computational and Applied M 2015 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.33 No.3
Proved that the two topoloies(spectral topology and D−topology) coincide on SpecR, MaxR and MinspecR iff R is complemented, normal and stone ADL respectively.
CENTRAL ASIAN PIPELINE DILEMMAS:SECURITY, POLITICS AND ECONOMY
ABAZOV,RAFIS GRADUATE INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL AND AREA STUD 1998 Journal of International and Area Studies Vol.5 No.1
This article assesses major oil and gas pipeline projects proposed to bring the natural resources from Central Asian republics (CARs) to the international market and focuses on various factors affecting realization of these projects. Also I examine the economic viability of the numerous transportation and pipeline projects. I argue that due to the landlocked location of the CARs and vulnerability of the oil and gas pipelines to various external and internal influences, the local policy makers and international corporations are searching for multiple routes from the region to the international market. In order to avoid dependence on a single international actor such as Russia or Iran, the CARs governments are attempting to involve new outside actors, including East Asian countries, into the regional affairs with whom they could co-operate in maintaining the security balance and stability. This paper examines three major issues that are especially important for policy makers in the Central Asian republics: (1) security issues in the post-Soviet CAR; (2) economic issues; (3) political and regional issues and their impact on the perspectives of the realization of these projects. The author argues that realization of these projects will affect security regimes in and around the regions that create dilemmas for the Central Asian policy makers considering realization of various projects.
Md. Rafi qul Islam,Mohammad Rashed Hossain,Hoy-Taek Kim,Ujjal Kumar Nath,Md. Abuyusuf,정희정,Jong-In Park,Ill-Sup Nou 한국원예학회 2020 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.61 No.1
Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB), caused by Acidovorax citrulli, is an economically devastating disease in melon. Molecular characterization of causal strains and identification of sources of resistance are necessary to control this important disease. Many strains of BFB were identified by partial sequencing and documented in GenBank. Recently, there was an outbreak of BFB strain NIHHS15-280 in melon fields (Goksung, Jeonnam, Korea) that severely hampered melon production in Korea. For this reason, we characterized NIHHS15-280 by partially sequencing the 16S rRNA gene using PCR-based markers. The partial sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of NIHHS15-280 was much more similar to A. citrulli strains associated with melon and watermelon hosts than other cucurbit hosts. A PCR-based assay identified the strain (NIHHS15-280) as belonging to A. citrulli group I, which predominantly infects non-watermelon cucurbits (virulent to melon). Thirty-five melon genotypes were screened against NIHHS15-280 in a detached-leaf inoculation assay. The lack of visible disease symptoms 11 days after inoculation in lines PI353814 and PI140471 indicated these to be highly resistant lines, whereas moderate resistance was observed in lines PI420145 and SCNU1154 and cultivars ME6 and ME5. Also, the most resistant lines were corroborated by a fruit inoculation assay. The characterized A. citrulli strain NIHHS15-280 (group I) and identified resistant lines will serve as a valuable resource for further genetic studies and improvement of BFB resistance in melon.