Ethical Decision Making Process of Public Health Nurses

Earl Francis R. Sumile,Ray Alvin E. Lopez 한국간호과학회 2009 한국간호과학회 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.10

EU Water Framework Directive-River Basin Management Planning in Ireland

R. Earle,G. Almeida 대한환경공학회 2010 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.15 No.2

The European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000/60/EC) was transposed into Irish law by Statutory Instrument Nos. 722 of 2003, 413 of 2005 and 218 of 2009, which set out a new strategy and process to protect and enhance Ireland`s water resources and water-dependent ecosystems. The Directive requires a novel, holistic, integrated, and iterative process to address Ireland`s natural waters based on a series of six-year planning cycles. Key success factors in implementing the Directive include an in-depth and balanced treatment of the ecological, economic, institutional and cultural aspects of river basin management planning. Introducing this visionary discipline for the management of sustainable water resources requires a solemn commitment to a new mindset and an overarching monitoring and management regime which hitherto has never been attempted in Ireland. The WFD must be implemented in conjunction with a myriad of complimentary directives and associated legislation, addressing such key related topics as flood/ drought management, biodiversity protection, land use planning, and water/wastewater and diffuse pollution engineering and regulation. The critical steps identified for river basin management planning under the WFD include: 1) characterization and classification of water bodies (i.e., how healthy are Irish waters?), 2) definition of significant water pressures (e.g., agriculture, forestry, septic tanks), 3) enhancement of measures for designated protected areas, 4) establishment of objectives for all surface and ground waters, and 5) integrating these critical steps into a comprehensive and coherent river basin management plan and associated programme of measures. A parallel WFD implementation programme critically depends on an effective environmental management system (EMS) approach with a plan-do-check-act cycle applied to each of the evolving six-year plans. The proactive involvement of stakeholders and the general public is a key element of this EMS approach.

'One assessment doesn't serve all the purposes' or does it? New Zealand teachers describe assessment and feedback

S. Earl Irving,Lois R. Harris,Elizabeth R. Peterson 서울대학교 교육연구소 2011 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.12 No.3

Within the Asia-Pacific community, the New Zealand Ministry of Education has been one of few educational authorities to adopt an Assessment for Learning (AfL) framework and actively promote formative uses of assessment. This paper reports the results of a qualitative study in which eleven New Zealand secondary teachers in two focus groups discussed their conceptions of assessment and feedback. These data were examined to see how teachers defined and understood assessment and feedback processes to identify how these conceptions related to AfL perspectives on assessment. Categorical analysis of these data found teachers identified three types of assessment (formative, classroom teacher-controlled summative and external summative) with three distinct purposes (improvement, reporting and compliance, irrelevance). Feedback was seen as being about learning, grades and marks, or behaviour and effort; these types served the same purposes as assessment with the addition of an encouragement purpose. This study showed that although these New Zealand teachers appeared committed to AfL, there was still disagreement amongst teachers as to what practices could be deemed formative and how to best implement these types of assessment. Additionally, even in this relatively low-stakes environment, they noted tension between improvement and accountability purposes for assessment.

Chord bearing capacity in long-span tubular trusses

C. J. Earls,B. Kozy,R. Boyle 국제구조공학회 2006 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.6 No.2

The capacity of tubular truss chords subjected to concentrated reaction forces in the vicinity of the open end (i.e., the bearing region) is not directly treated by existing design specifications; although capacity equations are promulgated for related tubular joint configurations. The lack of direct treatment of bearing capacity in existing design specifications seems to represent an unsatisfactory situation given the fact that connections very often control the design of long-span tubular structures comprised of members with slender cross-sections. The case of the simple-span overhead highway sign truss is studied, in which the bearing reaction is applied near the chord end. The present research is aimed at assessing the validity of adapting existing specifications’ capacity equations from related cases so as to be applicable in determining design capacity in tubular truss bearing regions. These modified capacity equations are subsequently used in comparisons with full-scale experimental results obtained from testing carried out at the University of Pittsburgh.

Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 by Human Salivary Cystatin SN and its Proteinase Inhibitory Regions

Hiltke, Tara R.,Kennell, Alan F.,Bergey, Earl J.,Bobek, Libuse A. Korean Academy of Oral Biology and the UCLA Dental 2000 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.25 No.1

Cystatins are a family cysteine proteinase inhibitors, many of which possess antiviral properties. Previous studies demonstrated that human cystatin C and salivary cystatin SN inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1〔HSV-1〕replication. The full-length cystatin C and SN do not function as serine proteinase inhibitors, but contain serine proteinase inhibitory regions. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether the inhibition of HSV-1 by cystatin SN occurs through its cysteine or serine proteinase inhibitory regions. using viral yield reduction assays, our results demonstrated that the N-truncated cystatin SN〔a deletion of one of the conserved cysteine proteinase inhibitory region〕was not able to effectively inhibit HSV-1〔20% versus 90% by the full-length cystatin SN〕. The results also showed that a circular peptide to the serine proteinase inhibitory region of cystatin SN inhibited HSV-1 by only 20%, while the linear peptide to the same region failed to inhibit HSV-1. Previous studies indicated that the inhibition of HSV-1 replicatin by cystatin SN occurred during the later stages of the viral infection. Thus, we have examined, by western blot analysis, the effect of cystatin SN on specific HSV-1 structural proteins 〔VP5, VP19, VP23, VP21/VP22a〕, as well as its effect on a non-structural DNA binding protein produced at an earlier stage in the viral life cycle〔ICP8〕. We report that cystatin SN reduced the production of total HSV-1 proteins, as well as all the individual proteins tested, while the circular peptide inhibited only two of the proteins tested, VP5 and VP19. In conclusion, the role of cystatin SN in HSV-1 inhibition appears to involve both ist cysteine and serine proteinase inhibitory regions.

Genomic Location of a Gene Conditioning a Miniature Phenotype in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Jeffery D. Ray,James R. Smith,Earl Taliercio,Felix B. Fritschi 한국식물학회 2012 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.55 No.1

The potential for global warming and climate change has increased the focus of research on plant genes that respond to high temperatures. Previous research identified a temperature-sensitive miniature soybean mutant that was controlled by a single gene. The objectives of our research were to confirm the single-gene control and to determine the genomic location of this gene. Segregation of the combined progeny of four BC6F5 plants heterozygous for the miniature trait in a Tracy-M background confirmed that the trait was conditioned by a single gene (1:2:1, χ2=4.38, P=0.1120). Molecular marker analysis identified three SSR markers and a SNP marker on molecular linkage group B2 (chromosome 14) associated with segregation for the miniature trait. One of these, marker Satt560, cosegregated perfectly with the miniature trait. The data from these four polymorphic markers indicated that the gene conditioning this miniature phenotype is at or near Satt560. Given this newly identified location of the gene and the recently published soybean genomic sequence, it may be feasible to isolate the gene and determine its mechanism of action in responding to temperature. Such knowledge may be of use in understanding how plants respond to increased temperature.

The Impact of menopause to the Well-Being of Women

Abraham B. Asto,Asuncion L Campolet,Kimberly R. Abrenica,Jeric Voltaire D. Cruz,Earl Kristoffer C. De Guia,Aubrey Marie R. Espiritu,Carra Louise C. Esteban,Emelene A. Hipol,Zyra April R. Martinez,Ries 한국간호과학회 2011 한국간호과학회 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.10

IgG4 Levels in Bile for Distinguishing IgG4-Associated Cholangiopathy from Other Biliary Disorders: A Single Blinded Pilot Study

Udayakumar Navaneethan,Norma G. Gutierrez,Ramprasad Jegadeesan,Preethi GK Venkatesh,Earl Poptic,Madhusudhan R. Sanaka,John J. Vargo,Mansour A. Parsi 대한소화기내시경학회 2014 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.47 No.6

Background/Aims: Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-associated cholangiopathy (IAC) is an inflammatory disease and may mimic primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), or pancreatic cancer on cholangiography. We investigated whether IgG4 levels in bile aspirated during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can distinguish IAC from PSC, CCA, and pancreatic cancer. Methods: Bile was aspirated directly from the common bile duct during ERCP in patients with IAC prior to steroid therapy. For control purposes, bile was obtained from patients with PSC, CCA, pancreatic cancer, and benign biliary conditions (sphincter of oddi dysfunction/choledocholithiasis). Results: Biliary IgG4 levels were measured in 54 patients. The median bile IgG4 levels were markedly elevated in patients with IAC (5.5 mg/dL; interquartile range [IQR], 5.1 to 15.6) as compared to patients with benign biliary conditions (0 mg/dL; IQR, 0 to 0.1; p=0.003). The median biliary IgG4 levels in PSC, CCA, and pancreatic cancer were 1.2 (IQR, 0.2 to 3.8), 0.9 (IQR, 0.2 to 3.4), and 0.2 mg/dL (IQR, 0.1 to 0.8), respectively. A cutoff value of 3.8 mg/dL distinguished IAC from PSC and CCA patients with 100% and 76.9% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this pilot study suggest that measurement of biliary IgG4 levels may have clinical value in distinguishing patients with IAC from biliary disorders that can mimic IAC.