역사의 의미 -청말 중국의 "역사" 인식과 "역사" 읽기-

장칭 ( Zhang Qing ) 한림과학원 2011 개념과 소통 Vol.0 No.8

``역사적 기억``의 연속은 청말 사상 변천을 구성하는 중요한 상징이다. 이 글에서는 청말 사람들이 ``역사의 의미``를 어떻게 탐색했는지 논하고자 한다. 주로 청말의 과거제도 개혁에서 ``역사``가 왜 시험의 주요 내용을 구성하였는지에 관심을 기울이면서, 과거시험 응시자의 답안에서 ``역사``를 어떻게 해석했는지를 구체적으로 분석할 것이다. 두 문명이 만날 때에는 본래 ``너는 어디에서 왔는가?``, ``어떻게 오늘에까지 왔는가?``라는 질문이 제기될 수 있다. 이는 곧 공간과 시간이라는 축에 근거해서 ``타자``를 상상·이해하고 자신의 ``정체성``을 확립하는 작업이다. 이런 배경 아래 ``역사``가 중국과 서양의 소통에서 특별한 역할을 수행했다. 청말 중국에서 ``역사적 기억``의 연속은 분명 상이한 기준으로 구분되는데, 역사 해석자의 ``입장``이 결정적인 역할을 했다. 과거제도를 개혁하는 과정에서 ``역사``에는 여전히 관변 이데올로기의 흔적이 남아 있었다. 똑같이 ``서양적 요소``에 의해 환기되고 똑같이 역사를 새롭게 해석했지만, ``자기개혁``의 입장에 서서 역사에서 배울 만한 경험을 발굴하려 하였고, 여기서 중요한 것은 역사에서 자신의 영광을 유지하게 하는 자원을 찾으려는 것이었다. 그러나 어떤 입장에 서든 ``역사문화``를 중시했다는 점은 아주 분명하다. 이른바 ``역사의 의미``는 청말 중국에서 충분히 드러났다. 그것은 중국에 이미 역사인식에 대한 유구한 학술적 전통이 있었는데 ``역사 읽기``가 독서인의 독서생활에서 중요한 부분이 되었다는 사실에서 구체적으로 표출되었다. 바로 이런 배경 아래 ``역사``가 중국과 서양의 소통에서 특별한 역할을 했다. 그 영향으로 ``역사``에서 부강의 길을 찾고 문명의 우월감을 유지했으며, ``역사``를 통해 ``경세치용``을 하고, 과거시험과 신식학교 교육에서 관련 내용을 배치한 것도 출제에서 마땅히 있어야 할 의미였다. 물론 ``역사``에 대한 이런 입장은 결코 한번 정해지고 나면 변하지 않는 것이 아니어서, 청말 중국에서 ``역사적 기억``의 연속이 드러낸 또 다른 장면은 ``역사의 의미``에 대한 탐색이 또 다른 방식으로 전개될 수 있다는 것을 보여 준다. "What`s the use of history?" Marc Bloch, the founder of the Annals School raised this question from a child in the beginning of his Historian`s Craft. In China`s case, we will find problems of this kind from time, and they are dissimilar as they appeared in different times. In the late Qing Dynasty, when China was faced with a "seismic situation that never happened in the previous three thousand years", such problems were even more conspicuous. The question was not only "What`s the use of history?" but also how to awaken the "memory of history" to deal with all manner of changes. It was certain that the awakening of the "memory of history" in late Qing was obviously guided by two factors: one was the recovering of the Hans` collective memory stimulated by "anti-Manchuria"; the other was the memory about China, which was activated by foreign factors. This leads us to focus on how the scholars in the late Qing Dynasty thought about "what history has told us" and how to explore the "significance of history". Needless to say, the encounter of the two civilizations would naturally give rise to questions like "where do you come from?" and "how do we come here?" which were based on the dimensions of space and time in order to imagine "the other". Accordingly, incorporating Chinese history and foreign histories into the framework of "Universal History" to achieve historical "harmony" and to seek mutual understanding also constituted the core of communication between Chinese history and foreign histories. Moreover, such "harmony" represents not only the significance of time but also the judgment on historical process. In this context, "history" also played a special "role" in Sino-foreign communication. Its influence was to seek a way to wealth and power in "history" and to maintain the superiority in civilization. With the assignment of relevant topics, the intention of the imperial examinations was to "study Confucianism for statecraft" through "history". This treatise attempts to outline this situation, which occurred in the late Qing Dynasty, in order to explore "the significance of history" in this period.

Automatic Detection and Classification of Rib Fractures on Thoracic CT Using Convolutional Neural Network: Accuracy and Feasibility

Zhou Qing-Qing,Wang Jiashuo,Tang Wen,Hu Zhang-Chun,Xia Zi-Yi,Xue-Song Li,Zhang Rongguo,Yin Xindao,Zhang Bing,Zhang Hong 대한영상의학회 2020 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.21 No.7

Objective: To evaluate the performance of a convolutional neural network (CNN) model that can automatically detect and classify rib fractures, and output structured reports from computed tomography (CT) images. Materials and Methods: This study included 1079 patients (median age, 55 years; men, 718) from three hospitals, between January 2011 and January 2019, who were divided into a monocentric training set (n = 876; median age, 55 years; men, 582), five multicenter/multiparameter validation sets (n = 173; median age, 59 years; men, 118) with different slice thicknesses and image pixels, and a normal control set (n = 30; median age, 53 years; men, 18). Three classifications (fresh, healing, and old fracture) combined with fracture location (corresponding CT layers) were detected automatically and delivered in a structured report. Precision, recall, and F1-score were selected as metrics to measure the optimum CNN model. Detection/diagnosis time, precision, and sensitivity were employed to compare the diagnostic efficiency of the structured report and that of experienced radiologists. Results: A total of 25054 annotations (fresh fracture, 10089; healing fracture, 10922; old fracture, 4043) were labelled for training (18584) and validation (6470). The detection efficiency was higher for fresh fractures and healing fractures than for old fractures (F1-scores, 0.849, 0.856, 0.770, respectively, p = 0.023 for each), and the robustness of the model was good in the five multicenter/multiparameter validation sets (all mean F1-scores > 0.8 except validation set 5 [512 x 512 pixels; F1-score = 0.757]). The precision of the five radiologists improved from 80.3% to 91.1%, and the sensitivity increased from 62.4% to 86.3% with artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis. On average, the diagnosis time of the radiologists was reduced by 73.9 seconds. Conclusion: Our CNN model for automatic rib fracture detection could assist radiologists in improving diagnostic efficiency, reducing diagnosis time and radiologists’ workload.

CD4⁺, IL17 and Foxp3 Expression in Different pTNM Stages of Operable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and Effects on Disease Prognosis

Zhang, Guo-Qing,Han, Feng,Fang, Xin-Zhi,Ma, Xiao-Mei Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.8

Objective: To investigate the effects of $CD4^+$, IL17 and Foxp3 expression on prognosis of operable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with different pTNM stages. Methods: Expression of $CD4^+$, IL17 and Foxp3 in 102 cases of NSCLC tissues and adjacent cancer tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry and associations with prognosis with different pTNM stages were analyzed. The Chi-square test was used to compare count data. Survival differences were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier single factor analysis and the COX regression model was used to analyze the relationship between influential factors and the disease prognosis. The significance level was ${\alpha}$=0.05. Results: Expression of CD4, IL-17 and Foxp3 significantly varied in different pTNM stages of NSCLC tissues (P < 0.05). The same was true for CD4 expression (P < 0.05). The median survival time (MST) in the positive CD4 expression group was evidently higher than that in the negative group (25.8/23.9 months). Compared with stage III, the MST difference of stages I and II in the positive CD4 expression group were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The MST in positive IL-17 and Foxp3 expression groups was obviously lower than that in the corresponding negative group (P < 0.05) (25.6/35.1 months and 24/35.3 months, respectively). There was a significant difference of MST between any two of three stages of positive IL-17 expression group (P < 0.05), and it was the same with positive Foxp3 expression group. TNM stage, negative CD4 expression, and positive IL-17 and Foxp3 expression were the main risk factors for the prognosis of NSCLC. Conclusion: Surgical prognosis of NSCLC can be better assessed by the combination of clinical staging and expression of IL17 and Foxp3.

The evaluation of online course of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Medical Bachelor, Bachelor of Surgery international students during the COVID-19 epidemic period

Zhang Qing,He Yi-Jing,Zhu Yu-Hang,Dai Min-Chen,Pan Man-Man,Wu Jia-Qi,Zhang Xian,Gu Ying-Er,Wang Fang-Fang,Xu Xiang-Rong,Qu Fan 한국한의학연구원 2020 Integrative Medicine Research Vol.9 No.3

Background: During the COVID-19 epidemic period, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) course for international students of Medical Bachelor, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) program in Zhejiang University has shifted from traditional classroom to online environment. This study aimed to investigate MBBS international students’ perception on online TCM course, and to assess the online learning efficacy. Methods: A total of 84 MBBS international students attending course of “Basic Traditional Chinese Medicine” during 2020 academic years at Zhejiang University were enrolled in this study. A quantitative questionnaire was respectively completed before and after the TCM course using a pretest–post-test design. By means of two online learning platforms, Learning in ZJU and DingTalk, TCM course was broadcast in both live and archived format to students. Results: A total of 48 participants completed both baseline and follow-up questionnaires. The majority of participants preferred face-to-face classroom learning (26, 54.17% of total) when compared with online learning. Students felt that the course had brought in much benefits (mean 3.88, SD 0.87), and they were satisfied with the course content (mean 3.83, SD 0.95). Students’ TCM related knowledge and their behaviors of discussion and consulting were significantly improved by online TCM course (all P < 0.001). Students’ awareness of the necessity of TCM education and their feeling of difficulty in learning TCM were significantly strengthened (P = 0.042, 0.025, respectively). Conclusion: Online learning is a good alternative for TCM course of MBBS international students when classroom learning is suspended, whereas it cannot replace the need for onsite and face-to-face learning.

Preparation and Adsorption Properties of PA6/PSMA-OA Molecularly Imprinted Composite Membranes in Supercritical CO_2

Qing Zhang,Wencheng Zhang,Jian Pan,Ling Liu,Haitao Zhang,Dong Zhao,Zhi Li,Xingyuan Zhang 대한화학회 2011 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.32 No.9

Oleanolic acid (OA) as template molecule, polyamide-6 (PA6) as basement membrane and poly(styrene-comaleic acid) (PSMA) were used to prepare PA6/PSMA-OA molecularly imprinted composite membranes by phase inversion method in supercritical CO_2 (ScCO_2). The template molecule (OA), [poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMAH), PSMA, molecularly imprinted membranes (MIMs) imprinting OA and MIMs after elution were all characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The conditions that were the mass ratio between PSMA and OA from 3:1 to 8:1, temperature of ScCO_2 from 35 ºC to 50 ºC and pressure of ScCO_2 12 MPa to 17 MPa were studied. It was obtained the largest adsorption rate and purity of OA after adsorption of the resultant MIMs, 50.41% and 96.15% respectively. After using PA6 film and non-woven fabrics as basement membrane respectively, it was found that smaller aperture of PA6 was used as basement membrane, a higher adsorption rate and a higher purity of OA after adsorption of the MIMs were obtained, and so were the stability and reproducibility of the resultant MIMs. After template molecules being removed, the MIMs had effective selectivity hydrogen bonding to separately bind in the binary components to the template molecules-oleanolic acid.

Autophagy Inhibition Sensitizes Cisplatin Cytotoxicity in Human Gastric Cancer Cell Line Sgc7901

Zhang, Hui-Qing,He, Bo,Fang, Nian,Lu, Shan,Liao, Yu-Qian,Wan, Yi-Ye Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.8

We aimed to investigate the mechanism and effects of autophagy on cisplatin (DDP)-induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer cell line SGC7901. After SGC7901 cells were treated with DDP and/or chloroquine, cell proliferation was measured using MTT assay; cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry; autophagy and apotosis-related proteins expression were detected by Western blot; and quantitative analysis of autophagy after monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining was performed using fluorescence microscopy. We found after treatment with 5 mg/L DDP for 24 h, the rates of cell apoptosis were ($21.07{\pm}2.12$)%. Autophagy, characterized by an increase in the number of autophagic vesicles and the level of LC3-II protein was observed in cells treated with DDP. After inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine, the rates of cell apoptosis were increased to ($30.16{\pm}3.54$)%, and the level of Caspase-3 and P53 protein were increased, and Bcl-2 protein was decreased. Therefore, autophagy protects human gastric cancer cell line SGC7901 against DDP-induced apoptosis, inhibition of autophagy can promote apoptosis, and combination therapy with DDP and chloroquine may be a promising therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer.

Preparation and Adsorption Properties of PA6/PSMA-OA Molecularly Imprinted Composite Membranes in Supercritical CO₂

Zhang, Qing,Zhang, Xingyuan,Zhang, Wencheng,Pan, Jian,Liu, Ling,Zhang, Haitao,Zhao, Dong,Li, Zhi Korean Chemical Society 2011 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.32 No.9

Oleanolic acid (OA) as template molecule, polyamide-6 (PA6) as basement membrane and poly(styrene-comaleic acid) (PSMA) were used to prepare PA6/PSMA-OA molecularly imprinted composite membranes by phase inversion method in supercritical $CO_2$ ($ScCO_2$). The template molecule (OA), [poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMAH), PSMA, molecularly imprinted membranes (MIMs) imprinting OA and MIMs after elution were all characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The conditions that were the mass ratio between PSMA and OA from 3:1 to 8:1, temperature of $ScCO_2$ from $35^{\circ}C$ to $50^{\circ}C$ and pressure of $ScCO_2$ 12 MPa to 17 MPa were studied. It was obtained the largest adsorption rate and purity of OA after adsorption of the resultant MIMs, 50.41% and 96.15% respectively. After using PA6 film and non-woven fabrics as basement membrane respectively, it was found that smaller aperture of PA6 was used as basement membrane, a higher adsorption rate and a higher purity of OA after adsorption of the MIMs were obtained, and so were the stability and reproducibility of the resultant MIMs. After template molecules being removed, the MIMs had effective selectivity hydrogen bonding to separately bind in the binary components to the template molecules-oleanolic acid.

Rheological Behaviors and Microstructure of Oviductus Ranae Hydrogels

Qing Liang,Shouqin Zhang,Jinsong Zhang 한국식품과학회 2012 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.21 No.2

The rheological properties of Oviductus Ranae (OR) hydrogels were systematically investigated with shear viscosity, dynamic oscillation, and creep-recovery measurements. The viscosity curves displayed phenomena of shear thinning with increase of shear rate. The flow behaviors of the hydrogels were described using 2representative rheological models. The lesser water was absorbed by OR, the higher viscosity and greater extent of thixotropy it presents. Dynamic viscoelasticity measurements indicated that the samples exhibit viscoelastic properties as physical gels. Creep curves also revealed that the hydrogels behave as viscoelastic solids. Damped oscillations were observed in the initial stage of creep tests (0-1 s). The viscoelastic moduli obtained from dynamic oscillations and those from damped oscillations agreed with each other. The strong dependence of rheological behaviour on network of OR hydrogels had been confirmed by electron microscopy.

Effects of interphase thickness and heat treatment on transverse thermal diffusivity of 3D C/SiC composites

Qing Zhang 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2013 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.14 No.2

Three-dimensional C/SiC composites with different interphase thickness were fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration method, and transverse thermal diffusivity was measured in the temperature range 20 ~ 1400 o C using a laser flash technique. The diffusivity decreases initially with interphase thickness increasing from 30 nm to 100nm, whereas an increase is observed when interphase thickness increases from 100 nm to 200 nm. Heat treatment at 1400 o C improves the diffusivity of the composites, and yet it has little effect on the relationship between the diffusivity and interphase thickness.

SMYD3-associated pathway is involved in the anti-tumor effects of sulforaphane on gastric carcinoma cells

Qing-Qing Dong,Qiu-Tong Wang,Lei Wang,Ya-Xin Jiang,Mei-Ling Liu,Hai-Jie Hu,Yong Liu,Hao Zhou,Hong-Peng He,Tong-Cun Zhang,Xuegang Luo 한국식품과학회 2018 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.27 No.4

Sulforaphane (SFN), a natural compound derived from cruciferous vegetables, has been proved to possess potent anti-cancer activity. SMYD3 is a histone methyltransferase which is closely related to the proliferation and migration of cancer cells. This study showed that SFN could dose-dependently induce cell cycle arrest, stimulate apoptosis, and inhibit proliferation and migration of gastric carcinoma cells. Accompanied with these anticancer effects, SMYD3 and its downstream genes, myosin regulatory light chain 9, and cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61, was downregulated by SFN. Furthermore, overexpression of SMYD3 via transfection could abolish the effects of SFN, suggesting that SMYD3 might be an important mediator of SFN. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the role of SMYD3 in the anti-cancer of SFN. These findings might throw light on the development of novel anti-cancer drugs and functional food using SFN-rich cruciferous vegetables.