서구 공원 녹지 배치 계획 이론의 초기 발전 과정과 특성

박구원 ( Koo Won Park ) 한국녹지환경디자인학회 2006 녹지환경학회지 Vol.2 No.2

In America and Europe from the latter part of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the planning ideologies of park system and greenbelts were made and these planning ideologies are called Green Network System. They are different in terms of the purpose, type and method, but they have common characteristics of encouraging order and amenity in cities based on the consecutive connection of green space, and of coping with the problems happening in cities. Just as the park system was made, centering around new America and greenbelts were developed to meet with the problems happening in large cities, the structural arrangement and the roles of greens should be different. However, this connection system of greens was oriented in the circumstances of America and Europe at that time so it has not been confirmed what sizes of cities it would be useful for. On the other hand, separately from the Green Network System, the theory of park arrangement is being developed. It intends to cope with deterioration of the living environment caused by overcrowded cities and with increase in the demands of public parks. It is based on the neighborhood unit and the science of human settlement. In addition, the theory of park arrangement is based on the effects of greens in use, rather than, in decoration so it encourages dispersion and hierarchical system of parks, having the human settlement as base. Consequently, the theory of park arrangement is influenced by the characteristics and the type of households, and it has a required area and planning unit. However, this theory has the right for walking and human scale as the basic unit so for the large parks that are beyond the human scale, the planning criteria are not clear. The theory of park arrangement, which is based on the neighborhood unit, may be useful for the cities with tens of thousands of residents, but it is partially applied for the cities with 500,000~1,000,000 residents. And further, in organizing the green system for the whole city, the theory of park arrangement can be ignored. As seen in the above, the existing arrangement theory has some problems: it is just for partial application; and it is not suitable for the size and the growing speed of cities. The greens in cities should be operated as the comprehensive system, but greenbelts and park arrangement have been studied separately so far. That`s why it is necessary to review again the existing arrangement theory.

Identification and characterization of Metarhizium majus isolated from the edible insect Protaetia brevitarsis in Korea

Kwak Kyu‐Won,Aktaruzzaman Md.,Kim Eunsun,Kim Sun Young,Hong Seung‐Beom,Park Ji Yeong,Park Kwanho,Koo Bonwoo,Kim Yong‐Soon 한국곤충학회 2021 Entomological Research Vol.51 No.12

Edible insects are considered novel protein sources, and the edible insect breeding industry is growing rapidly. However, fungal pathogens are a major threat to this industry, and appropriate identification of causative agents is important for the development of antifungal agents. In 2019, strains of the fungal pathogen Metarhizium were isolated from infected second and third instar larvae of the economically important edible insect Protaetia brevitarsis, which were collected from separate farms in Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. Based on morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region, and 50-region of gene encoding the 1-α elongation factor, the fungal strains were identified as Metarhizium majus. Here, we report the detailed phylogenetic characteristics and morphological description of this species, which is prevalent in Korea. Identification of the principal disease-causing agent can help develop disease prevention and antifungal strategies for application in edible insect-rearing farms.

일본 공원녹지계획의 발전 과정과 특성

박구원 ( Koo Won Park ) 한국녹지환경디자인학회 2007 녹지환경학회지 Vol.3 No.2

Japan`s earlier green zone system which has been based mainly on the Western planning theories has developed in two forms of parks system and greenbelts, but such a system failed due to high pressure and high costs regarding population development, administrative matters and lack of residents` understanding. Since the mid-1970s, Japan has been developing its own unique system by forming a consolidated structure of green zones. Characteristics emerging during such a developmental process, or characteristics of green zone planning which appear until formation of green zones, are short experience in connection with green zone planning, green zones having been arranged based on a ring-shaped green belts, the green zone system of urban districts having developed in closely connected with urban disaster prevention, special parks having been developed using landmarks and structure of green zones having been formed based on maintenance and preservation of green zones. An earlier plan, or a master plan for the green, appearing at the beginning of a formative period of green structure has characteristics that it promotes consolidation of parks and green zones and conformity with urban development and pursues systematic arrangement based on functions of green zones. However, many people have raised planning-related problems of how the results integrating functions of the green will form a system, as well as a practical problem of how to substantially securitize the green zones. To overcome these problems, basic plans for green zones which are now being promoted have prepared specific tools to implement the plans and pushed for conformity with related plans through rewriting and linking related laws. Considering above mentioned contents, history of Japan`s green zone planning development suggest three things. First, to promote green zone plans needs agreement and cooperation of residents. Second, we need special policies to realize them and to securitize the green. Third, clear ideologies and principles about green zone plans are necessary to successfully execute the plans.

Hair-Growth-Promoting Effect of Conditioned Medium of High Integrin α ₆ and Low CD 71 (α ₆ ^bri /CD71 ^dim ) Positive Keratinocyte Cells

Won, Chong Hyun,Jeong, Yun-Mi,Kang, Sangjin,Koo, Tae-Sung,Park, So-Hyun,Park, Ki-Young,Sung, Young-Kwan,Sung, Jong-Hyuk MDPI 2015 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.16 No.3

<P>Keratinocyte stem/progenitor cells (KSCs) reside in the bulge region of the hair follicles and may be involved in hair growth. Hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) and outer root sheath (ORS) cells were treated with conditioned medium (CM) of KSCs. Moreover, the effects of KSC-CM on hair growth were examined <I>ex vivo</I> and <I>in vivo</I>. A human growth factor chip array and RT-PCR were employed to identify enriched proteins in KSC-CM as compared with CM from keratinocytes. KSC-CM significantly increased the proliferation of HFDPCs and ORS cells, and increased the S-phase of the cell cycle in HFDPCs. KSC-CM led to the phosphorylation of ATK and ERK1/2 in both cell types. After subcutaneous injection of KSC-CM in C3H/HeN mice, a significant increase in hair growth and increased proliferation of hair matrix keratinocytes <I>ex vivo</I> was observed. We identified six proteins enriched in KSC-CM (amphiregulin, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, Platelet-derived growth factor-AA, and vascular endothelial growth factor). A growth-factor cocktail that contains these six recombinant growth factors significantly increased the proliferation of HFDPCs and ORS cells and enhanced the hair growth of mouse models. These results collectively indicate that KSC-CM has the potential to increase hair growth via the proliferative capacity of HFDPCs and ORS cells.</P>

Sorption and leaching characteristics of pesticides in volcanic ash soils of Jeju Island, Korea

Park Won-Pyo,Chang Kong-Man,Hyun Hae-Nam,Boo Kyung-Hwan,Koo Bon-Jun 한국응용생명화학회 2020 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.63 No.6

It is important to evaluate leaching behavior in agricultural soils to prevent the pollution of groundwater by pesticides. We identified the distribution coefficients (K d ) of ten pesticides with different physicochemical properties and compared their leaching characteristics using wick lysimeters from three distinct soil types on Jeju Island. The K d values varied by pesticide and soil, but were within the range of 1.2 to 4231 L kg −1 . Based on the European standard (K d < 10 L kg −1 ), six pesticides (alachlor, ethoprophos, carbofuran, napropamide, tebuconazole, and etridiazole) were mobile in at least one tested soil, and their soil organic carbon affinity was ≤ 5.811. This value differed greatly from the other pesticides (16.533 and higher). The solubility of the six mobile pesticides was ≥ 32 mg L −1 , which substantially differed from the other pesticides (≤ 0.71 mg L −1 ). Thus, we conclude that our mobility assessment, which is based on K d values, can be used to predict the leaching of pesticides in the volcanic ash soils of Jeju Island. The use of pesticides should be strictly controlled to reduce the possibility of groundwater contamination.

Characterization of Chemically-Induced Bacterial Ghosts (BGs) Using Sodium Hydroxide-Induced <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> Ghosts (VPGs)

Park, Hyun Jung,Oh, Sung,Vinod, Nagarajan,Ji, Seongmi,Noh, Han Byul,Koo, Jung Mo,Lee, Su Hyeong,Kim, Sei Chang,Lee, Ki-Sung,Choi, Chang Won,Piva, Terrence MDPI 2016 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.17 No.11

<P>Acellular bacterial ghosts (BGs) are empty non-living bacterial cell envelopes, commonly generated by controlled expression of the cloned lysis gene <I>E</I> of bacteriophage PhiX174. In this study, <I>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</I> ghosts (VPGs) were generated by chemically-induced lysis and the method is based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), acetic acid, boric acid, citric acid, maleic acid, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid. The MIC values of the respective chemicals were 3.125, 6.25, <50.0, 25.0, 6.25, 1.56, and 0.781 mg/mL. Except for boric acid, the lysis efficiency reached more than 99.99% at 5 min after treatment of all chemicals. Among those chemicals, NaOH-induced VPGs appeared completely DNA-free, which was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Besides, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) extracted from the NaOH-induced VPGs showed no distinctive band on SDS-PAGE gel after silver staining. On the other hand, LPS extracted from wild-type bacterial cells, as well as the organic acids-induced VPGs showed triple major bands and LPS extracted from the inorganic acids-induced VPGs showed double bands. It suggests that some surface structures in LPS of the NaOH-induced VPGs may be lost, weakened, or modified by the MIC of NaOH. Nevertheless, <I>Limulus amoebocyte</I> lysate assay revealed that there is no significant difference in endotoxic activity between the NaOH-induced VPGs and wild-type bacterial cells. Macrophages exposed to the NaOH-induced VPGs at 0.5 × 10<SUP>6</SUP> CFU/mL showed cell viability of 97.9%, however, the MIC of NaOH did not reduce the cytotoxic effect of wild-type bacterial cells. Like <I>Escherichia coli</I> LPS, the NaOH-induced VPGs are an excellent activator of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and iNOS), anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and dual activities (IL-6) in the stimulated macrophage cells. On the other hand, the induction of TNF-α mRNA was remarkable in the macrophages exposed with wild-type cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed the formation of trans-membrane lysis tunnel structures in the NaOH-induced VPGs. SDS-PAGE and agarose gel electrophoresis also confirmed that cytoplasmic proteins and genomic DNA released from the VPGs to culture medium through the lysis tunnel structures. Taken together, all these data indicate that the NaOH-induced VPGs show the potency of a safe, economical, and effective inactivated bacterial vaccine candidate.</P>

<i>FGFR2</i> Assessment in Gastric Cancer Using Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization, and Immunohistochemistry

Park, Young Soo,Na, Young-Soon,Ryu, Min-Hee,Lee, Chae-Won,Park, Hye Jin,Lee, Ju-Kyung,Park, Sook Ryun,Ryoo, Baek-Yeol,Kang, Yoon-Koo American Society for Clinical Pathology 2015 American journal of clinical pathology Vol.143 No.6

<P><B>Objectives:</B></P><P>Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 <I>(FGFR2)</I> amplification has been reported to be a target for treatment in gastric cancer. However, an optimal tissue source and method for evaluating <I>FGFR2</I> have yet to be established.</P><P><B>Methods:</B></P><P>Copy numbers were compared by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using frozen vs formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue and biopsy vs surgical specimens. We correlated the results of qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using stage IV gastric cancer biopsy specimens and validated the results in surgical specimens.</P><P><B>Results:</B></P><P>FFPE tissues were suitable for qPCR, and biopsy specimens were equivalent to or better than surgical specimens. qPCR and IHC results exhibited an excellent correlation with FISH at eight or more copies by qPCR in any kind of tissue, 5% or more by IHC in biopsy specimens, and 10% or more by IHC in surgical specimens. <I>FGFR2</I> amplification was 6.6% in stage IV gastric cancers, and 42% of these showed heterogeneous amplification and overexpression. IHC indicated a good correlation with FISH even in the heterogeneous cases.</P><P><B>Conclusions:</B></P><P>FFPE biopsy tissues are an adequate source for <I>FGFR2</I> evaluation in gastric carcinomas, and a qPCR-based copy number assay can be used for screening. IHC is also a valid and practical method for evaluating <I>FGFR2</I>, considering frequent heterogeneity.</P>

Urbanization of Scrub Typhus Disease in South Korea

Park, Sang-Won,Ha, Na-Young,Ryu, Boyeong,Bang, Ji Hwan,Song, Hoyeon,Kim, Yuri,Kim, Gwanghun,Oh, Myoung-don,Cho, Nam-Hyuk,Lee, Jong-koo Public Library of Science 2015 PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol.9 No.5

<▼1><P><B>Background</B></P><P>Scrub typhus is an endemic disease in Asia. It has been a rural disease, but indigenous urban cases have been observed in Seoul, South Korea. Urban scrub typhus may have a significant impact because of the large population.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Indigenous urban scrub typhus was epidemiologically identified in Seoul, the largest metropolitan city in South Korea, using national notifiable disease data from 2010 to 2013. For detailed analysis of clinical features, patients from one hospital that reported the majority of cases were selected and compared to a historic control group. Chigger mites were prospectively collected in the city using a direct chigger mite-collecting trap, and identified using both phenotypic and 18S rDNA sequencing analyses. Their infection with <I>Orientia tsutsugamushi</I> was confirmed by sequencing the 56-kDa antigen gene.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Eighty-eight cases of urban scrub typhus were determined in Seoul. The possible sites of infection were mountainous areas (56.8%), city parks (20.5%), the vicinity of one’s own residence (17.0%), and riversides (5.7%). Eighty-seven chigger mites were collected in Gwanak mountain, one of the suspected infection sites in southern Seoul, and seventy-six (87.4%) of them were identified as <I>Helenicula miyagawai</I> and eight (9.2%) as <I>Leptotrombidium scutellare</I>. Pooled DNA extracted from <I>H</I>. <I>miyagawai</I> mites yielded <I>O</I>. <I>tsutsugamushi</I> Boryong strain. Twenty-six patients from one hospital showed low APACHE II score (3.4 ± 2.7), low complication rate (3.8%), and no hypokalemia.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>We identified the presence of indigenous urban scrub typhus in Seoul, and a subgroup of them had mild clinical features. The chigger mite <I>H</I>. <I>miyagawai</I> infected with <I>O</I>. <I>tsutsugamushi</I> within the city was found. In endemic area, urban scrub typhus needs to be considered as one of the differential febrile diseases and a target for prevention.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>Scrub typhus is one of the high burdened infectious diseases in endemic rural areas. Our study showed that the disease could be endemic in urban areas. Indigenous urban scrub typhus may also have significant impact in terms of a disease burden and differential diagnosis. A low rate of characteristic eschar and skin rash may make the clinical suspicion more troublesome. Scrub typhus is the 3<SUP>rd</SUP> most frequent notifiable infectious disease in South Korea. Seoul is a densely populated capital city located in northwestern South Korea. We epidemiologically identified indigenous urban cases. A subgroup of them showed mild clinical characteristics. Direct mite collection from a suspected infection site, Mt. Gwanak in Seoul, showed that <I>Helenicula miyagawai</I> (87.4%) and <I>Leptotrombidium scutellare</I> (9.2%) were the dominant species. In addition, <I>O</I>. <I>tsutsugamushi</I>-specific gene, <I>tsa56</I>, was identified in a fraction of the collected <I>H</I>. <I>miyagawai</I>. The 18S rDNA sequencing of the chigger mites was complementarily helpful for the differentiation of species. Our data are from one region, but urban scrub typhus is likely a scenario in endemic areas. Urban areas should be included as possible locations for scrub typhus.</P></▼2>

Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against Human Ceruloplasmin

( Won Sik Eum ),( Hee Soon Choi ),( Dae Won Kim ),( Sang Ho Jang ),( Soo Hyun Choi ),( So Young Kim ),( Jin Seu Park ),( Jung Hoon Kang ),( Sung Woo Cho ),( Oh Shin Kwon ),( In Koo Hwang ),( Ki Yeon Y 생화학분자생물학회 2005 BMB Reports Vol.38 No.1

Ceruloplasmin (CP) is the major plasma antioxidant and copper transport protein. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human CP were produced and characterized. A total of five hybridoma cell lines were established (CP2, CP10, CP20, CP25, CP30). From the epitope mapping analysis, two subgroups of mAbs recognize different peptide fragments were identified. When the purified CP was incubated with the mAbs, the ferroxidase activity of CP was inhibited up to a maximum 57%. Immunoblotting with various tissue homogenates indicated that all the mAbs specifically recognize a single protein band of 130 kDa. They also appear to be extensively cross-reactive among different mammalian including human and avian sources. These results demonstrated that only one type of immunologically similar CP is present in all of the mammalian tissues including human. The CP mAbs could be of great benefit to design the diagnostic kit for CP-related diseases such as Wilson`s disease.

Study on the Performance of Infrared Thermal Imaging Light Source for Detection of Impact Defects in CFRP Composite Sandwich Panels

Park, Hee-Sang,Choi, Man-Yong,Kwon, Koo-Ahn,Park, Jeong-Hak,Choi, Won-Jae,Jung, Hyun-Chul The Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing 2017 한국비파괴검사학회지 Vol.37 No.2

Recently, composite materials have been mainly used in the main wings, ailerons, and fuselages of aircraft and rotor blades of helicopters. Composite materials used in rapid moving structures are subject to impact by hail, lightning, and bird strike. Such an impact can destroy fiber tissues in the composite materials as well as deform the composite materials, resulting in various problems such as weakened rigidity of the composite structure and penetration of water into tiny cracks. In this study, experiments were conducted using a 2 kW halogen lamp which is most frequently used as a light source, a 2 kW near-infrared lamp, which is used for heating to a high temperature, and a 6 kW xenon flash lamp which emits a large amount of energy for a moment. CFRP composite sandwich panels using Nomex honeycomb core were used as the specimens. Experiments were carried out under impact damages of 1, 4 and 8 J. It was found that the detection of defects was fast when the xenon flash lamp was used. The detection of damaged regions was excellent when the halogen lamp was used. Furthermore, the near-infrared lamp is an effective technology for showing the surface of a test object.