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Sharma, Virender K.,Johnson, Natalie,Cizmas, Leslie,McDonald, Thomas J.,Kim, Hyunook Elsevier 2016 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.150 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in the aquatic environment have become an emerging contaminant issue, which has implications for human and ecological health. This review begins with an introduction to the occurrence of ARB and ARG in different environmental systems such as natural environments and drinking water resources. For example, ARG or ARB with resistance to ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, quinolone, vancomycin, or tetracycline (e.g., <I>tet</I>(A), <I>tet</I>(B), <I>tet</I>(C), <I>tet</I>(G)<I>, tet</I>(O)<I>, tet</I>(M)<I>, tet</I>(W), <I>sul</I> I, and <I>sul</I> II) have been detected in the environment. The development of resistance may be intrinsic, may be acquired through spontaneous mutations (<I>de novo</I>), or may occur due to horizontal gene transfer from donor bacteria, phages, or free DNA to recipient bacteria. An overview is also provided of the current knowledge regarding inactivation of ARB and ARG, and the mechanism of the effects of different disinfection processes in water and wastewater (chlorination, UV irradiation, Fenton reaction, ozonation, and photocatalytic oxidation). The effects of constructed wetlands and nanotechnology on ARB and ARG are also summarized.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Prevalence of ARB and ARG in rivers, lakes, surface water, wastewater, and sludge. </LI> <LI> Mechanism of resistance include horizontal gene transfer from donor bacteria. </LI> <LI> Chlorine and advanced oxidation processes inactivate ARB and ARG significantly. </LI> <LI> Flow pattern of the constructed wetlands governs removal of ARB and ARG. </LI> <LI> Nanoparticles have a role in investigating mechanism of transfer of ARG from genera. </LI> </UL> </P>
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Who drops out from primary schools in China? Evidence from minority-concentrated rural areas
Meichen Lu,Manlin Cui,Yaojiang Shi,Fang Chang,Di Mo,Scott Rozelle,Natalie Johnson 서울대학교 교육연구소 2016 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.17 No.2
One of the Millennium Development Goals is to ensure universal access to primary education by 2015. However, primary school dropout remains a challenge in many developing countries. While official statistics in China report aggregated primary school dropout of only 0.2 %, almost no independent, survey-based studies have sought to verify these dropout rates in rural areas. The primary objective of our study is to document the dropout rate in primary schools in rural China and compare the dropout rate of ethnic minorities and Han students. Using a first-hand dataset of 14,761 primary students in northwest China, we demonstrate that the annual dropout rate in poor rural areas is 2.5 %, suggesting a cumulative dropout of 8.2 %. Importantly, Hui and Salar minority students drop out at rates that are significantly higher than the official rates. Most noteworthy, 23 % of Hui girls and 22 % of Salar girls are dropping out by the end of grade 6. Our findings call for more attention to China’s primary school dropout issue—especially in minority areas. Policymakers should begin to examine new ways to increase the chances for minority students to succeed in the educational system.
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