박남수 시의 재인식 : ‘이미지’에 가려진 분단의 상처

이명찬(Yi Myung-Chan) 한국시학회 2011 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.31

It is not an exaggeration that Korea’s modern history has been a series of hardships by governmental power, which has tried to deprive citizens of right to speak. During the periods of president Yi, Soong-man’s dictatorship, the Korean War, and subsequent military dictatorship, social prohibition has dominated the life of people, and Korean people have been harassed by rigid censorship. Therefore, the situation of these times is referred to as ‘Social aphasia.’ However, for defector poets like Park, Nam -soo, defecting from North Korea was imposed as the additional condition of such oppression. Therefore, it would be truly difficult for Park, Namsoo to express the ugly society by pushing through the double burden which made poet silent. In this regard, the image of bird, created by Park, Namsoo was estimated to be a symbol for speaking the pain of people’s life in South Korea in a roundabout way. Accordingly, we should not see Park, Nam-soo as a descendant of the modernist poets. In regard to the evaluation on the poems of Park, Namsoo, only his second poem collection, God’s Trash would be suitable for the poems of a modernist. The core concern of the Poet, Park, Nam-soo was regarding the embodiment of remaining scars due to the division of Korea. His lifetime’s work as a poet was to recover the life in his hometown, where his mother and grandmother was living under the name of beginning (始原). It is supposed that the poetic way of Park, Nam-soo based on the restrained language intended to control his overflowing nostalgia in his mind.

산문시론 시고(試考)

이명찬(Yi Myung-chan) 한국시학회 2016 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.45

현재 중등교육 현장에 널리 퍼져 있는 이상한 용어 가운데 하나가 ‘산문적 리듬’이라는 이해하기 힘든 말뭉치이다. 이 용어는 우리 문학 교육의 현장에서 ‘산문: 운문, 정형시: 자유시: 산문시, 운율: 내재율’ 등의 개념들에 대한 명확하게 합의된 규정들이 존재하지 않기 때문에 생겨난 혼란의 한 예라고 할 수 있다. 그리고 그러한 혼란의 책임은 당연히 중등교육의 담당자들이 아니라 관련 연구를 진행하고 있는 대학의 연구자들에게 있다. 현재 운영 중인 사이버 상의 각종 사전이나 오랜 기간 학계에 영향력을 행사해온 문학 원론들, 시론들에 이미 이런 혼란들이 꾸준히 노출되어 있었기 때문이다. 산문시란 당연하게도 산문 형식의 서정시를 가리킨다. 그리고 산문 형식이라는 말은 운율 배제라는 조건을 전제로 성립하는 어법이다. 이에 비해 정형시란 외형적으로 드러난 형식적 틀에 맞춘 시를 가리킨다. 그리고 자유시는 그 일정한 틀은 버리되 시인 개인의 개성에 따라 다양한 운율적 요소들을 자유롭게 구현하는 시라고 정의할 수 있다. 운율이 없는 서정시가 곧 산문시라는 개념을 바탕으로 ‘산문적 리듬’이라는 용어를 이해해 보면, 그것은 결국 그러한 시의 완결성을 높이고 전달력을 강화하기 위해 시의 최종 구성 단계에서 사용되는 각종의 장치들의 기능을 가리키는 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 문단과 문단을 이어 글전체를 유기적으로 연결하면서 어조나 감정의 강약을 조절하여 독자에게 감동과 영향력을 행사하는 텍스트의 힘을 일러 ‘리듬’이라 불렀던 것이다. One of the corpora widely used in current secondary education is "prosaic rhythm", which is hard to understand. The term exemplifies the confusion arising from the absence of a clear consensus on such concepts as "prose vs. verse, rhymed verse vs. free verse vs. prosaic poem, and rhymes vs. inner rhythm" in the field of literary instruction. The foregoing confusion may well be attributable to not those in charge of secondary literary instruction but relevant researchers at universities on the grounds that such confusion has continuously been exposed in various dictionaries, literary and poetic theories that have influenced the academia over a long period of time. It is only natural to say that a prosaic poem refers to a lyric poem taking the form of a prose. The form of a prose assumes the condition that rhymes are excluded. In contrast, a rhymed verse refers to a poem complying with an explicit formal framework. A free verse is defined as a poem that is free of a certain framework and intended to freely realize a range of rhyme components of a poet"s own volition. Based on the idea that a rhymeless lyric poem becomes a prose, the term "prosaic rhythm" refers to a range of poetic devices used in the final step of poetic composition to increase the poetic completion and enhance the delivery. A "rhythm" refers to the power of a text exerting influence and impression on readers by connecting paragraphs into an organically flowing text in its entirety whilst controling the tones or the emotional intensity.

윤동주 시에 나타난 '방'의 상징성

이명찬 국어국문학회 2004 국어국문학 Vol.- No.137

I chased transfiguration of Yun Dong-Ju’s consciousness laying stress on the image of ‘Room’ that appeared in his poetry. His rooms are classified roughly to the Seoul and Yongjeong, Tokyo. And his ‘Rooms’ symbolize searching self process of a smart ego to establish own position on the center of hitorical chaos. He took spare the result of soul-searching with room images. He could symbolize the direction that he must go forward with the room figuration. Why did he use room images? The first reason is that he designed and practiced own life with religious piety. Analysis of representation system that religious human shows received help of M.Eliade. The second reason is that he was manchuria man. Manchuria people got the sack in their motherland. And could not but accomplish new site on Manchuria again. Therefore, Manchuria people wondered about the problem of home and land seriously. Yundongju knew to experience from being young that Manchuria had no essential root of land. Therefore, he was come to find his own another hometown. The rented room of Seoul that appeared in <돌아와보는밤> symbolized center of life that do to have confidence about his own identity. However, speaker didn't have the definite sense of direction yet. Only, the direction was involved inseparably with direction of ‘Mentally flowing some sound’. Also, speaker feeled dimly the time of a decision. The shape of room in <또다른고향> symbolizes another hometown of sky that he rech up to. He believed that can reach such height through poetry or literature. Stockpile of ‘Force’ by studying abroad to Tokyo was actuality plan of such height pursuit. This is good example that can observe the inside of Korean students studying abroad. It was very romantic that height-longing catched his inside at this time. We can grasp the meaning of ‘rented room of Tokyo’, his third room, through <쉽게씨워진시>. Room in <쉽게씨워진시> is symbol that shows the sense of danger of self and effort to pass over it. That is the room that is made in others’ country, we can look furtively crisis of his identity. In this room, he realizes for the first time that will of height pursuit through poetry is virtual image. Therefore, he shows will of his renewal. And then, consciousness that cannot help beginning small practice now is appearing. He shows will to engage for the new age to include ashamed past. We can call it summit consciousness.

단수수 條斑細菌病에 대한 品種間 抵抗性 差異와 羅病菌의 窒素 및 糖 含量과의 關係

金明運,白壽鳳,閔庚燦 건국대학교 1969 學術誌 Vol.10 No.1

This experiment was undertaken with the purpose of obtaining the basical data on the culturing techniques, breeding and plant protection in the cultivating of Sweet sorghum in Korea. The Sweet Sorghum 11 U.S. varieties, 2 Japanese and 2 Koreans were cultivated unders the natural condition in infecting of disease. The investigation was performed on the varietal difference in the resist trance to bacterial strip disease and the nitrogen and sugar contents in diseased leaves, and correlation between the diseased ratio and several agronomic characteristics. The results obtained are as follows. 1) It was no found that the variety exempted from disease, White collier, Missouri groytop, Rex, Rurier Var-1 and Atlas were more resisted in certain degree, Sorip-zong (Small grain var.) Tracy, Chinese, Zeuk-Jaelaizong and Honey-I were resited in medium degree and Early sumac, Sugar drip, Red amber, Ames amber and Rex orange were weaker in resistant to disease. 2) In the Correlation between the heading data and degree in resistant disease, generally, medium maturing varites were relatively strong resistant, laste varieties were weakest with exception of very few varieties. 3) In the correlation and regression between the several agronomic characteristics and diseased ratio, the curium lenth and weight of curium had no significant differences, heading date had r= -0,591*, y=90,822-0.354x and brix degree had r= -0.68**, y=19,992-0,246x. 4) The leaves of resistance varieties were more contained the nitrogen, sugar and increased C/N ratio than those of susceptibles.

都市 開發과 豫算制度 : -資本豫算制의 導入 -

黃明燦 건국대학교 1968 學術誌 Vol.9 No.1

(1) The role of urban government in economic development should be emphasized in underdeveloped countries for the following reasons : First, the developmental efforts and program of the central government alone are not sufficient far the accelerated and balanced growth of whole national economy. Although the effect of public investment by the central government is usually playing a leading and central role in developmental activities of backward economy, the investment programs of the government are generally oriented to social overhead capital formation so as to induce the increasing participation of private sector in capital formation. However, the capacity to mobilize publicresources and to implement the developmental programs of the central government is not limitless. Construction and maintenance of schools, recreation facilities, streets and roads, water and sewerage systems, which are under the jurisdiction of municipal administration, are necessary conditions to attract and support both private and public industries. Second, the bat arced growth of national economy requires harmonious regional development. Long-range physical improvement programs of urban area may play a leading role in regional economic development. The pattern of urbanization takes a form of metropolis and megalopolis, by containing the increasing flux of rural population, and extending the ruffian sprawl into hinterland. The differences in employment, output and income between regions are often found in the process of economic growth. The regional probelms may be solved by an approach of planning for regional development in which urban governments hold a stragetic position. Sometimes, the growing congestion of some cities is found in the process of urbanization. The development Programs are necessary to combat the undesirable congestion of a few cities. Third, the differentiation and balance of social structure and value are generally recognized as preconditions for take-off into modernization and growth. The dynamic changes onto opportunities inherent in modern cities set in motion ideas and sentiments which initiate the process by which a modem alternative to the traditional society was constructed out of the old culture. Modern cities will increase sosial mobility and shape modern value system which is to be spread into remote hinterland. (2) There are many factors which may affect urban development. Most of all, long-term physical improvement programs and long-term financial planning should be as primum mobile As one aspect of the many phases in planning the long-range physical imrpovement programs, the adoption of a capital budget is the major and essential tool for the economic and social progress of a city. (3) The objective of a capital budget is not to do in five or six years all the things that need he done but to enable the city to develop a well-rounded program of public improvements, in order to priority, and within the city's resources and ability to pay. The preparation and adoption of the capital budget will provide greater assurance that the projects will be undertaken in order of their needs, the overlapping of projects will he avoided, and to a large extent costly mistakes eliminated. (4) 32 cities of Korea are generally on a low level of urbanization. Urban population still stands at below 50% level. Most of the urban population are farmers. Municipalities are in urgent need of urban development. However, they usually lack financial resources, what more important, a rational budgetary tool for development programs. Their budgetary system are now characteristically oreinted to control function instead of administrative management and planning. The budgetary system of urban governments in Korea should be reshaped and reoriented for development program formulation. In this respect, the capital budget system must be introduced into the budgeting process.

삼상 유동층에서의 기-액 물질전달특성

이명섭,김덕찬 서울市立大學校 1986 論文集 Vol.20 No.1

The characteristics of gas-liquid mass transfer in bubble column and three phase fluidized beds have been Studied in a 6.3cm I.D and 160cm height acryl column. The three phase fluidized beds were consisted of water, carbon dioxide mixed with oil-free compressed air and glass beads as liquid, gas and solid phases respectively. In this investigation, the effects of gas velocity (4.28-21.39cm/sec), liquid velocity (1.07-17.79 cm/sec) and particle size(1.3-6.0mm) on the ovlumetric mass transfer coefficient have been examined. The effects of the hight from the distributor on concentration profile and volumetric mass transfer coefficient were also determined. Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, was increased with increasing gas and liquid velocity, and particle sizes, but decreased with the height from the distributor. The concentration profile was showed exponential increasing with the height, but in the three phase fluidized beds, it was increased rapidly and decreased at once, i.e., it was exhibited the maximum value in the grid zone, and then increased continuously with the height. Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, K??, were correlated in terms of gas and liquid velocity and particle size; ????

Titanium isopropoxide의 가수분해에 의한 TiO₂ Power 합성

박찬웅,명중재,김호건 漢陽大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1995 基礎科學論文集 Vol.14 No.-

Isopropanol 내에서 titanium isopropoxide의 가수분해반응속도를 자외선분광법에 의하여 측정하였다. H₂O 농도 및 온도의 변화에 따른 반응속도상수를 Guggenheim method로 계산하였다. 이 실험 결과 titanium isopropoxide의 가수분해반응은 이분자 반응이 ?? mechanism 으로 관여하는 것으로 추정되었다. 또한 titanium isopropoxide의 가수분해에 의한 TiO₂ 분말합성에 있어서 pH 및 온도영향을 연구하였다. 합성된 분말과 소결체에 대하여 SEM, XRD, IR 및 입도분석을 통하여 characterization 하였다. TiO₂분말 합성결과 pH가 높을수록, 또한 반응온도가 높을수록 반응시간이 짧아졌으나, 낮은 온도에서 반응시킬 경우에 입자의 agglomeration이 적어짐을 알았다. 생성된 입자는 비정질의 gel 상태였으며, 소결시킨 후는 rutile, 또는 rutile과 anatase의 혼합물인 titanium dioxide인 것으로 나타났다. 소결하기 전의 TiO₂ 분말의 IR분석에서는 -OH, -CH₃ 등 유기물 그룹의 흡수 피크가 나타났으나 소결한 후의 시료에서는 그러한 피크가 나타나지 않았다. Rates of hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide in isopropanol were investigated by UV spectroscopy. The change of reaction rate according to temperature and concentration of H₂O was calculated by Guggenheim method. From these results, it could be estimated that the hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide was ?? mechanism involving both of titanium isopropoxide and H₂O. pH and temperature dependence of TiO₂ powder preparation were also investigated. Particle sizes and size distributions of dried powders were determined using size distribution analysis and SEM(scaning electron microscope), and the crystal phases in dried powder and in sintered powder were analyzed using powder XRD method. The reaction rate of TiO₂ powder preparation was faster at higher temperature and higher pH, however more agglomeration of particles occured at high temperature. The phase of dried powders was noncrystalline gel state but the sintering of the powder at 800℃ changed its phase to crystalline rutile or anatase. Absorption peaks of organic group such as -OH, -CH₃ in IR spectra of dried powder disappeared after sintering.

패션 브랜드확장 전략에 관한 연구

정찬진,정명선 全南大學校家政科學硏究所 1993 生活科學硏究 Vol.3 No.-

In the field of uncertain and risky fashion business, there has been an increased attention on brand marketing strategy. At this time, brand extension is an obious strategy for firm's growth. Brand extension strategy involves a company use of an established brand name of a product to enter new product categories. The use of established brand name can substantially reduce introdutory market expense and enhance prospects of success by helping gain retailers and consumer acceptance. The purposes of this study are to incoporate previous research findings into a framework for brand extensions and to suggest directions for future research on brand extension in the area of fashion marketing. From previous researches, two main factors are identified in the framework for brand extensions. First, it appears similarity or perceived fit between original and extended product categories based on categorization theory. Generally, brand extensions are successful when consumers perceive a high degree of similarity or perceived fit between original and extended product categories. Second, a set of factor on determining the effects of brand extension is identified; Characteristics of the original brand, consumer's characteristics and product knowledge and characteristics of extension product market. Five directions for future researches in the area of fashion marketing are suggested as follows. 1. Researches on brand extensions will be applicable to the fasion marketplace because fashion products or classes can be categorized in terms of a product companion or a complementary product. 2. It will examine how to improve similarity or perceived fit between original and extended product category for efficiency of fashion brand extension strategy. 3. It will explore brand extension strategy in the case of that the original brand is less established to consumers in the face of changeable fashion market. 4. It is expected to compare brand extension with multi-brand strategy which is commonly capitalized in the Korean fashion marketplace in the light of marketing effects. 5. In the research on product evaluation or evaluative criteria, fashion brand image will be paid attention as an information cue based on categorization theory.

경희대학교 수원 캠퍼스의 교문디자인 연구

김동찬,이윤수,박중구,황세현,김명기 경희대학교 디자인연구원 2000 예술· 디자인학연구 Vol.3 No.1

The Suwon Campus of Kyunghee University was decided to rebuild a university gate to make new image of the university for a new millenium. The purpose of this study is to design a university gate not only for a gate but also for a commemorative environmental model which presents a spirit and idea of the Kyunghee University. The entire design of the gate has a renaissance style, the design of it's center has a triumphal arch form which cars can go through, and the design of it's side has a corridor form which pedestrians can walk. The gate is designed to present the spirit for human and world peace which Kyunghee University intends.

경희대학교 평화의 전당 광장 조성계획

김동찬,이윤수,유재설,강남욱,김명기 경희대학교 디자인연구원 2001 예술· 디자인학연구 Vol.4 No.1

This study was aimed to make a plan to accentuate the memorial of the exterior space and to supply the function of the rest space in order to create space well-matched for the building idea of the great peace hall in Kyunghee University. In this study, it was suggested the plan to improve the existing plaza around the great peace hall. The plan was maked to offer people of Kyunghee University the place as daily culture and rest space, and the inspired image of Kyunghee University.