강세시의 율격구성소 분석

김명호 현대영미어문학회 1999 현대영미어문학 Vol.17 No.1

Much popular verse is in stress meter which is invariably based on a four-beat rhythm. The main components of stress verse are as follows: (a) Except as noted in (c) below, all stressed syllables are experienced as beats. Syllables with secondary stress may also be experienced as beats. (b) Except as noted in (d) below, all unstressed syllables are experienced as offbeats, either single offbeats or double offbeats. Syllables with secondary stress may also be experienced as offbeats. Occasionally, an offbeat may be experienced between two successive beats. (c) A stressed syllable can function as a single offbeat or part of a double offbeat between stressed beats. Demotion occurs most easily when the stress in question is subordinated to the stress before or after it in the line. (d) An unstressed syllable can be promoted, i.e. experienced as a beat, when it occurs between two unstressed syllable, at the beginning of the line before an unstressed syllable, or at the end of the line after an unstressed syllable. Stress verse may be scanned by double-line scanion or single-line scanion. The single line scansion gives all the necessary information above the line of verse. The double-line scansion shows the relevant linguistic features of the verse on a line above it, and the metrical structure on a line below it. These convey the same information, and each can be converted to the other. In both kinds of scansion a clear distinctinction is made between stresses and beats.

음절강세시의 유형과 자질 분석

김명호 현대영미어문학회 2001 현대영미어문학 Vol.19 No.1

The beginning and ending of lines are significant in syllable-stress verse, as they determine the type of meter. The most important duple meters are as follows: heptasyllabic meter, iambic meter and trochaic meter. The following variations of the basic alternation of stressed beats and single unstressed offbeats are possible: Demotion and promotion function as in stress verse(∠ / ∠, and / ∠ at the beginning of the line in iambic verse; x x x, x x at the end of the line in iambic verse and, x x at the beginning of the line in trochaic verse). Inversion occurs when the stressing of a pair of syllables is reversed. Falling inversion is especially common at the beginning of the line, where it is called initial inversion and always produces the rhythmic figure ∠ x x ∠. In rising inversion, a double offbeat is followed by two stressed beats, usually not separated by a virtual offbeat. It is least disruptive when the first beat is weaker than the second. Demotion in the double offbeatsO produced by inversion occurs most commonly on the second offbeat syllable of a falling inversion with a virtual offbeat, producing the rhythmic figure ∠ x / ∠, Free double offbeats, which add a syllable to the line, occur in looser styles of syllable-stress meter, often at break within the line. Elision is often used to avoid a double offbeat, by (1) slurring two vowels, (2) pronouncing a vowel as semivowel, or (3) dropping a vowel before a consonant. Triple verse in syllable-stress meter is not clearly distinguishable from triple verse in stress meter; it is almost always in four-beat verse, and may begin and end on a beat, a single offbeat, or a double offbeat.

영어 음절구조와 무게 분석

김명호 현대영미어문학회 2001 현대영미어문학 Vol.19 No.2

The syllable is an essential unit of phonological organization and hence a necessary part of the phonological description of English. This paper attempts to correlate syllable structure, sonority, syllabification and syllable weight within a linear and nonlinear framework, and makes it clear that a syllable-based description would be preferable to a segment-based description, on grounds both of simplicity and of adequacy. Experimentally it is rather difficult to determine a very detailed and precise ranking of the relative sonority of sounds, but with the help of this sonority scale, the theory that syllables are associated with peaks of sonority is able to predict the overall number of syllables for a given word as well as the analysis of these syllables into onsets, peaks and codas. Thus the acceptance of sonority values as playing a crucial role in the internal structure of syllables ensures that we can correctly determine their wellformedness. We point out that there is a much more restricted distribution of syllable types in English than the syllable template permits. Since the consonantal or vocalic status of a segment is generally assumed, this information can be used to formulate rules to syllabify the sequential string. These syllable-building rules are very similar from one language to another and so can be viewed as the contribution of universal grammar. It is the class membership (heavy or light) of a syllable, rather than its segmental content, that determines the syllable's influence on stress. Stressed syllables must be heavy while unstressed syllables may be light. Any stressed syllable, whether it is a monosyllable or part of a polysyllabic word, must have a complex rhyme. Heavy syllable characteristically attract stress, whereas light syllables receive stress only in the absence of an eligible heavy syllable. Ambisyllabicity has the effect of making stressed syllables heavy that would otherwise be light.

영어 억양의 본질

김명호 경남대학교 인문과학연구소 1999 人文論叢 Vol.12 No.-

The term 'intonation' has a variety of denotations ranging in scope from the very broad to the narrow. This paper adopted one of the definitions: intonation is restricted to the non-lexical manifestation of melody in speech There are three different levels at which intonation can be analyzed: a concrete, acoustic level, a phonetic level, and a abstract, phonological level. American structuralist tradition viewed the intonation as segmentable into a sequence of distinctive pitch levels, each level representing a pitch phenome. Four levels are postulated in order to describe the significant intonation contrasts of English. In contreast, the British tradition fully acknowledges the interrelatedness of stress and pitch in intonation. The second and third trends in the British approaches to intonation are associated with tune analysis and tone-tune analysis. Just as approaches to intonation vary, so do the views of what the basic structural unit of intonation is and how it should be defined. Three attempts were made on the basis of physiological accounts, semantic/grammatical accounts, and phonetic/phonological accounts. The lack of concensus on what constitutes the basic unit of intonation has led to a plethora of competing terms: breath group, phonemic clause, tone group, tone unit, tune, intonation group, intonation contour, intonation chunk, etc. Whether any or all of these refer to the same thing, however, is a matter for careful consideration. Depending on what defining criteria are set forth, quite different units may result. In particular, semantically or grammatically based definitionsoftern yield different results from phonetic/phonological ones. Whether breath-group correspond fully to the nuclear-tone based definition is also an open question.

영어발화에서 기능어의 음운과정

김명호 慶南大學校 人文科學硏究所 2002 人文論叢 Vol.15 No.-

Some of the variation that exists in language is due differences in the situations and purposes of its use and to the fact that commonly used words are likely to be pronounced differently depending on their positions within utterances. The most commonly used words in English are the so-called function words. They show variations that may be regarded as the result of phonological processes, changes which operate on the full forms of these words to produced reduced forms. The processes include vowel reduction, vowel loss, consonant loss, and assimilation. Some nonlexical items are more likely to receive prominence than others. Where a modal occurs in a string, it is very likely to receive prominence before any of the other nonlexical items in the same string; where a pronoun occurs and where it is not items, and so on. In He must have been at home, it seems clear that the modal, must and the last auxiliary, been will receive a rhythmic beat. Modals, in fact, wherever they occur, seem very likely to receive prominence.

영어 억양의 정보기능

김명호 경남대학교 인문과학연구소 2000 人文論叢 Vol.13 No.-

International function is not fully distinctive in the classical sense, but it is potentially of such far-reaching import that students of language can hardly afford to ignore it. In instances when a given type of meaning is not conveyed by other linguistic means, intonation is left carrying the load. Its function in shaping speaker meaning is undeniable. If we were to list the functions which intonation is claimed to fulfill with respect to information structure, the list would include the following: (1) tone-units realize units of information ; (2) the nucleus signals the presence of information focus: (3) high vs. low pitch marks new vs. given; extra pitch height, steep slope and accompanying low level deaccented syllables mark contrastive information : (4) the position of the nucleus realizes unmarked vs. marked focus.

글리코 써머얼 법에 의한 나노 산화아연 분말 합성 및 특성

김정원,김선욱,김명호,배동식 국립7개대학공동논문집간행위원회 2005 공업기술연구 Vol.5 No.-

ZnO nanoparticles were prepared under glycothermal condition by precipitation from metal nitrates with aqueou ammonium hydroxide. The nanoparticles were obtained at temperatures between 230 and 250℃. The microstructure and phase of the Synthesized particles were studied by SEM(FE-SEM) and XRD. The properties of the ZnO powder were studied as a function of various processing parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time and solute concentration. The average particle sizes of the ZnO increased with increasing reaction temperature. The average sizes of the systhesized ZnO nanoparticles which prepared at 230℃ for 4 h were about 20-30 nm.

비양론성 TiO₂-x에서 전기전도도와 결함 형태

김명호,강상수,백운규 國立 昌原大學校 産業技術硏究所 1996 産技硏論文集 Vol.10 No.-

The defect model of nonstoichiometric rutile ( TiO₂-x ) has been studied by means of the electrical conductivity measurement as function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure(Po₂). The Po₂dependence of σindicates that the major defects in rutile are doubly charged oxygen vacancies and tetravalent charged interstitial titanium ions. The interstitial titanium Ti ??'''' prevails at temperatures above 1170˚C. But the doubly charged oxygen vacancy Vo " predominates at low Po₂and temperature under 1170˚C. The proposed defect model in rutile is consistent with our previous result which was investigated by the O?? tracer diffusion.

SIMS를 이용한 재료표면에서 산화 및 확산연구

金明鎬 國立 昌原大學校 産業技術硏究所 1990 産技硏論文集 Vol.4 No.-

Chemical trace analysis and diffusion mechanism using SIMS in solid surface are discussed. Concentration profiles of oxygen are measured by SIMS technique(Secondary ion mass spectrometer). The main advantages of SIMS are the ability to detect hydrogen, stable isotopes, high mass resolution, structure and compound sensitivity.

척수손상 환자의 합병증

김봉옥,박상균,남명호,윤승호 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1990 충남의대잡지 Vol.17 No.2

To evaluate the rehabilitative care needs of the patients with spinal cord injury in this regional area, the complications which were seen in the department of rehabilitation medicine in Chungnam National University Hospital during the 1st year since the opening of the isolated rehabilitation medicine ward in September 1989 were analyzed. The study population was consisted of 25 men and 2 women. Nine cases (33.3%) were in the 20-29 age group and 11 cases (40.8%) were injured by traffic accident, the most common cause of traumatic spinal cord injury in this study. Sixteen cases(59.2%) were paraplegics and eleven cases(40.8%) were quardriplegics. The duration from the onset of injury to admission to the department of rehabilitation medicine ranged from 21 days to 14 years with mean of 18 months. The complications seen in this study were as follows. 1. Urinary tract infections, most common complication, were found in 14 cases (51.6%) followed by decubitus ulcers (44.4%), edema of leg (22.2%), spasticity (18.5%). 2. The most common organism of urinary tract infection was E.coli(43.0%). 3. Among the 22 cases which underwent IVP and VCUG, 2 cases showed hydronephrosis in IVP and 4 cases showed vesicoureteral reflux in VCUG. 4 The most common site of pressure sores was sacrum(53.3%). 5. The mean duration of pressure sore healing with non-surgical treatment was 18 days in Grade II and 42 days in Grade III. With the above results, it is concluded that most frequent complications of patients with spinal cord injury were urinary tract infection and pressure sores, with most of them being occurred before the admission to department of rehabilitation medicine and being treated completely during the stay in the department of rehabilitatiom medicine, and that the comprehensive rehabilitation treatment for the prevention of complications is necessary from the onset of injury.