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뉴질랜드 흰 토끼를 이용한 추간판의 퇴행성 변화 모델 형성
소광영,최용수,윤대현,류지훈,Brian Johnstone,Jung U Yoo 대한척추외과학회 2011 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.18 No.4
Study Design: An experimental animal study. Objectives: To create a more appropriate disc degeneration model which shows how Interleukin 1α may induce the activation of metalloproteinases within the nucleus pulposus. Summary of Literature Review: There are few disc degeneration models wherein there is activation of metalloproteinases within the nucleus pulposus without structural destruction of the intervertebral disc. Materials and Methods: Three consecutive intervertebral discs in New Zealand White Rabbits were exposed. Each disc was injected with 0.1ml of saline (Saline group), 0.1ml of 1μg/ml (IL-1 group), 0.1ml of 10μg/ml (IL-10 group) of IL-1α through a 30-gauge needle. The lumbar spine was harvested 12 weeks after operation. We then analyzed radiographic findings and histological changes. Results: There was no difference in the radiological disc height index among the three groups; 0.071 in saline group, 0.045 in IL-1 group and 0.058 in IL-10 group (p=0.194). The histological cellularity of the nucleus pulposus revealed a decrease in the number of cells (p=0.0001,1.42 in saline group vs. 3.00 in IL-10 group; p=0.001, 2.00 in IL-1 group and 3.00 in IL-10). The histological matrix of the nucleus pulposus was 1.42 in saline group and 2.42 in IL-10(p=0.007), which meant that there had been condensation of the extracellular nucleus pulposus matrix. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that interleukin-1α may contribute to degradation of the nucleus pulposus. This is useful for future study into the effects of the cytokine inhibitor on matrix regeneration and cellularity in the nucleus pulposus in intervertebral disc disease. 뉴질랜드 흰 토끼를 이용한 추간판의 퇴행성 변화 모델 형성소광영 • 최용수 • 윤대현 • 류지훈 • Brian Johnstone*, Jung U Yoo*광주기독병원 정형외과, Oregon Health and Science University*연구계획: 실험 동물 연구목적: 섬유 연골의 퇴행성 변화가 추간판 세포에서 생성된 matrix metalloproteinases의 활성에 따른 보고를 근거하여 토끼의 추간판에 수핵내metalloproteinase를 활성화하기 위한 Interleukin 1α를 기계적 손상 없이 주사하여 추간판의 퇴행성 변화를 생성하고자 하였다. 선행문헌의 요약: 추간판의 퇴행성 변화에 대한 병태 생리를 밝히기 위해 다양한 분야에서 접근하고 있다. 그러나 추간판의 구조적 이상 없이 추간판의자연 경과에 따른 병태 생리를 설명하는 동물 실험 모델은 아직 드물다. 대상 및 방법: 뉴질랜드 흰 토끼를 전방 복부 도달법으로 세 개의 연속된 추간판을 노출 시킨 후 상위 추간판에 생리 식염수 0.1ml(식염수군), 중간 추간판에 Interleukin 1α의 1μg/ml 농도 0.1ml(IL-1군), 하위 추간판에 Interleukin 1α의 10μg/ml 농도 0.1ml(IL-10군)를 추간판의 기계적 손상을 방지하기 위해 30게이지 주사침을 이용하여 중앙에서 주사하였다. 주사 후 12주에 방사선학적 및 조직학적 변화를 조사하였다. 결과: 12주째 방사선학적 추간판 높이지수는 식염수군 0.071, IL-1군 0.045, IL-10군 0.058로 추간판 높이 변화에 차이가 없었다(p=0.194). 조직학적 수핵내 세포는 식염수군 평균 1.42, IL-1군 2.00, IL-10군 3.00의 결과로 식염수군과 IL-10군(p=0.001), IL-1군과 IL-10군(p=0.0001)의 두 군간에 유의한 차이를 보였다. 조직학적 수핵내 조성은 식염수군 평균 1.42, IL-1군 2.00, IL-10군 2.42의 결과로 식염수군과 IL-10군(p=0.007) 군의 비교에서만 차이를 보였다. 조직학적 수핵의 변화 결과는 IL-10군이 수핵내 세포 및 조성의 퇴행성 변화를 유발함을 알 수 있었다. 결론: 토끼의 추간판에서 Interleukin 1α가 수핵의 세포와 기질변화에 관여함을 시사하였다. 토끼 모델을 이용한 퇴행성 추간판 모델 형성은 사이토카인차단제 등의 수핵에서 기질 재생이나 세포 활성을 확인하는 추간판 질환의 실험을 위해 유용하게 적용될 수 있으리라 사료된다.
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Moses in the Typology of European Art in the Middle Ages
William Johnstone(윌리엄 존스톤) 한국신학정보연구원 2009 Canon&Culture Vol.7 No.1
고딕 양식의 건축 덕분에 나타난 큰 스테인드글라스 창들은 기독교 교리를 알리고 가르치는 데 새로운 길을 열어주었다. 이 창들의 도상학적 프로그램들 뒤에 있는 이론은 유형론(typology, “모형론”)이다. 잉글랜드의 페어포드, 프랑스의 상스, 독일의 쾰른에 있는 중세 시대 스테인드글라스에 나타난 모세의 형상들에 나타난 출애굽기 3:2의 불타는 떨기나무는 무엇을 상징하는가? 영향력 있는 해석 중 하나는 이스라엘을 상징하는 것으로 이해한다. 그러나 중세 유대 학자 라쉬가 제시한 유대 전통에 따르면 불타는 떨기나무를 이스라엘 백성의 지도자이자 하나님의 대변자로 임명받은 모세를 상징한다. 즉, 하나님의 영감의 불이 타고 있는 사람인 모세는 내적으로 뜨겁게 타오르는 사람이지만 자신은 소멸되지 않고 그의 인간성을 계속 유지한다는 것이다. 마찬가지로 (구약을 신약의 원형으로 삼아, 유형론적으로 두 성경을 연결하여 이해하는) 중세 기독교적 관념에 따라, 불타는 떨기나무는 수태고지의 상징이다. 즉, 마리아는 동정성을 잃지 않고 성령으로 잉태한다는 것이다. 이제 우리는 이 모세의 유형론을 중세 기독교 예술의 성경에 관한 유형론적 해석의 좀 더 확대된 이론과 실천의 틀과 연결해 보고자 한다. 우리가 중세시대의 이 4가지 의미 안에 있는 “비평 이전”의 성서해석에 대해 어떻게 생각하든, 그것은 현대 해석자들이 일관성을 가지고 온전한 성경적 메시지를 끌어내도록 도전하고, 오늘날 그 메시지를 윤리적 실천으로 옮기게 하며 미래에 대한 소망을 갖도록 도전한다. The large stained glass windows, which the Gothic style of architecture made possible, opened up new ways for expressing and teaching Christian doctrine. The theory behind the iconographical programs of these windows is that of typology. In that representations of Moses at the burning bush in medieval stained glass at, e. g., Fairford in England, Sens in France, and Koln in Germany, what does the burning bush of Exodus 3:2 symbolize? One influential interpretation understands it as symbolizing Israel(as in Exod 3:7-8). But a Jewish interpretation(by, e.g., Rashi of Troyes, east of Paris, 1040-1105, the most influential Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages) has understood the burning bush as symbolizing Moses: the man in whom the flame of God’s inspiration burns is not consumed by that flame but still keeps his human character. For the medieval Christian mind (putting the two Testaments together typologically, the Old as type of the New), the burning bush thus becomes a symbol of the virgin birth: Mary conceives by the Holy Spirit without losing her virginity. The discussion must now be broadened out to set this Mosaic typology within a wider framework of the theory and practice of typological interpretation of the Bible in Christian medieval art. Whatever one may think of the “pre-critical” interpretation of Scripture in these four senses in the medieval period, it presents a challenge to the modern interpreter to bring out the full Biblical message in equally coherent terms; and to bring that message to bear on ethical practice today and on hope for the future.
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Moses in the Typology of European Art in the Middle Ages
William Johnstone 한국신학정보연구원 2009 Canon&Culture Vol.3 No.1
The large stained glass windows, which the Gothic style of architecture made possible, opened up new ways for expressing and teaching Christian doctrine. The theory behind the iconographical programs of these windows is that of typology. In that representations of Moses at the burning bush in medieval stained glass at, e. g., Fairford in England, Sens in France, and Köln in Germany, what does the burning bush of Exodus 3:2 symbolize? One influential interpretation understands it as symbolizing Israel(as in Exod 3:7-8). But a Jewish interpretation(by, e.g., Rashi of Troyes, east of Paris, 1040-1105, the most influential Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages) has understood the burning bush as symbolizing Moses: the man in whom the flame of God’s inspiration burns is not consumed by that flame but still keeps his human character. For the medieval Christian mind (putting the two Testaments together typologically, the Old as type of the New), the burning bush thus becomes a symbol of the virgin birth: Mary conceives by the Holy Spirit without losing her virginity. The discussion must now be broadened out to set this Mosaic typology within a wider framework of the theory and practice of typological interpretation of the Bible in Christian medieval art. Whatever one may think of the “pre-critical” interpretation of Scripture in these four senses in the medieval period, it presents a challenge to the modern interpreter to bring out the full Biblical message in equally coherent terms; and to bring that message to bear on ethical practice today and on hope for the future. The large stained glass windows, which the Gothic style of architecture made possible, opened up new ways for expressing and teaching Christian doctrine. The theory behind the iconographical programs of these windows is that of typology. In that representations of Moses at the burning bush in medieval stained glass at, e. g., Fairford in England, Sens in France, and Köln in Germany, what does the burning bush of Exodus 3:2 symbolize? One influential interpretation understands it as symbolizing Israel(as in Exod 3:7-8). But a Jewish interpretation(by, e.g., Rashi of Troyes, east of Paris, 1040-1105, the most influential Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages) has understood the burning bush as symbolizing Moses: the man in whom the flame of God’s inspiration burns is not consumed by that flame but still keeps his human character. For the medieval Christian mind (putting the two Testaments together typologically, the Old as type of the New), the burning bush thus becomes a symbol of the virgin birth: Mary conceives by the Holy Spirit without losing her virginity. The discussion must now be broadened out to set this Mosaic typology within a wider framework of the theory and practice of typological interpretation of the Bible in Christian medieval art. Whatever one may think of the “pre-critical” interpretation of Scripture in these four senses in the medieval period, it presents a challenge to the modern interpreter to bring out the full Biblical message in equally coherent terms; and to bring that message to bear on ethical practice today and on hope for the future.
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Mathematical Modeling of Acupuncture as Cancer Symptom Therapy: First Steps
Peter A S Johnstone,Heiko Enderling 사단법인약침학회 2015 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.8 No.3
The practice of acupuncture (AP) is frequently traced to the Emperor Huangdi, whose Classic includes descriptions of the practice hundreds of years before the Christian era [1]. The practice has come far towards integration in modern medical practice in the intervening millennia, especially in the management of symptoms referable to cancer or its treatment [2]. However, the modern practice of acupuncture mirrors the modern practice of radiation therapy (RT) in that treatment schedules are practical rather than evidence-based.
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Acupuncture as Cancer Symptom Therapy: What a Difference a Decade Makes
Peter A.S. Johnstone 사단법인약침학회 2011 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.4 No.4
The author reviews the use of acupuncture in cancer symptom management based on mainly what his group has done for the past 10 years and new directions are presented for the future investigations.
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Mairs, Steve,Johnstone, Doug,Kirk, Helen,Lane, James,Bell, Graham S.,Graves, Sarah,Herczeg, Gregory J.,Scicluna, Peter,Bower, Geoffrey C.,Chen, Huei-Ru Vivien,Hatchell, Jennifer,Aikawa, Yuri,Chen, Wen American Astronomical Society 2017 The Astrophysical journal Vol.849 No.2
<P>Investigating variability at the earliest stages of low-mass star formation is fundamental in understanding how a protostar assembles mass. While many simulations of protostellar disks predict non-steady accretion onto protostars, deeper investigation requires robust observational constraints on the frequency and amplitude of variability events characterized across the observable SED. In this study, we develop methods to robustly analyze repeated observations of an area of the sky for submillimeter variability in order to determine constraints on the magnitude and frequency of deeply embedded protostars. We compare 850 mu m JCMT Transient Survey data with archival JCMT Gould Belt Survey data to investigate variability over 2-4 year timescales. Out of 175 bright, independent emission sources identified in the overlapping fields, we find seven variable candidates, five of which we classify as Strong, and the remaining two we classify as Extended to indicate that the latter are associated with larger-scale structure. For the Strong variable candidates, we find an average fractional peak brightness change per. year of |4.0|% yr(-1), with a standard deviation of 2.7% yr(-1). In total, 7% of the protostars associated with 850 mu m emission in our sample show signs of variability. Four of the five Strong sources are associated with a known protostar. The remaining source is a good follow-up target for an object that is anticipated to contain an enshrouded, deeply embedded protostar. In addition, we estimate the 850 mu m periodicity of the submillimeter variable source, EC 53, to be 567 +/- 32 days, based on the archival Gould Belt Survey data.</P>
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