CO2 Geological Storage − Geotechnical Implications

D. N. Espinoza,S. H. Kim,산타마리나 대한토목학회 2011 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.15 No.4

Fossil fuels account for more than 90% of the world total energy consumption. The emission of CO_2 to the atmosphere can be reduced by the development and implementation of carbon capture and storage technologies. The geological formations considered for CO2 storage are saline aquifers, depleted and semidepleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, and unminable coal seams. The efficient short-term injection and the stable long-term geological storage of carbon dioxide are affected by complex hydro-chemo-mechanical interactions that take place in the formation, including water acidification, mineral dissolution, and stress and volume changes. Positive feedback mechanisms may lead to runaway effects. These hydro-chemo-mechanical coupled processes and emergent phenomena may hinder the storativity of injected carbon dioxide. Technological developments such as adequate geophysical tools for injection and reservoir monitoring, are needed for the safe geo-storage of CO_2.

Sustainable Development and Energy Geotechnology− Potential Roles for Geotechnical Engineering

R. J. Fragaszy,산타마리나,A. Amekudzi,D. Assimaki,R. Bachus,S. E. Burns,M. Cha,조계춘,D. D. Cortes,S. Dai,D. N. Espinoza,L. Garrow,H. Huang,J. Jang,J. W. Jung,S. Kim,K. Kurtis,이창호,C. Pasten,H. Phadnis,G. Rix 대한토목학회 2011 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.15 No.4

The world is facing unprecedented challenges related to energy resources, global climate change, material use, and waste generation. Failure to address these challenges will inhibit the growth of the developing world and will negatively impact the standard of living and security of future generations in all nations. The solutions to these challenges will require multidisciplinary research across the social and physical sciences and engineering. Although perhaps not always recognized, geotechnical engineering expertise is critical to the solution of many energy and sustainability-related problems. Hence, geotechnical engineers and academicians have opportunity and responsibility to contribute to the solution of these worldwide problems. Research will need to be extended to non-standard issues such as thermal properties of soils; sediment and rock response to extreme conditions and at very long time scales; coupled hydro-chemo-thermo-bio-mechanical processes; positive feedback systems; the development of discontinuities; biological modification of soil properties; spatial variability; and emergent phenomena. Clearly, the challenges facing geotechnical engineering in the future will require a much broader knowledge base than our traditional educational programs provide. The geotechnical engineering curricula, from undergraduate education through continuing professional education, must address the changing needs of a profession that will increasingly be engaged in alternative/renewable energy production; energy efficiency; sustainable design, enhanced and more efficient use of natural resources, waste management, and underground utilization.

Pectin from Passion Fruit Fiber and Its Modification by Pectinmethylesterase

Juan Carlos Contreras-Esquivel,Cristobal N. Aguilar,Julio C. Montanez,Adriano Brandelli,Judith D. Espinoza-Perez,Catherine M.G.C. Renard 한국식품영양과학회 2010 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.15 No.1

Passion fruit fiber pectin gels represent a new alternative pectin source with potential for food and non-food applications on a commercial scale. Pectic polysaccharides were extracted from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) fiber using citric acid as a clean catalyst and autoclaved for 20 to 60 min at 121℃. The best condition of pectin yield with the highest molecular weight was obtained with 1.0% of citric acid (250 ㎎/g dry passion fruit fiber pectin) for 20 min of autoclaving. Spectroscopic analyses by Fourier transform infrared, enzymatic degradation reactions, and ion-exchange chromatography assays showed that passion fruit pectin extracted for 20 min was homogeneous high methoxylated pectin (70%). Gel permeation analysis confirmed that the pectin extract obtained by autoclaving by 20 min showed higher molecular weights than those autoclaved for 40 and 60 min. Passion fruit pectin extracted for 20 min was enzymatically modified with fungal pectinmethylesterase to create restructured gels. Short autoclave treatment (20 min) with citric acid as extractant resulted in a significant increase of gel strength, improving pectin extraction in terms of functionality. The treatment of solubilized material (pectic polysaccharides) in the presence of insoluble material (cellulose and hemicellulose) with pectinmethylesterase and calcium led to the creation of a stiffer passion fruit fiber pectin gel, while syneresis was not observed.

Efficacy of a high quality O₁/Campos foot-and-mouth disease vaccine upon challenge with a heterologous Korean O Mya98 lineage virus in pigs

Galdo Novo, S.,Malirat, V.,Maradei, E.D.,Pedemonte, A.R.,Espinoza, A.M.,Smitsaart, E.,Lee, K.N.,Park, J.H.,Bergmann, I.E. Elsevier 2018 Vaccine Vol.36 No.12

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In 2010 serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus of the Mya98 lineage/SEA topotype spread into most East Asian countries. During 2010–2011 it was responsible for major outbreaks in the Republic of Korea where a monovalent O/Manisa vaccine (belonging to the ME-SA topotype) was applied to help control the outbreaks. Subsequently, all susceptible animals were vaccinated every 6 months with a vaccine containing the O/Manisa antigen. Despite vaccination, the disease re-occurred in 2014 and afterwards almost annually. This study focuses on the <I>in vivo</I> efficacy in pigs of a high quality monovalent commercial O<SUB>1</SUB>/Campos vaccine against heterologous challenge with a representative 2015 isolate from the Jincheon Province of the Republic of Korea. Initially, viral characterizations and r<SUB>1</SUB> determinations were performed on six viruses recovered in that region during 2014–2015, centering on their relationship with the well characterized and widely available O<SUB>1</SUB>/Campos vaccine strain. Genetic and antigenic analysis indicated a close similarity among 2014–2015 Korean isolates and with the previous 2010 virus, with distinct differences with the O<SUB>1</SUB>/Campos strain. Virus neutralisation tests using O<SUB>1</SUB>/Campos cattle and pig post vaccination sera and recent Korean outbreak viruses predicted acceptable cross-protection after a single vaccination, as indicated by r<SUB>1</SUB> values, and in pigs, by expectancy of protection. In agreement with the <I>in vitro</I> estimates, <I>in vivo</I> challenge with a selected field isolate indicated that O<SUB>1</SUB>/Campos primo vaccinated pigs were protected, resulting in a PD50 value of nearly 10. The results indicated that good quality oil vaccines containing the O<SUB>1</SUB>/Campos strain can successfully be used against isolates belonging to the O Mya98/SEA topotype.</P>

Pectin from Passion Fruit Fiber and Its Modification by Pectinmethylesterase

Contreras-Esquivel, Juan Carlos,Aguilar, Cristobal N.,Montanez, Julio C.,Brandelli, Adriano,Espinoza-Perez, Judith D.,Renard, Catherine M.G.C. The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2010 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.15 No.1

Passion fruit fiber pectin gels represent a new alternative pectin source with potential for food and non-food applications on a commercial scale. Pectic polysaccharides were extracted from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) fiber using citric acid as a clean catalyst and autoclaved for 20 to 60 min at $121^{\circ}C$. The best condition of pectin yield with the highest molecular weight was obtained with 1.0% of citric acid (250 mg/g dry passion fruit fiber pectin) for 20 min of autoclaving. Spectroscopic analyses by Fourier transform infrared, enzymatic degradation reactions, and ion-exchange chromatography assays showed that passion fruit pectin extracted for 20 min was homogeneous high methoxylated pectin (70%). Gel permeation analysis confirmed that the pectin extract obtained by autoclaving by 20 min showed higher molecular weights than those autoclaved for 40 and 60 min. Passion fruit pectin extracted for 20 min was enzymatically modified with fungal pectinmethylesterase to create restructured gels. Short autoclave treatment (20 min) with citric acid as extractant resulted in a significant increase of gel strength, improving pectin extraction in terms of functionality. The treatment of solubilized material (pectic polysaccharides) in the presence of insoluble material (cellulose and hemicellulose) with pectinmethylesterase and calcium led to the creation of a stiffer passion fruit fiber pectin gel, while syneresis was not observed.