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Buckling of sandwich cylindrical shells under axial loading
Mitao Ohga,Aruna Sanjeewa Wijenayaka,James G. A. Croll 국제구조공학회 2005 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.5 No.1
Important characteristics of the previously proposed reduced stiffness method and a summery of its design curves for the buckling of the axially loaded sandwich cylindrical shells is presented. Comparison of the lower bound obtained with FEM analysis with that from the reduced stiffness analysis shows that the proposed reduced stiffness method can provide safe lower bounds for the buckling of geometrically imperfect, axially loaded sandwich cylindrical shells. One of the attractive features of the reduced stiffness elastic lower bound analysis is that it provides safe estimates of buckling loads that do not depend on the specification of the precise magnitude of the imperfection spectra. As a result, designers can readily apply this method without being worried about possible geometrical imperfections that might be generated during fabrication and construction of sandwich cylindrical shells.
Braubach, Oliver R.,Miyasaka, Nobuhiko,Koide, Tetsuya,Yoshihara, Yoshihiro,Croll, Roger P.,Fine, Alan Society for Neuroscience 2013 The Journal of neuroscience Vol.33 No.16
<P>Olfactory glomeruli are innervated with great precision by the axons of different olfactory sensory neuron types and act as functional units in odor information processing. Approximately 140 glomeruli are present in each olfactory bulb of adult zebrafish; these units consist of either highly stereotypic large glomeruli or smaller anatomically indistinguishable glomeruli. In the present study, we investigated developmental differences among these types of glomeruli. We observed that 10 large and individually identifiable glomeruli already developed before hatching, at 72 h after fertilization, in configurations that resembled their mature organization. However, the cross-sectional area of these glomeruli increased throughout larval development, and they eventually comprised the largest units in postlarval olfactory bulbs. In contrast, small and anatomically indistinguishable glomeruli formed only after hatching, apparently by segregating from five larger precursors that were identifiable during embryonic development. The differentiation of these small glomeruli proceeded with conspicuous variation in number and arrangement, both among larvae and between olfactory bulbs of the same individuals. To determine factors that might contribute to this variability, we investigated the effects of olfactory enrichment on the development of amino acid-responsive lateral glomeruli, which include both large and small units. Larvae reared in an amino acid-enriched environment had normal large lateral glomeruli, but the small lateral glomeruli were more numerous and displayed reduced cross-sectional areas compared with glomeruli in control animals. Our results suggest that large and small glomeruli mature via distinct developmental processes that may be differentially influenced by sensory experience.</P>
Multiple functional self-association interfaces in plant TIR domains
Zhang, Xiaoxiao,Bernoux, Maud,Bentham, Adam R.,Newman, Toby E.,Ve, Thomas,Casey, Lachlan W.,Raaymakers, Tom M.,Hu, Jian,Croll, Tristan I.,Schreiber, Karl J.,Staskawicz, Brian J.,Anderson, Peter A.,Soh National Academy of Sciences 2017 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.114 No.10
<P>The self-association of Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein (TIR) domains has been implicated in signaling in plant and animal immunity receptors. Structure-based studies identified different TIR-domain dimerization interfaces required for signaling of the plant nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) L6 from flax and disease resistance protein RPS4 from Arabidopsis. Here we show that the crystal structure of the TIR domain from the Arabidopsis NLR suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1 (SNC1) contains both an L6-like interface involving helices alpha D and alpha E (DE interface) and an RPS4-like interface involving helices alpha A and alpha E (AE interface). Mutations in either the AE- or DE-interface region disrupt cell-death signaling activity of SNC1, L6, and RPS4 TIR domains and full-length L6 and RPS4. Self-association of L6 and RPS4 TIR domains is affected by mutations in either region, whereas only AE-interface mutations affect SNC1 TIR-domain self-association. We further show two similar interfaces in the crystal structure of the TIR domain from the Arabidopsis NLR recognition of Peronospora parasitica 1 (RPP1). These data demonstrate that both the AE and DE self-association interfaces are simultaneously required for self-association and cell-death signaling in diverse plant NLRs.</P>