중국실학의 함의와 현대적 의의

張學智,池俊鎬 한국철학사연구회 2003 한국 철학논집 Vol.12 No.-

실학에 관한 대부분의 저서와 논문들은 일반적으로 明·淸시기에 일어난 ‘經世致用’ 思潮를 실학으로 정의하고 있다. 그러나 역사적인 문헌에서 드러나는 ‘실학’이라는 두 글자의 의미와 그리고 중국 역사에서 실제로 일어났던 사상조류의 변천을 살펴보면, 실학은 실제적으로 더욱 광범위한 내용을 포괄하고 있다. 실학은 도덕적인 측면에서의 ‘독실한 수양(篤實修養)’, 경제적인 측면에서의 ‘유가의 경전에 능통하여 실질적인 쓸모 있는 것에 정통함(通經致用)’, 事功이라는 측면에서의 ‘나라를 경영하여 세상을 구제함(經邦濟世)’이라는 세 가지 주요한 측면을 포괄하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 세 가지 측면을 역사적인 문헌과 사상사의 발전이라는 면으로 나누어 그 의미를 설명하였으며, 明·淸시기에 經世致用의 學이 왜 특별히 表彰되어 ‘실학’으로 불리게 되었는지 그 원인에 관하여도 검토하였다. 아울러 王陽明 心學의 변천과 明代 中·後期에 왕양명의 제자들이 토론한 주요 문제들이 갖는 의의를 탐구함으로써 明淸之際에 이르러 학풍이 크게 변화된 이유를 살펴보았다. 修德과 明經 그리고 經世의 세 가지 측면은 종합된 하나의 틀을 갖추고 있으며, 明德은 統領이 되고 明經과 致用은 輔翼이 된다. 그렇기 때문에 미래에 과학기술이 모든 것을 지배하고 모든 것을 제약하는 시대에 이르러서도 가치적인 理想을 수립할 수 있으며 사람의 최후까지도 배려하고 보살필 수 있게 된다. 이러한 점은 실학이 갖고 있는 현대적인 의의이기도 하다. 경제의 세계화 그리고 문화의 多元化시대인 오늘날 전통의 계승과 창조적인 발전은 중시되어야 한다. 아울러 전통에 관한 총체적인 이해와 설명을 통하여 새로운 學統도 형성하여야 한다. 중국 문화의 우수한 점을 흡수하고, 서양 민주제의 장점을 받아들이고, 지식인들의 憂患意識과 현실 정치에 대한 비판정신을 간직함으로써 정치적인 면에서도 새로운 政治文明을 건설하여야 할 것이다. Real Learning (Shixue) in Chinese classics and its historical context can be actually interpreted as a term which includes more comprehensive meaning than its literal meaning. Real Learning should be interpreted in three aspects: religious cultivating in morality, understanding the classics and making them be useful in social practice in Confucian studies, and administering the country and succoring the masses in the public affairs. This paper tries to articulate these three aspects of the connotation of Real Learning in terms of its meaning in texts and in the progress of the history of thought. According to this paper, these three aspects of the connotation of Real Learning played important roles in Chinese traditions of morality, learning, and politics. The ideological trend of practice in Ming and Qing Dynasties is not a totally new one but the continuation of Chinese traditional thought. Real Learning cannot be understood as an ideology which is similar to the Confucianism in the two Han Dynasties, Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, Buddhism in Sui and Tang Dynasties, or Neo- Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. 一般硏究實學的著作和論文都以明淸時期興起的經世致用思潮來定義實學本文則認爲, 從“實學”這兩個字在歷史典籍里的意思和中國歷史中實際發生的思想潮流的變遷來看, 實學實際上包括着更爲廣闊的內容. 實學應該包括三個主要的方面: 道德上的篤實修養, 經學上的通經致用和事功上的經邦濟世. 本文對這三個方面分別從歷史文獻和思想史的發展說明타們的眞實義涵. 着重梳理這三個方面對中國道統、學統、政統發生的巨大影響, 認爲明淸經世思潮是中國源遠流長的利用、厚生傳統的延續, 不是明淸時期特有的. “實學”只是一個標志學術思潮或學風轉型的槪念, 不能把타作爲和兩漢經學、魏晋玄學、隋唐佛學、宋明理學平行的思潮. 本文還檢討了明淸經世致用之學爲什요特別被表彰爲實學的原因, 幷從王陽明心學的演變及王陽明弟子所討論的主要問題在明代中後期的意義說明明淸之際學風丕變的根据. 在實學的現代意義方面, 本文認爲, 修德、明經、經世三個方面應當組成一個광架, 明德是統領, 明經、致用爲輔翼, 在未來科技宰制一切、規約一切的時代樹立价値理想, 完成人的終極關懷. 在當今經濟全球化、文化多元化的時代中重視對傳統的繼承與創造性轉化, 幷經過詮釋形成新的學統. 在政統方面, 吸收中國文化的優良成分, 吸納西方的民主制度的長處, 保持知識分子的憂患意識和對現實政治的批判精神, 建設新的政治文明.

중국 직장여성의 의복 구매행동 연구

임숙자,신혜봉,장춘희 이화여자대학교 생활환경대학 인간생활환경연구소 2004 인간생활환경연구소 논집 Vol.- No.2

The purposes of this study was to investigate the clothing purchasing behavior of Chinese career women and the awareness and purchasing experience of Korean apparel brand. The data was collected from 662 Chinese 20 · 30's career women using questionnaire and analysed by frequency analysis, means using SPSS package. The results of this study were as follows: The clothing purchasing motives of Chinese career women were 'because the season changed' and 'to express one's own individuality'. In using informants, they were influenced by 'display of shop', 'the past purchasing experience' and 'friends or colleague' The clothing selection standards were 'fitness' and 'design'. For store selection, they consider importantly 'product quality', 'price' and 'salesperson's service'. The clothing purchasing place were 'first class department store' and 'famous brand shop'. Most Chinese career women like to so shopping during weekend and periods of brand sales. For paying method, they still like to use cash more than credit cards, because credit card is not popular in China yet. After they have purchased clothing they were satisfied with design, color and fitness of clothing products, but dissatisfied with the parking system of the shop and public transportation. In the estimation of Korean apparel procucts, more than 50% of subjects have known about Korean apparel brand.

An ileosigmoid fistula: what is the diagnosis?

( Chun Lan Zhang ),( Ji Li ),( Yan You ),( Yue Hui Ni ),( Yan Zhang ),( Jia Ming Qian ) 대한장연구학회 2017 Intestinal Research Vol.15 No.2

Study of Tourism Product for Tea Culture in Hangzhou

Zhang Chunli(张,春丽,) 세계문화관광학회 2010 Conference Proceedings Vol.11 No.0

“茶为国饮”,杭为茶都,历史悠久的茶文化,正在日益成为新时期旅游产品的重要组成部分,杭州茶文化旅游的发展已经具有一定规模,本文在对目前杭州的茶文化旅游产品进行归纳整理的基础上,对其进行深入剖析,着重分析其发展中存在的不足,进而提出杭州茶文化旅游产品的开发应积极拓展思路,充分挖掘茶文化的深层次内涵,从多方面生动演绎和展现。 Tea is beverage of China and Hangzhou is capital of tea. The tea culture with long history is becoming an important part of tourism product in the new period. The development of tea culture tourism of Hangzhou has a certain scale. Based on the analysis of culture tourism products of Hangzhou the present, the paper analyses its disadvantages especially, and puts forward following conclusions. First the development of tea tourism products should be actively expands thoughts. Second, the deeper connotation of tourism products should be deepened. Third, the deduction and expression of tea products should be done from the many aspects.

Expression and Clinical Significance of REPS2 in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Zhang, Hang,Duan, Chao-Jun,Zhang, Heng,Cheng, Yuan-Da,Zhang, Chun-Fang Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.5

Objective: REPS2 plays important roles in inhibiting cell proliferation, migration and in inducing apoptosis of cancer cells, now being identified as a useful biomarker for favorable prognosis in prostate and breast cancers. The purpose of this study was to assess REPS2 expression and to explore its role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods: Protein expression of REPS2 in ESCCs and adjacent non-cancerous tissues from 120 patients was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and patient outcome. Additionally, thirty paired ESCC tissues and four ESCC cell lines and one normal human esophageal epithelial cell line were evaluated for REPS2 mRNA and protein expression levels by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results: REPS2 mRNA and protein expression levels were down-regulated in ESCC tissues and cell lines. Low protein levels were significantly associated with primary tumour, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and recurrence (all, P < 0.05). Survival analysis demonstrated that decreased REPS2 expression was significantly associated with shorter overall survival and disease-free survival (both, P < 0.001), especially in early stage ESCC patients. When REPS2 expression and lymph node metastasis status were combined, patients with low REPS2 expression/lymph node (+) had both poorer overall and disease-free survival than others (both, P < 0.001). Cox multivariate regression analysis further revealed REPS2 to be an independent prognostic factor for ESCC patients. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that downregulation of REPS2 may contribute to malignant progression of ESCC and represent a novel prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for ESCC patients.

Clinical Manifestations and Imaging Characteristics of Gliomatosis Cerebri with Pathological Confirmation

Zhang, Chun-Pu,Li, Hua-Qing,Zhang, Wei-Tao,Liu, Ming-Hui,Pan, Wen-Jing Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.11

Objective: To explore the clinical manifestations and imaging characteristics of gliomatosis cerebri to raise the awareness and improve its diagnostic accuracy for patients. Materials and Methods: Clinical data, imaging characteristics and pathological examination of 12 patients with GC from Jan., 2008 to Jan., 2012 were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Patients with GC were clinically manifested with headache, vomiting, repeated seizures, fatigue and unstable walking, most of whom had more than 2 lesions involving in parietal lobe, followed by temporal lobe, frontal lobe, periventricular white matter and corpus callosum. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed diffuse distribution, T1-weighted images (T1WI) with equal and low signals and T2-weighted images (T2WI) with bilateral symmetrical high diffuse signals. There was no reinforcement by enhancement scanning and signals were different in diffusion-weighted images (DWI). The higher the tumor staging, the stronger the signals. Pathological examination showed neuroastrocytoma in which tumor tissues were manifested by infiltrative growth in blood vessels and around neurons. Conclusions: In clinical diagnosis of GC, much attention should be paid to the diffuse distribution of imaging characteristics, incomplete matching between clinical and imaging characteristics and confirmation by combining with histopathological examination.

PBoostGA: pseudo-boosting genetic algorithm for variable ranking and selection

Zhang, Chun-Xia,Zhang, Jiang-She,Kim, Sang-Woon Springer-Verlag 2016 COMPUTATIONAL STATISTICS Vol.31 No.4

<P>Variable selection has consistently been a hot topic in linear regression models, especially when facing with high-dimensional data. Variable ranking, an advanced form of selection, is actually more fundamental since selection can be realized by thresholding once the variables are ranked suitably. In recent years, ensemble learning has gained a significant interest in the context of variable selection due to its great potential to improve selection accuracy and to reduce the risk of falsely including some unimportant variables. Motivated by the widespread success of boosting algorithms, a novel ensemble method PBoostGA is developed in this paper to implement variable ranking and selection in linear regression models. In PBoostGA, a weight distribution is maintained over the training set and genetic algorithm is adopted as its base learner. Initially, equal weight is assigned to each instance. According to the weight updating and ensemble member generating mechanism like AdaBoost.RT, a series of slightly different importance measures are sequentially produced for each variable. Finally, the candidate variables are ordered in the light of the average importance measure and some significant variables are then selected by a thresholding rule. Both simulation results and a real data illustration show the effectiveness of PBoostGA in comparison with some existing counterparts. In particular, PBoostGA has stronger ability to exclude redundant variables.</P>

Performance of a modified alkaline lignin towards copper adsorption under different conditions

Chunli Zheng,Qiaorui Wang,Yujie Dai,Bo Zu,Yangyang Zhang,Tian C Zhang 대한환경공학회 2022 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.27 No.3

Polyethyleneimine and carbon disulfide were employed to modify alkaline lignin (AL) in order to introduce -NH, -NH₂ and -CSS- groups. Its adsorption performance towards Cu(II) was evaluated based on the residual concentration (Cr) against the discharge permissible concentration for Cu(II) (2.0 mg/L) established by the World Health Organization. The evaluation was operated under different conditions such as adjusting the solution pH, Cu(II) coexisting with K(I), Na(I), Ca(II) or Mg(II), changing the contact time (t) and initial concentration of Cu(II) (C0), as well as regeneration. When t and C0 equaled to 180 min and 50 mg/L, Cr was less than 2.0 mg/L at pH of 5.03 to 5.65. Under the situation of Cu (II) coexisting with 50 mg/L of K(I), Na(I), Ca(II) or Mg(II), Cr was as low as 1.96, 1.53, 1.97 or 1.55 mg/L (t = 180 min, C0 = 50 mg/L), respectively. Even the modified AL was regenerated and reused four times, Cr was closed to 2 mg/L for each time (t = 180 min, C0 = 51 mg/L). By comparing with other lignin-based materials according to the adsorption equilibrium time, the maximum adsorption capacity, and Cr, the modified AL exhibited higher application potential in copper-loaded water treatment.

Imaging Anatomy of Waldeyer's Ring and PET/CT and MRI Findings of Oropharyngeal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Zhang, Chun-Xing,Liang, Long,Zhang, Bin,Chen, Wen-Bo,Liu, Hong-Jun,Liu, Chun-Ling,Zhou, Zheng-Gen,Liang, Chang-Hong,Zhang, Shui-Xing Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.8

Background: This study was conducted to analyze positron emission tomography (PET) / computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performance with oropharyngeal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (ONHL).Materials and Methods: The complete image data of 30 ONHL cases were analyzed, all patients were performed PET / CT and MRI examination before the treatment, with the time interval of these two inspections not exceeding 14 days. The distribution, morphology, MRI signal characteristics, enhancement feature, standardized uptake value (SUV) max value and lymph node metastasis way of the lesions were analyzed. Results: Among the 30 cases, 23 cases were derived from the B-cell (76.7%), 5 cases were derived from the peripheral T cells (16.7%) and 2 cases were derived from the NK/T cells (6.7%). 19 cases exhibited the palatine tonsil involvement (63.3%). As for the lesion appearance, 10 cases appeared as mass, 8 cases were the diffused type and 12 cases were the mixed type. 25 cases exhibited the SUVmax value of PET / CT primary lesions as 11 or more (83.3%). MRI showed that all patients exhibited various degrees of parapharyngeal side-compressed narrowing, but MRI still exhibited the high-signal fat, and the oropharyngeal mucosa was intact. 25 cases were associated with the neck lymph node metastasis, among who 22 cases had no necrosis in the metastatic lymph nodes, while the rest 3 cases exhibited the central necrosis in the metastatic lymph nodes. Conclusions: PET / CT and MRI have important value in diagnosing and determining the lesion extent of ONHL.

Prediction of Length of ICU Stay Using Data-mining Techniques: an Example of Old Critically Ill Postoperative Gastric Cancer Patients

Zhang, Xiao-Chun,Zhang, Zhi-Dan,Huang, De-Sheng Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.1

Objective: With the background of aging population in China and advances in clinical medicine, the amount of operations on old patients increases correspondingly, which imposes increasing challenges to critical care medicine and geriatrics. The study was designed to describe information on the length of ICU stay from a single institution experience of old critically ill gastric cancer patients after surgery and the framework of incorporating data-mining techniques into the prediction. Methods: A retrospective design was adopted to collect the consecutive data about patients aged 60 or over with a gastric cancer diagnosis after surgery in an adult intensive care unit in a medical university hospital in Shenyang, China, from January 2010 to March 2011. Characteristics of patients and the length their ICU stay were gathered for analysis by univariate and multivariate Cox regression to examine the relationship with potential candidate factors. A regression tree was constructed to predict the length of ICU stay and explore the important indicators. Results: Multivariate Cox analysis found that shock and nutrition support need were statistically significant risk factors for prolonged length of ICU stay. Altogether, eight variables entered the regression model, including age, APACHE II score, SOFA score, shock, respiratory system dysfunction, circulation system dysfunction, diabetes and nutrition support need. The regression tree indicated comorbidity of two or more kinds of shock as the most important factor for prolonged length of ICU stay in the studied sample. Conclusions: Comorbidity of two or more kinds of shock is the most important factor of length of ICU stay in the studied sample. Since there are differences of ICU patient characteristics between wards and hospitals, consideration of the data-mining technique should be given by the intensivists as a length of ICU stay prediction tool.