離騷의 性格

金學主 서울대학교 동아문화연구소 1979 東亞文化 Vol.16 No.-

Since Ssu-ma Ch'ien eulogized Ch'u¨ Yu¨an as a great patriotic poet and his Li-Sao (Encountering Sorrow) as a song of"loyalty to his king and love to the people," from Wang Yi (Ch'u Tz'uˇ Chang Chu¨楚辭章句) to modern Chinese scholars (Ch'u Tz'uˇYen Chiu Lun Wen Chi 楚辭硏究論文集), most of the scholars have interpreted Li-Sao as a patriotic poem. But lately some scholars, such as Liao P'ing(Ch'u Tz'uˇ Chiang Yi 楚辭講義), Ho T'ian Hsing (Ch'u T'zu¨ Tzo Yu¨ Han Tai K'ao 楚辭作於漢代考), and Chu Tung Jun (Ch'u Ko and Ch'u Tz'uˇ 楚歌與楚辭, Writer of Li-Sao 離騷的作者, etc.), denying the existence of Ch'u¨ Yu¨an, contended that Li-Sao is a song of "fairy excursion."In this paper, I have examined the above mentioned two directions of interpretation of Li-Sao, and analogized it's character through the analysis of the text. For the convenience of quotation of the text, I gave numbers from 1 to 188 to every line (two phrase for one line) of Li-Sao. (2) In the text of Li-Sao, lines 17-20, 40-41, 44 and 188 directly express the poet's loyalty to his king or love to the people (or the country). But most of the general purport arrives at the despair and resentment to this world. Besides, on the lines 13-16, 19, 38-39, 53, 72-87, and 145-149, we can find a description of the conduct of great sages and tyrants. These also show that Li-Sao is a patriotic poem. On the other hand, in most of the text of Li-Sao the poet describes his visionary excursion to the fairyland and heaven. On lines 54-64, we find his desire of the long journey, and on lines 72-185, we find his three-time fairy excursions. Consequently, we can say that Li-Sao is a song of fairy excursion. (3) Of course there are far more lines which support Li-Sao as a patriotic poem or song of fairy excursion. But both of these two interpretations have a good many negative expressions in themselves. We find in them defects not sufficient to assert the character of the poem as such. So I analyzed the text various ways to obtain the clear character of it. As a result, I draw a deduction that this originated from an early shaman of Ch'u. In concluding the character of Li-Sao, most important factor is an interpretation of P'eng Hsien, which is stated in the last paragraph: "Since none is worthwhile to work with in making good government, I will go and join P'eng Hsien in the place where he abides.(旣莫足與爲美政兮, 吾將從彭咸之所居)" Wang Yi commented on P'eng Hsien as a "sage of Shang dynasty, who drowned himself because his king disregarded his advice," and the last line of Li-Sao has been taken as the poet's statement of his intention to drown himself. But it is clear that his explanation has no basis. As Ho T'ien-Hsing (at Ch'u Tz'uˇ Tzo Yi Han Tai K'ao) pointed out, it is very reasonable to explain P'eng Hsien as ancient shamans, Wu P'eng and Wu Hsien, shown in: Shang Hai Ching, and "to join P'eng Hsien" means rather the poet's, intention to devote himself to occult training as a shaman. At the beginning of Li-Sao, the poet described his family lineage because early shamans were handed down from father to son as a profession. And he introduced his name(字) as Ling Chun(靈均). When we think of Wang Yi's commentary "靈, 巫也" and other shaman's name Ling Hsiu, Ling Fen, and Ling Pao of the Ch'u Tz'uˇ, the name Ling Chu¨n bespeaks itself a name of a shaman. Before his first visionary excursion, the poet paid a visit to the spirit of Emperor Shun to get his advice, which means that Shun was one of the spirit enshrined by the poet shaman. This fact also, explains why Li-Sao has so many descriptions of loyalty to the Kingand love of the country. And most of the works of Ch'u Tz'uˇ, which recorded under the, name of Ch'u¨ Yu¨an and his student Sung Yu¨, such as Chiu-Ko, T`ian-Wen, Yuan-You, P'u-Chu¨, Chiu-Pian, Chao-Hun, and Ta-Chao preserve more obvious tinges of shaman than Li-Sao. Consequently, it might be maintained that Li-Sao is a early song of shaman, neither a patriotic poem nor a song of fairy excursion.

Exploring the Effect of Comprehensibility in K-content Titles on Behavioral Intention: A Need for Cognition Perspective

Chu,Kyounghee(Kyounghee Chu),Kim,Ji Yoon(Ji Yoon Kim) 한국상품학회 2024 商品學硏究 Vol.42 No.1

This study empirically explores the impact of the comprehensibility of K-content titles on consumer evaluation. The specific objective of the research is as follows: to analyze the influence of the comprehensibility level of K-content titles on behavioral intentions (intention to watch). More specifically, this study aims to verify whether the patterns of influence of comprehensibility levels of K-content titles on consumer evaluations differ based on need for cognition(NFC) levels. The experimental results revealed differences in intention to watch K-movies depending on cognitive needs levels. In other words, viewers with lower need for cognition have higher viewing intentions towards movies with titles that are more comprehensible compared to those with less comprehensible titles. On the other hand, viewers with higher need for cognition have higher viewing intentions towards movies with less comprehensible titles compared to those with more comprehensible titles. Prior research has primarily focused on consumer responses to the comprehensibility of key messages or information within the field of communication. In this regard, by applying the concept of comprehensibility to the titles of K-Contents, this research strengthens the theoretical foundation concerning the effectiveness of message delivery and consumer response, while also deepening the understanding of global marketing strategies for K-Contents. In terms of practical implications, it emphasizes to K-Content creators and marketers that the comprehensibility of titles significantly influences consumer interest and viewing intentions. This offers critical guidance in the selection of titles and formulation of marketing strategies for K-Contents. Furthermore, optimizing content titles for a global audience with diverse cognitive needs can contribute to the successful international spread of K-Contents. Therefore, by comprehensively understanding the impact of K-Content titles on consumer evaluations, this study is expected to make significant contributions both academically and practically.

元曲 特質 小考

李桂柱 단국대학교 중어중문학과 1974 中國文學報 Vol.- No.1

龜玆樂 關聯의 개存 硏究成果 檢討 : A Critical Review

홍주희 한국음악사학회 2002 한국음악사학보 Vol.29 No.-

In order to make a systematic approach to the study of Kuei-tzu˘ music 龜玆樂, this paper is intended to investigate the outcomes of existing studies on Kuei-tzu˘ music by Korean and Chinese scholars from the 1950s to the present. Most outcomes have been studied by Chinese musicologists including P'an Huai-su 播?素, Ch'ang Jen-hsia 常任俠, Chou Chi 周吉, Ho Ch'ang-lin 何昌林, Ch'iu Ch'iung-lin 丘璟蓀, Li Ping 呂氷 and so on. Also included are such Korean scholars as An Hwak 安廓, Lee Hye-ku [Yi Hye-gu] 李惠求, Song Bang-song [Song Pang-song] 宋芳松, Cho˘n In-p'yo˘ng 全仁平 and Hong Chu-hu˘i 洪周希, and also such Japanese musicologists as Kishibe Shigeo 岸邊成雄 and Hayashi Kenzo― 林謙三. The outcomes of existing studies on Kuei-tzu˘ music can be divided into two groups in a broad sence : the first group is the outcomes related directly with Kuei-tzu˘ music, while the other group, the outcomes related indirectly with Kuei-tzu˘ music. This paper consists of three parts : Ⅰ. Introduction, Ⅱ. The Main Issue : 1. Studies on Kuei-tzu˘ Music : 1) Studies on Kuei-tzu˘ Music in Ancient Period; Modal Theory Called We-tan-ch'i-sheng 五旦七聲 by Su Chih-p'o 蘇祗婆, Historical Change of Musical Scale, Musical Instruments, and General Approach to Kuei-tzu˘ Music, 2) Relation between Ancient Kuei-tzu˘ Music and Current Makam, 2. Studies of Indirectly Related with Kuie-tzu˘ Music : 1) Outcomes by Cultural Approach, 2) Outcomes by Iconographic Materials, 3) General Survey, Ⅲ. Conclusion. In conclusion it is pointed out that the outcomes of existing studies on Kuei-tzu˘ music by Korean scholars are very poor in comparison with those by Japanese and Chinese scholars. Translations of studies on Kuei-tzu˘ music by Kishibe Shigeo and Hayashi Kenzo― made a contribution to the study of Kuei-tzu˘ Music in Korea. The author, therefore, emphasizes that it is necessary to translate works on Kuei-tzu˘ music by Chinese scholars into Korean.

이동로봇의 여유자유도 최적화에 관한 이론적 고찰

주백석(B. Chu1),성영휘(W.H. Sung) 한국생산제조학회 2013 한국생산제조시스템학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2013 No.8

ADGO: analysis of differentially expressed gene sets using composite GO annotation

Nam, Dougu,Kim, Sang-Bae,Kim, Seon-Kyu,Yang, Sungjin,Kim, Seon-Young,Chu, In-Sun Oxford University Press 2006 Bioinformatics Vol.22 No.18

<P><B>Motivation:</B> Genes are typically expressed in modular manners in biological processes. Recent studies reflect such features in analyzing gene expression patterns by directly scoring gene sets. Gene annotations have been used to define the gene sets, which have served to reveal specific biological themes from expression data. However, current annotations have limited analytical power, because they are classified by single categories providing only unary information for the gene sets.</P><P><B>Results:</B> Here we propose a method for discovering composite biological themes from expression data. We intersected two annotated gene sets from different categories of Gene Ontology (GO). We then scored the expression changes of all the single and intersected sets. In this way, we were able to uncover, for example, a gene set with the molecular function <I>F</I> and the cellular component <I>C</I> that showed significant expression change, while the changes in individual gene sets were not significant. We provided an exemplary analysis for HIV-1 immune response. In addition, we tested the method on 20 public datasets where we found many ‘filtered’ composite terms the number of which reached ∼34% (a strong criterion, 5% significance) of the number of significant unary terms on average. By using composite annotation, we can derive new and improved information about disease and biological processes from expression data.</P><P><B>Availability:</B> We provide a web application (ADGO: http://array.kobic.re.kr/ADGO) for the analysis of differentially expressed gene sets with composite GO annotations. The user can analyze Affymetrix and dual channel array (spotted cDNA and spotted oligo microarray) data for four species: human, mouse, rat and yeast.</P><P><B>Contact:</B> chu@kribb.re.kr</P><P><B>Supplementary information:</B> http://array.kobic.re.kr/ADGO</P>

木花 收量形質의 組合能力 分析

崔周鎬 진주산업대학교 농업기술연구소 2000 農業技術硏究所報 Vol.13 No.-

For this study 45 cbination of F_1 and F_2 generations were bred from 10×10 diallel cross cotton during the period from April to December, 1998. The combining abilities of their yield. character were analyzed with the following result ; 1. In the variance of combining ability GCA and SCA were significant in all the characters, both the additative effect and the non-additative were shown in the combining ability, but the difference between characters was significant. 2. In the effect analysis of GCA, Quall and Cheju showed a positive effect in number of ball per plant regard of generations boll weight Suncheon, Cheju showed negative effect regardless of generation, Length of seed and width of seed showed a positive effect in imsung fiber length showed a positived effect in Tomcat and Seosan. 3. In SCA effect, number of ball per plant showed a highly effect an F_1 of Tackson×Staneville and F_2 of Seosan×Tamcot combination. Lint weight per boll showed highly effect in F_1 of Soonchun×Imsung and F_2 of Tackson×Stoneville combination. Length of seed, showed highly effect in F_1 of Jackson×Seungju and F_2 of Muan×Tomcot combination, width of seed showed a positive effect in F_1 of Stoneville×Imsung and F_2 of Muam×Cheju and according of denier showed negative effect in F_1 of Qually×Seosan and F_2 of Tamcot×Imsung. Fiber length stowed a positived effect in F_1 of Jackson×stoneville and F_2 of Jackson×seosan combination.

목화(Gossypium spp) 생육형질의 유전분석

최주호,이신우,이철호 진주산업대학교 농업기술연구소 2003 農業技術硏究所報 Vol.16 No.-

2000년 4월부터 2002년 12월까지 진주산업대학교 학생실습포장에서 목화 10개 품종을 이면교배하여 얻은 F_(1), F_(2) 45개 조합을 재료로 생육형질의 교배집단에 따른 유전분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 각 형질에 대한 분산분석 결과는 전형질에서 고도의 유의성을 나타내었다. 2. 상가적효과, 유전효과는 개서일수, 결과지수를 제외한 전 형질에서 고도의 유의성을 나타내었다. 3. Vr-Wr graph분석에 의한 F_(1)의 형질별 우성정도는 개서일수, 주당개화수, 결과지수, 삭장, 삭폭, 전경중, 근중을 제외한 전형질에서 완전우성으로 유전되었으나, F_(2)의 우성정도 및 유전자 분포상태로 F_(1)과 다소 다른 경향이었다. 4. 유전분산 성분비에서 삭장, 삭폭은 상가적효과가 우성효과 보다 크게 나타났으며, 개화일수, 개서일수, 주당개화수, 초장, 절간장, 결과지수, 경직경, 전경중, 근중은 우성효과가 상가적 효과 보다 크게 나타났다 8. 유전력은 F_(1)보다 F_(2)에서 높았으며, F_(1)의 경직경을 제외한 전형질에서 0.54이상으로 높았다. In this study, 45 combinations of F_(1) and F_(2) through 10-variety diallel cross population of cotton (Gossypium spp) were obtained at the experimental field in JinJu National University from April, 2000 to Dec. 2002. The results on the genetic analysis of 45 combinations were as follow: The high significance was observed from the genetic variance analysis of all the examined characters. In the analysis of additive effect and genetic effect, all the examined characters showed a high significance except days to maturity and number of fruiting branches. Based on the Vr-Wr graphical analysis, all of the examined characters were assumed to be inherited over dominance except days to maturity, number of flowering, number of fruiting branches, boll length, boll width, fresh weight and root weight. In the component of genetic variance analysis, dominant effects were higher than additive effects for days to flowering, days to maturity number of flowering, plant height, length of stem internode, number of fruiting branches, stalk diameter, fresh weigh and root weight while for boll length and boll width, additive effects were higher than dominant effects. The higher heritability was observed in the progeny of F_(1) than in those of F_(2) and the heritability of F_(1) was 0.54 in all of the examined characters except stalk diameter

하버마스와 로티를 넘어서

지주호 동아대학교 독일학연구소 2008 獨逸學硏究 Vol.- No.24

아리스토텔레스(Maneli 2α)6: 252 재인용)에 따르면, “진리는 사물과 정신의 조응이 있을 때라야 비로소 명료해진다”고 한다. 이 말처럼 고대 서양철학사의 지형과 그 성격을 단적으로 드러내는 말도 없을 것이다 고대 철학의 본질주의, 정초주의 그리고 표상주의는 바로 이 명제에서 구체화 된다. ‘진리’란 데카르트의 이념처럼 명석 판명함이 존재 이유가 된다. 인간이 자기 성찰에 수반되는 회의로부터 구원은 이성 혹은 정신이라는 토대에 의한 인식’이었다. 오늘날 이러한 특권적 인식과 표상주의를 거부하고 다원적 실재론이나 반실재론을 주장하는 인식론적 상대주의의 포효가 곳곳에서 들린다. 상대주의는 절대주의와 다르게,진리 혹은 진리판단의 단일한 기준을 인정하지 않는다. 허무주의,비관주의,상대주의는 근대성의 축이었던 신,과학,이성적 주체의 자리를 넘보고 있다. 이 때 수사학도 조건의 변화에 따라 적용무대의 확대는 불가피하다. 절대성의 독단주의와 상대성의 회의주의의 멍에를 지고 있는 인식론보다는 보편성과 개방성 그리고 그 개방의 역동적 긴장에 터를 잡고 수사학의 정체성을 확보하는 일이 시급하다는 생각이다. 수사학적 관점에서 과학적 합리성은 신뢰받지 못한다. 개인과 집단의 생존은 절대적인 합리성의 가치가 담보하는 것이 아니라 우리의 공존을 위한 실체를 수용하는 이성적인 가치 합의에 의해서 상호 보장될 수 있는 것이다. 페렐만 Perelman, Chaim은 아리스토텔레스의 논증이론을 기초하고 헤겔의 변증법을 응용한 신 논증이론을 선수사학 Die neue Rhetorik 으로 체계화한다. 이에 따라 수사학의 정의에 변화를 가져온다. 즉, 수사학은 설득의 기술이며, 보통 사람 들의 동의를 이끌어내는 기술이다. 수사학은 외양과 독선과 신화의 힘을 극복하는 수단 이며, 동시에 상식이라는 데카르트식의 명증한 진리를 극복하는 수단이다. 수사학은 논증으로 여러 가지 문제들을 다원적으로 분석하고 비판하는 도구이다. 형식논리는 전제들을 문제 삼지 않으나, 수사학은 모든 것을 검토한다. 수사학은 개인과 사회에 대한 가치담론의 철학과 방법론의 종합학문이다(Perelman 1980:25f). 우리는 일상에서 이성적으로 행동하면서 자유와 사회-도덕적 책임이라는 우리 이상을 의식적으로 실현할 수 있을 정도로 우리 자신의 지식과 경험을 확대시켜왔다. 여기에 수사학적 철학은 기반을 두고 있다. 이 글에서는 하버마스 Habermas, J 의 합리주의적 이성의 재구성을 위한 『의사 소통이론』과 포스트모더니즘 입장에서 로티 Rorty, R 의 『철학과 자연의 거울』을 통한 반정초주의를 비교 분석해보고, 제 3의 길로서 페렐만의 『신수사학』에 입각한 철학적 의미들을 살펴보고자 한다. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem philosophischen Standpunkt derneuen Rhetorik von Perelman. Vor allem wird die Habermas' Kommunikatonsrationnalität mit dem Rorty' s Relativismus verglichen. Nach seiner Wendung zur Sprachphilosophie suchte Habermas die Rationnalität der Kommunikation in seinem Hauptwerk 『Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns』. Der Begriff Rationalität bzw. "rational" als Erklärungsmuster wird für Handlungen verwendet. Diese in der Sprache angenommene kommunikative Rationalität bildet die Grundlage sozialen Handelns und überholt den Begriff zweckrationalen Handelns. der von einem teleologischen Handlungsmodell ausgeht und nicht die rationalisierungsfähigen Aspekte sprachlicher Verständigung innerhalb interpersonaler Beziehungen anerkennt. Der Glaube. dass eine Grundlegung der Wissenschaften notwendig sei. hat das Bild der Erkenntnistheorie als einer prima philosophia geprägt. die unsere Wahrheitsansprüche überprüft. Dieses Bild wird von R. Rorty radikal in Zweifel gezogen. In seinem Buch 『Der Spiegel der Natur. Eine Kritik der Philosophie』 will er zeigen, dass hinter den fundamentalistischen Ambitionen der neuzeitlichen Erkenntnistheorie eine bestimmte Auffassung von Wissen steht. Sie lautet in ihrer einfachsten Form. dass Erkenntnis als korrekte Abbildung einer unabhängigen Realität anzusehen sei. Seinen folgenreichsten Ausdruck findet das abbildtheoretische Wissensschema bei Descartes. d.h. der Geist liefert möglichst akkurate Darstellungen (Repräsentationen) der materiellen Außenwelt. Als Relativisten bezeichnet man Rorty. der darin übereinstimmt, dass Wahrheit der Wille ist und das Wahre ledglich das Wegzeug des Glaubens ist. Über Habermas und Rorty hinaus. Perelman versuchte, der Rhetorik die Funktion der interdisziplinären Wissenschaft anzuschreiben, indem er die dialektische Argumentationsthorie oder, anders gesagt, die neue Rhetorik entwickelte. Nach Perelman wird man auf jedem wissenschaftlichen Gebiet mit den Problemen des Werturteils und der Auswahl konfrontiert, wenn man das eigene Ziel der einzelen Wissenschaft feststellen und dementsprechend ein theoritisches System begründen oder eine neue Theorie rechtfertigen will. Es handelt sich bei der neuen Rhetorik um das Vernünftige und den Dialog als Argumentation. Die Rhetorik ist Hunmanismus.

格義佛敎時代의 '空'에 대한 논쟁

김주경 동국대학교 불교대학 1998 東國思想 Vol.29 No.-

Various problems which were proposed by scholars in the period of argument about Ke-Yi buddhism influenced on the entire Chinese buddhism deeply. Works done at that time has been a foundation of Chinese buddhism through trial and error. Writing such as Seng-zhao(僧肇) tells that buddhism understanded by the scholars in the period of argument about Ke-Yi buddhism were not died, Because followed scholars improved their studies. Construction by Ke-Yi were not only sublated by scholars, but also influenced on the world of Chines thought. It has been overlooked that Ke-Yi done by the Six houses(六家) is construction which is more than understanding. If intellectuals were not distributed the method based on taoism with efforts to understand the prajn~a doctrines, settlement of buddhism in chinese style would have been more delayed. It may not be influenced on Chines thought culture that much. It will be possible to understand Chinese buddhism with examining several discussion which were used for Chinese to understand the prajn~a doctrines through debates of the Six houses about su￣nyata￣ doctrines.