Primary Education in Singapore: Changes and Challenges

( Christine Kim Eng Lee ),조연순 한국초등교육학회 2004 학술대회 Vol.2004 No.-

對服裝設計的法律保護硏究: 比較韓國和美國

( Christine Kim ),( Eun Ju Ko ) 한국마케팅과학회 2011 Journal of Global Fashion Marketing Vol.2 No.2

The global fashion industry produces a huge variety of creative goods to market. The fashion industry profits by developing creative content as in the music, film, video game, and book industries. However, unlike those industries, the fashion industry`s principal creative production lies outside the domain of intellectual property law. Fashion has not been historically protected by copyright law due to differences in the legal treatment of the fine arts, like literature, music, and art, which are accorded copyright protection, and crafts, which are generally not accorded such protection. Although fashion is meant to be functional (i.e., it must fit the human body and keep it warm and dry), it is also artistic and creative. Most would agree that fashion is rarely a fine art because it also fulfills a utilitarian function, but this should not necessarily preclude designers from being able to protect their investment in truly innovative designs, as artists and musicians are able to do. The law has traditionally treated each field of IP as an instance of discrete and mutually exclusive protection. Patents protect innovation in terms of functional design, while copyrights protect artistic expression. Finally, trademarks protect goodwill and reputation. These firm divisions between patentable and copyrightable subject matter have left the creative designers of utilitarian objects such as clothing without protection. The growth of the fashion industry has spawned an increased public awareness about fashionable designer products. In light of the popularity of certain designers or specific designs, design piracy has increased exponentially. Design piracy is the copying of a designer`s original designs, thereby enjoying the benefit of his/her artistic work at no expense. Copyists can thus free ride on the efforts of designers, thereby discouraging future investments in creative fashion design. Design piracy is not new; however, while it once took several years for a fashion to descend the price line into low-priced production, this progression is now nearly immediate. Technological advances have made it possible for design pirates to obtain another creator`s designs and manufacture duplicates overnight. Because of the pervasiveness of design piracy, the practice of copying is now considered commonplace in the fashion industry. Accordingly, the original designers of iconic fashion pieces stand to lose substantial amounts of revenue after expending the capital necessary to create them. This study compares Korea and the United States to understand the implications of Korea`s fashion design protections. This paper describes the research on fashion design protection practices in both countries, analyzes the present situation state of fashion design protection in these countries, and compares their legal principles related to fashion design protection. To this end, a literature review is presented that draws on relevant studies and national statistical data on both countries. First, the research on Korea and U.S. fashion design piracy can be summarized as follows. For fashion design in Korea, previous studies focus on the current status of counterfeit fashion goods, intellectual property protection in the fashion market and the protection of applied arts including fashion design. However, these studies have some limitations; many lack specific, concrete discussion on the current status of intellectual property and protection methods, instead providing general, comprehensive discussions. In contrast, studies in the U.S. context focus on the present situation of counterfeit goods in the fashion market, the nature of the fashion market, the essential features of design piracy and the legal protection of fashion design under the Design Piracy Prohibition Act. The breadth of studies on U.S. design piracy studies is much wider compared to those on Korea. In particular, as bills regarding the protection of design under copyright law such as DPPA or IDPPA are submitted to Congress, studies on the protection of design under legal laws are actively conducted. Fashion design protection in Korea versus the United States and the relevant legal principles can be summarized as follows. There are similarities and differences in the protection of fashion design across both countries. First, both countries are similar in terms of fashion design protection under patent law. Both countries provide some protection for fashion design under copyright law. Fashion design still lacks the criteria that have been established for literary works, but criteria are being developed to facilitate the protection of fashion design under copyright law. The most significant difference between the two countries regarding the protection of fashion design lies in the political efforts undertaken to protect fashion design. Unlike Korea, the United States has continued to enforce a separate law for the practical protection of fashion design to address two problems: first, the screening process generally takes a long time, which hinders the protection of fashion, and second, it is difficult to protect the middle area of design rights.

AmpC β-Lactamase producing Proteus mirabilis isolates from dogs and cats in South Korea

Christine Kim,Woo Kyung Jung,Se Ra Shin,Seong Mi Noh,Yu Jin Yang,Sook Shin,Kun Taek Park,Yong Ho Park 한국예방수의학회 2021 예방수의학회지 Vol.45 No.1

Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporin in Enterobacteriaceae is increasingly prevalent in South Korea. This study aims to explore the distribution of AmpC genes in Proteus mirabilis isolated from stray and hospital-admitted companion animals in South Korea. AmpC β-lactamases hold clinical significance due to its potential to facilitate antimicrobial resistance to cefoxitin, cefazolin, and most penicillins. A total of 163 bacterial isolates belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family were collected from dogs (n = 158) and cats (n=5). Of them, 134 isolates were from hospital-admitted animals, while 29 isolates from stray animals. Boronic acid tests and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted for an initial screening to detect AmpC β-lactamase resistant P. mirabilis. Gene-specific PCRs were conducted to identify the type of AmpC genes, which include six groups (MOXM, CITM, DHAM, ACCM, EBCM, and FOXM), in the resistant isolates. The boronic acid disk tests revealed 45 (27.6%) positive isolates out of 163 isolates tested. Of these 45 isolates, six were determined to harbor the EBCM gene, 13 for CITM, one for FOXM, and one for DHAM by single detection PCR. No isolates carried for ACCM or MOXM. Thus, a total of 21 out of 163 isolates (12.9%) were demonstrated to possess AmpC genes. No isolates contain more than one group of AmpC gene family. A significantly higher percentage of P. mirabilis was found to possess AmpC genes compared to past studies. Therefore, the increasing trend in antimicrobial resistance in P. mirabilis indicates a dire need to monitor antimicrobial prescription in the veterinary field.

Biochemical and Crystallographic Studies Reveal a Specific Interaction Between TRAPP Subunits Trs33p and Bet3p

Kim, Min‐,Sung,Yi, Min‐,Ju,Lee, Kwang‐,Hoon,Wagner, John,Munger, Christine,Kim, Yeon‐,Gil,Whiteway, Malcolm,Cygler, Miroslaw,Oh, Byung‐,Ha,Sacher, Michael Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2005 Traffic Vol.6 No.12

<P><B>Transport protein particle (TRAPP) comprises a family of two highly related multiprotein complexes, with seven common subunits, that serve to target different classes of transport vesicles to their appropriate compartments. Defining the architecture of the complexes will advance our understanding of the functional differences between these highly related molecular machines. Genetic analyses in yeast suggested a specific interaction between the TRAPP subunits Bet3p and Trs33p. A mammalian bet3–trs33 complex was crystallized, and the structure was solved to 2.2 Å resolution. Intriguingly, the overall fold of the bet3 and trs33 monomers was similar, although the proteins had little overall sequence identity. <I>In vitro</I> experiments using yeast TRAPP subunits indicated that Bet3p binding to Trs33p facilitates the interaction between Bet3p and another TRAPP subunit, Bet5p. Mutational analysis suggests that yeast Trs33p facilitates other Bet3p protein–protein interactions. Furthermore, we show that Trs33p can increase the Golgi‐localized pool of a mutated Bet3 protein normally found in the cytosol. We propose that one of the roles of Trs33p is to facilitate the incorporation of the Bet3p subunit into assembling TRAPP complexes.</B></P>

CONSUMER ATTITUDE AND PURCHASE INTENTION TOWARD FASHION COUNTERFEITS: FOCUSING ON THE COMPARISON BETWEEN REPUBLIC OF KOREA AND THE UNITED STATES

Christine Kim,Jaeyun Koh,Hyung-Doo Nam,Eunju Ko 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2015 Global Fashion Management Conference Vol.2015 No.06

Fashion design itself has an independent artistic value of its own. However, legal protection for fashion design is still lacking. In the fashion market, design piracy and trademark piracy are universal phenomena and the imitation behavior is made by a wide range of subjects in real time. The protection of the authentic holder in the relatively-short-cycled fashion design should be done immediately. Accordingly, this study aims to conduct a comparative research on the laws designed to protect fashion design significantly, to promote the creation of fashion design, and to provide implications for the future fashion design protection. The specific objectives of this study are as follows. First, we aim to examine the market trends relating to the theft of the fashion design between Republic of Korea and the United States. The second objective is to consider current legislation to protect fashion design in Republic of Korea and the United States and to analyze the differences between the two countries. Thirdly, the present study seeks to measure consumers’ perception on counterfeit in order to analyze the current status of design piracy. Our results suggest that both countries cohere in that the market size of counterfeit goods is expanding and fashion products are prominent in the counterfeits market. However, while Republic of Korea is not capable of effectively controlling domestic counterfeit products, the United States is trying to protect the intellectual property rights with regulations of counterfeits through the Customs and Border Protection Agency. In the domain of legal protection for fashion design, the United States enacted individual laws such as DPPA and IDPPA through cooperation with the fashion industry and the legal profession since 2006. On the other hand, the effectiveness of laws for fashion design protection appears to be weaker in Republic of Korea. According to the analysis of consumer perception, Korean consumers continuously buy counterfeit goods, whereas U.S. consumers rarely report having had a counterfeit product purchase experience. Korean consumers have a relatively high level of legal knowledge concerning fashion design protection and, compared to their U.S. counterparts, they are negatively recognized about counterfeit goods. Despite this, they do not hesitate to buy counterfeit products in real life. The results of our analysis of the consumer perception suggest that Korean consumers’ attitudes and purchase behaviors with regard to counterfeit goods are inconsistent; the reason underlying this tendency is that the force of the legal system is insufficient. Therefore, this study suggests to strengthen the rigor of the law-enforcement and to establish the laws that would help enhance consumer awareness in the Korean society.

Nanoarchitecture of MOF-derived nanoporous functional composites for hybrid supercapacitors

Kim, Jeonghun,Young, Christine,Lee, Jaewoo,Heo, Yoon-Uk,Park, Min-Sik,Hossain, Md. Shahriar A.,Yamauchi, Yusuke,Kim, Jung Ho The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Journal of materials chemistry. A, Materials for e Vol.5 No.29

<▼1><P>A new nanoarchitecture approach based on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is reported that can achieve high electrochemical energy storage <I>via</I> utilizing both electric double-layer supercapacitive and pseudocapacitive properties within a single nanoporous composite particle.</P></▼1><▼2><P>A new nanoarchitecture approach based on metal–organic frameworks (MOF) is reported that can achieve high electrochemical energy storage <I>via</I> utilizing both electric double-layer supercapacitive and pseudocapacitive properties within a single nanoporous composite particle. Herein, a predesigned Co<SUP>2+</SUP>-excess bimetallic hybrid Co/Zn zeolitic imidazole framework was used to fabricate a composite containing N-doped nanoporous carbon with a rich carbon nanotube (CNT) content on particle surfaces without H2, with the carbon coexisting with Co nanoparticles (NPs) and Co3O4, through controlled carbonization at 800 °C and subsequent oxidation at 250–300 °C. Optimized nanoporous carbon composites were obtained by tracking the formation of Co3O4 and destruction of N-doped nanoporous carbon (NPC) <I>via</I> detailed X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The resulting material showed a high surface area of ∼202 m<SUP>2</SUP> g<SUP>−1</SUP> and included coexisting micro- and mesoporous N-doped carbon, CNTs, Co NPs, and Co3O4 (15 nm in size) after a thermal oxidation process in air at 250 °C for 5 h. Surprisingly, the as-prepared MOF-derived nanoarchitecture exhibited superior electrochemical storage performance, with a capacitance of 545 F g<SUP>−1</SUP> within a wide potential window, achieving up to 320% enhanced capacitance compared to that of pristine nanoporous carbon, which is higher than those of most MOF-derived carbons reported so far. Our strategic nanoarchitecture design for MOFs offers a new opportunity for future applications in high performance energy storage systems.</P></▼2>

A Study on the Legal Protection of Fashion Design: Comparison between Korea and the United States

Kim, Christine,Ko, Eunju Informa UK (Taylor Francis) 2011 Journal of Global Fashion Marketing Vol.2 No.2

Consumer attitudes and purchase intentions toward fashion counterfeits: Moderating the effects of types of counterfeit goods and consumer characteristics

Christine Kim,고은주,고재윤 한국마케팅과학회 2016 Journal of Global Fashion Marketing Vol.7 No.1

Designers’ creative rights must be protected in terms of intellectual property rights, but current legal protections for fashion design are insufficient. The fashion market is rife with counterfeit goods. In this study, we (1) examine consumer attitudes toward counterfeit goods as they affect purchase intentions, (2) identify differences between consumer attitude and purchase intention by types of counterfeit goods (TCG; including design and trademark piracy), and (3) measure consumer characteristics – purchase experience of luxury goods (PELG), purchase experience of counterfeit goods (PECG), nationality, and level of legal knowledge (LLK) – as they moderate attitude and purchase intention. The study shows that consumer attitude toward counterfeit goods affect s purchase intention. TCG has a partially moderating effect between attitude and purchase intention. All consumer characteristics except PECG can moderate attitude and purchase intention. Korean consumers have a high LLK about fashion design protection and negative attitudes toward counterfeit goods, but in reality willingly buy counterfeit goods. To bridge the gap between perception and reality, consumers must be educated to know that they should only purchase legal brands. In addition, legislation and law enforcement must be strengthened.

교육의 우수성(excellence) 지향 : 싱가포르 사례 연구

Kim, Christine,Lee, Eng 이화여자대학교 사범대학 교육과학연구소 2001 교육과학연구 Vol.32 No.2

CREATING CO-CONSUMING EXPERIENCES IN A BORDERLESS, DIGITAL, AND CIRCULAR WORDL: A FRAMEWORK FOR GEN Z AND LUXURY FASHION BRANDS

Christine Ye,Yuna Kim,Yoon-Na Cho 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2021 Global Fashion Management Conference Vol.2021 No.11