Legal Crisis and New Technology in Civil Courts: Urgent Need of Adopting Online Dispute Resolution in India

Choung,Yonghwan,Kumari,Saloni 대동문화재단 2021 대동CT연구 Vol.1 No.1

Expeditious settlement of disputes is pre-requisite of free economy, especially in the commercial matters. But pendency and backlog of cases in Indian judiciary has ransacked the working and functioning of nation as a whole. The underprivileged and poor people are the worst victim of this issue. Courtroom Litigation is a lengthy and expensive affair. And the pendency prolongs the cases for years depriving Justice to the needy as well as paralysing the economic activity of the nation. If this issue is not addressed in the near future, it has potential to crash the Indian judicial system under the weight of arrears. The idea of this paper is not to dwell upon the problem. It aims to explore the solutions and optimum methods needed for a reformative measure. Access of justice is a basic human right guaranteed by the common law. The Indian legal system is under constant pressure and questions have been raised as how do they plan to continue the justice delivery system. Thus, there is a need to prioritise the issue of pendency and access to justice to all. Since, a major dependency now lies upon the online and digital mode, the productivity during pandemic and even for future, can be enhanced through improved infrastructure of the online mode of alternative dispute settlement. The pandemic has reshaped how pending cases and future cases will be adjudicated. In light of this, the paper aims to divert the attention towards Alternative Dispute Resolution (“ADR”) and specifically Online modes of Dispute resolution and evaluate the efficacy of Online Dispute Resolution (“ODR”) mechanisms.

The Human Relations Theory

Choung,Woo Il(鄭宇一) 국민대학교 법학연구소 1983 法政論叢 Vol.5 No.1

韓國의 經濟發展과 金融産業의 效率化 方案

林海正,黃廷虎 군산대학교 산업개발연구소 1987 産業開發硏究 Vol.6 No.-

제주도 낙농발전을 위한 조사연구 : 젖소 개량 프로그램 정립을 위한 연구 ; (6) New Zealand의 낙농현황과 국제협력 방안

정창조 제주대학교 농과대학 제주도축산문제연구소 1990 畜産論叢 Vol.5 No.1

바나나 부산물의 사료화에 관한 연구

정창조,이왕식 제주대학교 농과대학 제주도축산문제연구소 1989 畜産論叢 Vol.4 No.1

韓國墓地所有權에 關한 硏究

趙宗植 尙志大學校 1981 論文集 Vol.2 No.-

The theory of the configuration of the burial ground is aimed at recompensing the ancients for their benevolence. Further more the happiness, prosperity or success of the desce-ndants depends on whether the ancient's graveyard has been well selected or not. If the decendant should be unfortune, it is because graveyard has been badly selected, it is said. Accordingly, site would be changed. There are many defects about the korean theory of the configuration of the burial ground. The evil practice of this theory has never existed anywhere in the world, now we will have to get rid of this had practice of the configuration theory. The total area of the graves in korea occupy 0.8 percent of the entirc land-which covers 850 square kilometer. The graves consist of the graves owned by the same elan, the family graves and cemetary. In the present stage it seems urgent to encourage the use of the cemetarys and crypts the collective graveyard, and cremation. I think the grave ground must be simplified. In other words, the graves should occupy less and of the whole area of our country. cremation was taken beginning with the Korean Dynasty but during the yi Dynasty it discontinued. In the mordern times when the area of the country is gradually narrowed by the increase of population, it is advisable to use the crypts. I the whole history of our country or sinse the Age of the three kingdoms the collective hump graves have been selected, but it seems very imperative to make the graves flat or park graves just as can be seen in forign counties.

스칸디나비아 諸國의 安保政策

池楨日 동국대학교 유럽문화연구소 1983 유럽硏究 Vol.1 No.-

Defense policies of the Scandinavian countries, which are Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland, are influenced by several common considerations. First of all, their cultural, linguistic, ethnic, and religious heritage do bring Scandinavian countries to the Western camp. Scandinavian countries also practice West European type of political democracy. All of these considerations bring Scandinavian countries close to the West instead of her georaphically close neighbor, the Soviet Union. At the moment, the security concern of the Scandinavian countries is directed against the Soviet Union whose communist ideology is alien to them Solutions for their defense problems. that Scandinavian countries seek, vary depending on their national experience and geopolitical situation. For instance, both Norway and Denmark who have experienced German invasion during the Second World War are tied with NATO whereas both Sweden and Finland pursue policy of neutrality. The policy of neutrality of both Sweden and Finland are not same, in that while Sweden follows a course of strong armed neutrality, Finland pursues a policy of "Finlandization", that is, neutral but pro-Soviet neutrality. Defense policies of the Scandinavian countries are inevitably influenced by the concept of Nordic balance, which has been expounded by the Norwegian diplomat, Egil Ulstein. According to Ulstein, the Nordic balance represents political and military balance based on several considerations. These considerations are, first of all, geopolitical location of the Scandinavian countries being close to the Soviet Union. Second, the East-West superpower confrontation has an impact on the Scandinavian region. Third, security of the central European countries are inevitably linked with the security question of the Scandinavian countries. These considerations that tend to produce Nordic balance have brought about two corollary on the defense policies of the Scandinavian countries: 1. Scandinavian countries avoid any provocative policy against her superpower neighbor, the Soviet Union. 2. Scandinavian countries have pursued an intense policy of defense preparedness in time of peace to combat with a potential military threat from the Soviet Union. Of these policy, the defense policy of both Sweden and Norway deserves our attention for their policy of total defense. Swedish policy of total defense is especially noteworthy for the elaborate scheme. It consists of four different defense programs: 1. military defense, 2. civil defense, 3. Psycholoigcal defense, 4. economic defense. Finally, the study deals with defense problems of the Scandinavian countries on individual basis. Sweden pursus policy of a strong armed neutrality without military tie with the West. Her principal concern is a defense from the North and coastal defense of the Baltic sea. Her current defense issue is the defense cost, that is, whether she could afford to continue to pursue a policy of armed neutrality by supplying herself of 85% of the weapons. Norway's defense problem is primarily defending her long coast to prevent the Soviet Union to secure her stronghold in Norway for the control of the Atlantic. A threat from the land in the Northern area of Norway is considerably eased by the nature, the difficult terrain. Denmark is concerned with the control of the Baltic strait and Jutland area. While Finland attempts to maintain a defense policy against the Soviet Union, her defense policy is heavily influenced by the Soviet Union's security policy. The Soviet Union does not want to see that Finland is going to be used as a corridor for invasion against the Soviet Union. Defense policies of the Scandinavian countries eventually boil down to a policy of avoiding provocation against the Soviet Union while preserving their security with maximum efforts. This policy leads to their policy of avoiding the introduction of the nuclear weapons into the Scandinavian region, which may be regarded as a dangerous provocation against the Soviet Union. In sum, the defense policies of the Scandinavian countries are to defend themselves against the Soviet Union until a military support arrives from the West while avoding any act that might trigger off nuclear conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States.

사르트르의『구토』에서의 Roquentin의 실패

강충권 한국 프랑스어문교육학회 1999 프랑스어문교육 Vol.7 No.-

Notre etude a pour objet d'essayer une nouvelle interpretation de La Nausee en considerant comme un echec le projet de Roquentin d'ecrire un roman pour son salut. Les examens des rapports qu'a Roquentin avec les autres personnages et les choses ainsi que ceux des problemes qu'il a avec 'l'ecrire' nous permettent de tirer au clair a la fois la raison et le sens de l'echec de Roquentin. Pour commencer, Rollebon, l'Autodidacte et Anny refletent chacun comme un miroir la mauvaise foi, l'humanisme rate et le pour-soi impossible de Roquentin. Ensuite, les rapports entreles personnages d'une part et Roquentin et les choses d'autre, representent d'une maniere paradoxale la chosification de l'homme et l'humanisation des choses. Enfin, le projet de Roquentin d'ecrire un roman est voue a l'echec, vu son idealisme transcendetal et son narcissisme conformiste incompatibles. Pour conclure, nous pouvons dire que le journal de Roquentin est un succes en tant qu'il est description phenomenologique de l'echec de Roquentin. A travers cet echec, La Nausee nous suggere que l'authenticite de 'l'ecrire' n'est ni dans l'evasion ni dans l'idealisme ni dans le narcissisme mais dans l'existence meme. Elle comporte en meme temps une critique apocalyptique du monde moderne qui prend sa course folle vers la chosification de l'homme. En fin de compte, l'echec de Roquentin est la demythification de 'l'ecrire' et de la civilisation moderne et aussi le debut de l'esthetique et de l'ethique de "Qui perd gagne".

FORTRAN 프로그래밍에서 發生하는 文法 Error에 關한 硏究 : 初步者가 범하기 쉬운 Error를 中心으로

朴鍾九 圓光大學校 1982 論文集 Vol.16 No.2

This study aims to examine and analyze syntax error occurred in FORTRAN programming especilly for the begimmers in order to improve the effectiveness of EDPS education. the author gathers the necessary data From the selected universities, junior Colleges, makers and institutes who are representing the EDPS education in korea. FORTRAN program compile Lists are Collected and syntax errors analyzed the reof. the Type of errors found are diveded in to 9 which are follows; 1. infraction of i/o statement 2. misteke of columm position 3. mistake of type 4. infraction of General format 5. miswritlng of reserved word 6. infraction of instruction 7. infraction of control statement 8. infraction of specification statememt 9. others Based on the data collected and analyzed, the study shows the high rate of syntax error in FORTRAN programming. The major cause of error is resulted from the carelessness of programmers. for the effectiveness of FORTRAN programming, it is, therefore, recommended for the beginners to refer the manual of th Type of syntax errors wish emphasis on the items listed above.

사르트르의 상상력 이론

강충권 한국 프랑스어문교육학회 2000 프랑스어문교육 Vol.9 No.-

La theorie litteraire de Sartre est classee en general comme une theorie de la litterature engagee et d'ailleurs, la plupart des critiques l'a abordee dans cette perspective en negligeant relativement la theorie de l'imagination qui constitue la base de la theorie de Sartre. Notre etude a donc pour but de revaloriser la theorie litteraire de Sartre en examinant sa theorie de l'imagination qui, tout en etant liee a son ontologie, veut la depasser aussi bien que sa theorie d'engagement. Dans ses oeuvres sur l'imaginatio telles que L'Imagination et L'Imaginaire, Sartre veut etablir audebut une phenomenologie de l'imaginaire en accordant a l'image une fonction libre et independante par rapport a la chose et a la conscience. Mais a mesure qu'il attribue a l'image une fonction consciente, il en vient de plus en plus en plus a identifier l'image avec la conscience en remplacant 'l'image' par 'la conscience imageante' ou 'la conscience d'image'. Sa theorie de l'imagination devient donc plutot une theorie ontologique, dont le plus regrettable se trouve dans le fait d'avoir introduit la conception du "savoir" qui nous semble une conscience de la conscience. Pourtant la theorie de Sartre n'en reste pas la. En insistant sur l'intentionnalite de l'image qui ne saurait etre ni association par le resultat causal ni conception subordonnee a la conscience, il dit que l'image doit etre la conscience imageante libre. De la vient sa dialectique de l'imagination qui cree l'irreel dans la relation dialectique entre la conscience imageante interieure au monde et celle d'exterieur au monde. Sa theorie, qui exige a l'imagination non seulement l'interiorite mais aussi l'exteriorite par rapport au monde, nous montre que sa theorie litteraire ne se limite pas a une theorie d'engagement reel. Comme nous avons vu, la theorie de l'imagination de Sartre ne pourrait etre une theorie ideale de l'image dotee d'une fonction autonome et illimitee ainsi qu'il l'a concu au debut. Mais il n'empeche que sa theorie de l'imagination devient une dialectique de l'imagination comme phenomene de "l'irrealisation" et contribue a etablir une theorie plus ouverte qui ne se reduirait pas a un archetype ou a une structure.