스칸디나비아 地域의 地理的 環境

朴東源 동국대학교 유럽문화연구소 1983 유럽硏究 Vol.1 No.-

Author has conducted a study on the geographical environments of Scandinavian countries (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland) and drawn the following conclusions: 1. Though the Scandinavian countries have been affected by the Pleistocene glaciation, this glaciation has, in general, brought about positive impacts on the development of these regions. 2. The climate of the Scandinavian countries which is warmer in winter and cooler in summer than in the other regions of equivalent latitude has accelerated human activities including productivity and increased the possibility for the best use of the natural environment. 3. Forest resources are, thanks to suitable climate, abundant throughout Scandinavian countries except Iceland. Soils were originally infertile due to periglacial climate and glaciation, however, soils of many areas of the Scandinavian countries have become fertile by way of artificial means such as reasonable fertilization and draining. Most of the early Holocene coastal plains are generally fertile. 4. The wide swampy areas in Finland and Sweden have been gradually reclaimed by artificial means. Some of the swampy areas have changed into popular sightseeng places. 5. Finland is a model case for the reclamation of forested land and expansion of o¨kumene. Even though Finland is located geopolitically in a disadvantageous position, Finland is expected to develop into a land of sightseeing and agriculture. 6. Sweden will remain a main power in Scandinavia in futurebecause of its favorable natural and human environments. 7. Norway, a leading country in the shipbuilding and maritime transportation business and a land of meagre cultivated land (3% of the total land), shows a model case of economic development which is based on development of marine resources and merchant shipping. 8. The future development of natural resources in Greenland would, to greater extent affect the economic development of Denmark which at present maintains higher agricultural productibity and greater density of population than the other Scandinavian countries. 9. Iceland, aland of iceand fire, is expected to develop techniques to make better use of the underground thermal energy. Sightseeing industry would develop fast based on its volcanos, glaciers and hot springs.

스웨덴의 經濟政策

朴宇熙 동국대학교 유럽문화연구소 1983 유럽硏究 Vol.1 No.-

스칸디나비아 諸國의 勞使關係法과 社會保障制度

李鍾馥 동국대학교 유럽문화연구소 1983 유럽硏究 Vol.1 No.-

스칸디나비아 諸國의 安保政策

池楨日 동국대학교 유럽문화연구소 1983 유럽硏究 Vol.1 No.-

Defense policies of the Scandinavian countries, which are Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland, are influenced by several common considerations. First of all, their cultural, linguistic, ethnic, and religious heritage do bring Scandinavian countries to the Western camp. Scandinavian countries also practice West European type of political democracy. All of these considerations bring Scandinavian countries close to the West instead of her georaphically close neighbor, the Soviet Union. At the moment, the security concern of the Scandinavian countries is directed against the Soviet Union whose communist ideology is alien to them Solutions for their defense problems. that Scandinavian countries seek, vary depending on their national experience and geopolitical situation. For instance, both Norway and Denmark who have experienced German invasion during the Second World War are tied with NATO whereas both Sweden and Finland pursue policy of neutrality. The policy of neutrality of both Sweden and Finland are not same, in that while Sweden follows a course of strong armed neutrality, Finland pursues a policy of "Finlandization", that is, neutral but pro-Soviet neutrality. Defense policies of the Scandinavian countries are inevitably influenced by the concept of Nordic balance, which has been expounded by the Norwegian diplomat, Egil Ulstein. According to Ulstein, the Nordic balance represents political and military balance based on several considerations. These considerations are, first of all, geopolitical location of the Scandinavian countries being close to the Soviet Union. Second, the East-West superpower confrontation has an impact on the Scandinavian region. Third, security of the central European countries are inevitably linked with the security question of the Scandinavian countries. These considerations that tend to produce Nordic balance have brought about two corollary on the defense policies of the Scandinavian countries: 1. Scandinavian countries avoid any provocative policy against her superpower neighbor, the Soviet Union. 2. Scandinavian countries have pursued an intense policy of defense preparedness in time of peace to combat with a potential military threat from the Soviet Union. Of these policy, the defense policy of both Sweden and Norway deserves our attention for their policy of total defense. Swedish policy of total defense is especially noteworthy for the elaborate scheme. It consists of four different defense programs: 1. military defense, 2. civil defense, 3. Psycholoigcal defense, 4. economic defense. Finally, the study deals with defense problems of the Scandinavian countries on individual basis. Sweden pursus policy of a strong armed neutrality without military tie with the West. Her principal concern is a defense from the North and coastal defense of the Baltic sea. Her current defense issue is the defense cost, that is, whether she could afford to continue to pursue a policy of armed neutrality by supplying herself of 85% of the weapons. Norway's defense problem is primarily defending her long coast to prevent the Soviet Union to secure her stronghold in Norway for the control of the Atlantic. A threat from the land in the Northern area of Norway is considerably eased by the nature, the difficult terrain. Denmark is concerned with the control of the Baltic strait and Jutland area. While Finland attempts to maintain a defense policy against the Soviet Union, her defense policy is heavily influenced by the Soviet Union's security policy. The Soviet Union does not want to see that Finland is going to be used as a corridor for invasion against the Soviet Union. Defense policies of the Scandinavian countries eventually boil down to a policy of avoiding provocation against the Soviet Union while preserving their security with maximum efforts. This policy leads to their policy of avoiding the introduction of the nuclear weapons into the Scandinavian region, which may be regarded as a dangerous provocation against the Soviet Union. In sum, the defense policies of the Scandinavian countries are to defend themselves against the Soviet Union until a military support arrives from the West while avoding any act that might trigger off nuclear conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States.

스칸디나비아 3國의 資源賦存과 그 利用

邢基柱 동국대학교 유럽문화연구소 1983 유럽硏究 Vol.1 No.-

핀랜드의 中立外交政策(1914-1983)

李基鐸 동국대학교 유럽문화연구소 1983 유럽硏究 Vol.1 No.-

덴마크의 農業政策과 土地政策

朱宗桓 동국대학교 유럽문화연구소 1983 유럽硏究 Vol.1 No.-

This study aims to take lessons for implementing the future agricultural policy and land policy in Korea by reviewing those policies in Denmark. Chapter 1 is a brief over-view on the over-all economy of Denmark. It is noted that the per capita GNP of Denmark in 1980 is US$ 11,435, the 6th highest in the world and the income distribution is highly equalized. These good performances of the economy seem to be based on the Denmark's policies that have put the first priority to development and stability of income of family farms. Chapter 2 makes a brief over-view on the Danish Agriculture with emphasis on the structural changes that happened in the process of industrial development after World War Ⅱ. A century ago Denmark had about 180,000 farms and small holdings over a half hectare in area (1.23 acres). By 1946 a high point of 208,000 was reached through socially directed land laws. Since then many small holdings were amalgamated or swallowed up by the expanding towns. The decline has been particularly rapid since 1960. In 1981 the number of individual farming enterprises was down to about 112,000, of which 12,000 were less than 5ha. in area. The average size of farm was 18 ha. in 1960 but reached 29 ha. in 1981. The weight of the farms holding less than 20 ha. was 74.5% but decreased to 61.1% in 1972, and this declining tendency went further, in contrast with the corresponding increase of the weight of the farms holding more than 50 ha. from 3.2% in 1960 to 6.9% in 1972. As for the type of ownership, the owner-operating farm is still completely dominant. Tenant farmers were represented by only about 2,600 farms with 2.8% of the total agricultural area in 1981, while the renting of land by others occupied 13% of the total area of the agricultural land. From 1950 to 1980 Danish agricultural production was increased by 70%., while the number of people employed in this industry dropped to a third of the original work force. This meant that production per head was increased 5-fold. This was mainly due to increased mechanization. In 1981 there were 180,000 tractors, one-and-a-half per farm on average. Danish agriculture is worldly well known with her well organized agricultural cooperatives. Chapter 2 also makes a brief survey on the recent trend of the organizational changes of the cooperatives. Chapter 3 traces some changes occurred in the agricultural price policies since the Danish entry into EEC in 1973. Chapter 4 analyzes the characteristics of the agricultural land policy and the agricultural structural policy in Denmark. In fact the Agricultural Holding Act as amended and enforced in 1978 stipulated many restrictions on amalgamation, renting, parcelling and others of the farms. It also set the highest limit of the size of the farm(s) to 100ha. per farm. The local agricultural cooperatives and the agricultural councils in local areas have active powers on every deal on the agricultural lands. Chapter 5 deals with the Danish Regional Planning. The first planning reform was made by the Rural Zones Law of 1969, and the second reform by the laws on National and Regional Planning of 1973 as well as the laws on Regional Planning in the Metropolitan Area of the same year. The third stage of the Planning Reform was the 1975 Law on Communal Planning. By these laws all the lands in Denmark are put under public control. Chapter 6 concerns with the taxation policies on land in Denmark. These policies are classified into two categories; one is the land value incrementation tax and another is the separation of taxes between the natural land itself and the facilities built on land. By the taxation law on capital gain announced and enforced in 1958, 50% of the capital gain is taxed. Chapter 7 is devoted to the conclusion and the lessons from the above analyses. First, the prosperity of the Danish economy seem to be based on her traditional policies of the Agriculture-first. Second, the competitiveness of the Danish agriculture in international market seems to be mainly based on her traditional policies to maintain as much as possible the owner-operating family farms as her dominant form of agriculture. Third, It should be noted that all the lands in Denmark are being utilized under deliberate pubic control. The renting and leasing of land cannot be transacted between individuals without approval by the community organizations such as agricultural council and agricultural cooperative in the rural area. This seems to be very important lessons to policy-markers in Korea, in view of the fact that some scholars are recently advocating absolute and unlimited liberization of renting and leasing of lands with regard to the amendment of the current 1949. Land Reform Law.

스칸디나비아 정당제도 : 덴마크, 핀랜드, 스웨덴, 노르웨이를 중심으로

전득주 동국대학교 유럽문화연구소 1983 유럽硏究 Vol.1 No.-

This treatise is dealing with the political systems of four scandinavian countries-sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland. Five Parties and two political blocs have long dominated the Scandinavian political landscape. The Conservative, Hiberal, and Agrarian of Center parties form one cluster, the Labor (Social Democratic) and Communist parties one another. This Kind of configuration suggests the predominance of a socialist nonsocialist cleavage thoughout Scandinavian countries. Party programs lend support to this notion as does electral behavior. Class is still the major determinant of voting behavior in these countries. The five party system is the product of long term realignments along the left-right dimension. The presense of more than five parties constitutes a deviation from the model. Sweden complies with the above criteria. But the other countries do not comply with it. Denmark's fit with the model is good but not excellent. Norway ranks next to Denmark. Finland stands out as the deviant case, The Finnish party system is apparently the product of three dimensions, There is the well known cleavage between Finish-and Swedish-speakers, There is an urban/rural cleavage and, a left-right dimension. The activities of political parties coalitions and the parliamentary are also dealt with. In the last chapter the party organization and fund are analysized. The political party stystem is characterized by the multi-party-system, therefore the politscal situation is mually not stable.

핀랜드 獨立過程의 史的 考察 : 스웨덴 및 러시아와의 關係를 中心으로

洪榮伯 동국대학교 유럽문화연구소 1983 유럽硏究 Vol.1 No.-

스웨덴의 近代發展史

李吉鎔 동국대학교 유럽문화연구소 1983 유럽硏究 Vol.1 No.-

The Swedes, living on the outlying northern peninsular, thrust upon the south and helped shape the European history. Between 800 and 1050 A.D., the Vikings, who formed last phase of the Germanic invasions, pushed themselves to the east and south, and thus left profound historic marks on Russia through Black Sea as well as Western Europe. The Swedes' second outward thrust occured during the first half of the 17th century in the form of the Swedish intervention of the thirty-year War, and the Swedish leaders fought for the protestant causes and territorial gains. Meanwhile, Sweden as a whole remained largely secluded, backward and agricultural a society being unaffected by the dynamic changes occurring in the Western Europe during this period. However, the nation has emerged in the twentieth century as an ideal state of peace loving, neutral, welfare minded and most progressive kind. How did this great conversion come about beginning 1870's? What factor contributed to the rapid development that has been much faster than other Western European countries? A process which has taken more than centuries in other societies that the process of industrialization, urbanization democratization and social reform have been achieved in Sweden within the span of half a century. For many centuries, the Swedes were known for adventure and violence; and then the present Sweden is known for the homeland of Nobel prize, great artworks and one of the most advanced technology. How has this come about? The key task ahead is to assess the national accomplishment as a whole, the achievements of individual endeavor and concerted effort on the part of the nation. The Swedes learned the necessity of compromise and adjustment. Competition and burst of energy are channeled toward positive national goals instead of strife and violence. Taking into account that the nation is small and backward, the country was united in striving for independence and excellence. The descendents of the Vikings realized that they form homogeneous community and they are indeed in the same boat, and that a driving for excellence and originality since became national obssession. The success story of modern Sweden would be a major examplar which worth careful examination as well as thoughtful analysis. It should also be noted that the Swedish model could serve as a lesson to other developing countries.