Need for Sustainable Biotechnology and Role of Religion in Conservation of Biodiversity in India

Chitralekha, P 한국원불교학회 2000 圓佛敎學 Vol.5 No.-

Biotechnology is defined as the technology that utilizes biological materials or living organisms for the generation of useful products. It has been in practice for the last many centuries, since the time man learned to use living organisms for his benefit. This technology was started with an aim to benefit mankind, but with the technological know how presently available, it can be used equally efficiently to harm mankind. However, today biotechnology is being used in production of innumerable substances and has now assumed an important role in our lives.

Need for Sustainable Biotechnology and Role of Religion in Conservation of Biodiversity in India

P.Chitralekha 한국원불교학회 2000 圓佛敎學 Vol.5 No.-

Validating a New Approach to Quantify Posterior Corneal Curvature in Vivo

윤정호,Kodikullam Avudainayagam,Chitralekha Avudainayagam,Helen A Swarbrick 한국안광학회 2012 한국안광학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Purpose: Validating a new research method to determine posterior corneal curvature and asphericity(Q) in vivo,based on measurements of anterior corneal topography and corneal thickness. Methods: Anterior corneal topographic data, derived from the Medmont E300 corneal topographer, and total corneal thickness data measured along the horizontal corneal meridian using the Holden-Payor optical pachometer, were used to calculate the anterior and posterior corneal apical radii of curvature and Q. To calculate accurate total corneal thickness the local radius of anterior corneal curvature, and an exact solution for the relationship between real and apparent thickness were taken into consideration. This method differs from previous approach.^[18,27-30] An elliptical curve for anterior and posterior cornea were calculated by using best fit algorism of the anterior corneal topographic data and derived coordinates of the posterior cornea respectively. For validation of the calculations of the posterior corneal topography, ten polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) lenses and right eyes of five adult subjects were examined. Results: The mean absolute accuracy (±standard deviation(SD)) of calculated posterior apical radius and Q of ten PMMA lenses was 0.053±0.044 mm (95% confidence interval (CI) −0.033 to 0.139), and 0.10±0.10 (95%CI −0.10 to 0.31) respectively. The mean absolute repeatability coefficient (±SD) of the calculated posterior apical radius and Q of five human eyes was 0.07±0.06 mm (95% CI −0.05 to 0.19) and 0.09±0.07 (95% CI −0.05 to 0.23), respectively. Conclusions: The result shows that acceptable accuracy in calculations of posterior apical radius and Q was achieved. This new method shows promise for application to the living human cornea.

Validating a New Approach to Quantify Posterior Corneal Curvature in Vivo

Yoon, Jeong Ho,Avudainayagam, Kodikullam,Avudainayagam, Chitralekha,Swarbrick, Helen A. The Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society 2012 한국안광학회지 Vol.17 No.2

목적: 본 연구는 각막 전면의 지형과 각막의 두께를 이용하여 각막 후면 정점 곡률과 asphericity(Q)를 측정하기 위해 고안된 새로운 방법의 신뢰도 평가를 위해서 시행 되었다. 방법: 각막 후면의 정점 곡률 및 Q는 Medmont E300 corneal topographer로 측정한 각막 전면의 지형 data와 Holden-Payor optical pachometer로 측정한 각막 수평 경선의 두께 data를 이용하여 계산 되었다. 정확한 각막 두께를 계산 하기위하여 각막 전면 측정 위치의 곡률반경과 각막의 겉보기 두께로부터 각막의 실제 두께를 계산 할 때 정확한 방정식을 이용하였으며, 이는 선행 연구와 구별되는 점이다. 그리고 각막 전면과 후면의 지형은 각막 전면의 지형 data와 계산된 각막 후면의 좌표를 best fit 알고리즘을 이용하여 계산 되었다. 각막 후면의 지형 측정의 신뢰도는 10개의 polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) lens와 성인 5명의 각막을 측정 하여 평가 하였다. 결과: 10개의 PMMA lens를 이용한 평가에서는 후면 정점 곡률과 후면 Q의 mean absolute accuracy(${\pm}SD$)는 각각 $0.053{\pm}0.044mm$(95% 신뢰구간(CI) -0.033~0.139)와 $0.10{\pm}0.10$(95% CI -0.10~0.31)이였다. 그리고 5명의 각막을 이용한 평가에서의 각막 후면 정점 곡률과 후면 Q의 mean absolute repeatability coefficient(${\pm}SD$)는 각각 $0.07{\pm}0.06mm$(95% CI -0.05~0.19)와 $0.09{\pm}0.07$(95% CI -0.05~0.23) 이였다. 결론: 새로운 방법을 이용하여 신뢰할 수 있는 각막 후면의 지형(정점 곡률과 Q)을 계산 할 수 있었다. 이러한 새로운 방법은 살아있는 인체 각막의 정확한 후면 지형 계산에 적용 될 수 있다. Purpose: Validating a new research method to determine posterior corneal curvature and asphericity(Q) in vivo, based on measurements of anterior corneal topography and corneal thickness. Methods: Anterior corneal topographic data, derived from the Medmont E300 corneal topographer, and total corneal thickness data measured along the horizontal corneal meridian using the Holden-Payor optical pachometer, were used to calculate the anterior and posterior corneal apical radii of curvature and Q. To calculate accurate total corneal thickness the local radius of anterior corneal curvature, and an exact solution for the relationship between real and apparent thickness were taken into consideration. This method differs from previous approach. An elliptical curve for anterior and posterior cornea were calculated by using best fit algorism of the anterior corneal topographic data and derived coordinates of the posterior cornea respectively. For validation of the calculations of the posterior corneal topography, ten polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) lenses and right eyes of five adult subjects were examined. Results: The mean absolute accuracy (${\pm}$standard deviation(SD)) of calculated posterior apical radius and Q of ten PMMA lenses was $0.053{\pm}0.044mm$ (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.033 to 0.139), and $0.10{\pm}0.10$ (95% CI -0.10 to 0.31) respectively. The mean absolute repeatability coefficient (${\pm}SD$) of the calculated posterior apical radius and Q of five human eyes was $0.07{\pm}0.06mm$ (95% CI -0.05 to 0.19) and $0.09{\pm}0.07$ (95% CI -0.05 to 0.23), respectively. Conclusions: The result shows that acceptable accuracy in calculations of posterior apical radius and Q was achieved. This new method shows promise for application to the living human cornea.

Prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea among hospitalized under-five children

Mathew, M. A.,Paulose, A.,Chitralekha, S.,Nair, M. K.,Kang, G.,Kilgore, P. INDIAN PEDIATRIC 2014 Indian pediatrics Vol.51 No.1

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea among hospitalized children less than 5 years of age in Kerala State and to determine the circulating strains of rotavirus in Kerala.Design: Multicenter, cross-sectional study.Setting: Eight representative hospitals in Kunnathunadu Thaluk, Ernakulam district, Kerala.Participants: Children in the age group under 5 yearsMethods: Hospitalized children admitted with acute diarrhea were examined and standardized case report form was used to collect demographic, clinical and health outcome. Stool specimens were collected and ELISA testing was done. ELISA rotavirus positive samples were tested by reverse transcription PCR for G and P typing (CMC Vellore).Results: Among the 1827 children, 648 (35.9%) were positive for rotavirus by the Rotaclone ELISA test. The prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea in infants less than 6 months of age was 24.7%; 6-11 months 31.9%; 12-23 months 41.9%; 24-35 months 46.9%; and 33.3% in 36- 59 months. Rotavirus infections were most common during the dry months from January through May. GIP[8] (49.7%) was the most common strain identified followed by G9P[8] (26.4%), G2P[4] (5.5%), G9P[4] (2.6%) and G12P[6] (1.3%).Conclusions: The prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea among hospitalized children less than 5 years is high in Ernakulam district, Kerala State.

2D Like Photonic Crystal Using In2O3-SiOx Heterostructure Nanocolumn Arrays and Humidity Sensing

Naorem Khelchand Singh,Bijit Choudhuri,Aniruddha Mondal,Jay Chandra Dhar,Tamal Goswami,Saptadip Saha,Chitralekha Ngangbam 대한금속·재료학회 2014 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.10 No.5

2D like photonic crystal was fabricated with the help of GLAD synthesized In2O3-SiOx heterostructure nanocolumnar arrays. Different dielectric media like air and water were used to demonstrate the optical characteristics and band gap of the crystal. Nearly 33 nm red shift of the band gap was observed for wet sample as compared to dry. Broad band UV-Vis absorption has been observed for the dry In2O3-SiOx heterostructure nanocolumnar arrays, which decreases in wet condition. The device shows low current conduction at lower humidity, which enhances at higher humidity condition due to the absorption of water molecules from the environment by the porous surface. The device possesses 5.6 × 10−3 mA/cm2 current at 10%, which increases to 1.4 × 10−1 mA/cm2 at 99% humidity under applied potential of 2 V. The sample shows the color alteration from black (dry) to brown (wet) due to changes in its effective refractive index.