Determination of the rCBF in the Amygdala and Rhinal Cortex Using a FAIR-TrueFISP Sequence

Burkhard Ludescher,Petros Martirosian,Uwe Klose,Thomas Nägele,Fritz Schick,Ulrike Ernemann 대한영상의학회 2011 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.12 No.5

Objective: Brain perfusion can be assessed non-invasively by modern arterial spin labeling MRI. The FAIR (flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery)-TrueFISP (true fast imaging in steady precession) technique was applied for regional assessment of cerebral blood flow in brain areas close to the skull base, since this approach provides low sensitivity to magnetic susceptibility effects. The investigation of the rhinal cortex and the amygdala is a potentially important feature for the diagnosis and research on dementia in its early stages. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three subjects with no structural or psychological impairment were investigated. FAIR-True-FISP quantitative perfusion data were evaluated in the amygdala on both sides and in the pons. A preparation of the radiofrequency FOCI (frequency offset corrected inversion) pulse was used for slice selective inversion. After a time delay of 1.2 sec, data acquisition began. Imaging slice thickness was 5 mm and inversion slab thickness for slice selective inversion was 12.5 mm. Image matrix size for perfusion images was 64 x 64 with a field of view of 256 x 256 mm, resulting in a spatial resolution of 4 x 4 x 5 mm. Repetition time was 4.8 ms; echo time was 2.4 ms. Acquisition time for the 50 sets of FAIR images was 6:56 min. Data were compared with perfusion data from the literature. Results: Perfusion values in the right amygdala, left amygdala and pons were 65.2 (± 18.2) mL/100 g/minute, 64.6 (± 21.0) mL/100 g/minute, and 74.4 (± 19.3) mL/100 g/minute, respectively. These values were higher than formerly published data using continuous arterial spin labeling but similar to 15O-PET (oxygen-15 positron emission tomography) data. Conclusion: The FAIR-TrueFISP approach is feasible for the quantitative assessment of perfusion in the amygdala. Data are comparable with formerly published data from the literature. The applied technique provided excellent image quality, even for brain regions located at the skull base in the vicinity of marked susceptibility steps. Objective: Brain perfusion can be assessed non-invasively by modern arterial spin labeling MRI. The FAIR (flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery)-TrueFISP (true fast imaging in steady precession) technique was applied for regional assessment of cerebral blood flow in brain areas close to the skull base, since this approach provides low sensitivity to magnetic susceptibility effects. The investigation of the rhinal cortex and the amygdala is a potentially important feature for the diagnosis and research on dementia in its early stages. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three subjects with no structural or psychological impairment were investigated. FAIR-True-FISP quantitative perfusion data were evaluated in the amygdala on both sides and in the pons. A preparation of the radiofrequency FOCI (frequency offset corrected inversion) pulse was used for slice selective inversion. After a time delay of 1.2 sec, data acquisition began. Imaging slice thickness was 5 mm and inversion slab thickness for slice selective inversion was 12.5 mm. Image matrix size for perfusion images was 64 x 64 with a field of view of 256 x 256 mm, resulting in a spatial resolution of 4 x 4 x 5 mm. Repetition time was 4.8 ms; echo time was 2.4 ms. Acquisition time for the 50 sets of FAIR images was 6:56 min. Data were compared with perfusion data from the literature. Results: Perfusion values in the right amygdala, left amygdala and pons were 65.2 (± 18.2) mL/100 g/minute, 64.6 (± 21.0) mL/100 g/minute, and 74.4 (± 19.3) mL/100 g/minute, respectively. These values were higher than formerly published data using continuous arterial spin labeling but similar to 15O-PET (oxygen-15 positron emission tomography) data. Conclusion: The FAIR-TrueFISP approach is feasible for the quantitative assessment of perfusion in the amygdala. Data are comparable with formerly published data from the literature. The applied technique provided excellent image quality, even for brain regions located at the skull base in the vicinity of marked susceptibility steps.

What Companies do not Know About Self-assessment: Self-assessment in Germany

Burkhard, Carina The Korean Society for Quality Management 2008 The Asian Journal on Quality Vol.9 No.1

<P>In Germany Quality Management awards and thus self‐assessment are well known and popular - at least amongst quality management professionals. About 2000 companies have carried out self‐assessment using the EFQM Model as a framework (DGQ, 2005). This is at least approximately the number of participants in German regional and national quality awards. Since 1992, with the first call for the national Ludwig‐Erhard‐Preis, about 1953 companies have taken part in a quality award, see figure (1). The number of participants varies from state to state. This difference may be caused by the application format: There are many applicants where the application is done by the means of a questionnaire, as it is the case of Bavaria (910), Thuringia (402), Northrhein‐Westphalia (267) and Saxony‐Anhalt (60). Fewer applications were received in Berlin‐Brandenburg (65), Saxony (84), Schleswig‐Holstein (40), and with the national quality award (125), where a demanding application brochure is needed. Number of participants and type of application format in quality awards of different federal states of Germany. Information on number of participants was collected from quality award offices.</P>

Pirates, Warfare and Failing States in Ancient Greece

Burkhard Meissner 한국서양고전학회 2010 西洋古典學硏究 Vol.40 No.-

This papers is about Greeks and pirates; this way of putting it could be seen as somehow misleading: It could be understood as Greeks against pirates or as Greeks as pirates. As we shall see, the relationship between Greeks and pirates is an ambivalent one, and the ambivalent nature of the ancient Greeks’ relations to pirates and piracy are probably no exception: Generally, the Greek world regarded pirates as something exotic, as outsiders. However: Although conceptualized under the perspective of an dissociating and disparaging ideology, which, reduced to literary topoi and handed down in discontinuous waves, still influences modern pictures of adventurous piracy, pirates were always part of the Greek world. To describe the ambivalent nature of Greek piracy, we will start with literary pirates (1), proceed to how pirates were commonly conceived of (2) before we shortly look at Homeric (3), classical (4) and hellenistic piracy (5). In regard to what pirates actually did it will be noticed that this was not so different from what pirates do nowadays: mainly kidnapping people to exact ransom money.

Enthalpy – based homogenization procedure for composite piezoelectric modules with integrated electrodes

Burkhard Kranz,Ayech Benjeddou,Welf-Guntram Drossel 국제구조공학회 2013 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.12 No.5

A new enthalpy – based procedure for the homogenization of the electromechanical material parameters of composite piezoelectric modules with integrated electrodes is presented. It is based on a finite element (FE) modeling of the latter’s representative volume element (RVE). In contrast to most previously published homogenization approaches that are based on averaged quantities, the presented method uses a direct evaluation of the electromechanical enthalpy. Hence, for the linear orthotropic piezoelectric composite behavior full set of elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric material parameters, 17 load cases (LC) are used where each load case leads directly to one material parameter. This gives the possibility to elaborate a very strict and easy to program processing. In conjunction with the 17 LC, the enthalpy – based homogenization is particularly suitable for laminated composite piezoelectric modules with integrated electrodes. In this case, the electric load has to be given at the electrodes rather than at the RVE FE model boundaries. The proposed procedure is validated through its comparison to literature available results on a classical 1-3 piezoelectric micro fiber (longitudinally polarized) reinforced composite and a shear piezoelectric macro-fiber (transversely polarized) composite module.

Intermodal Logistics Policies

Burkhard E. Horn 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 2004 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS AND TRADE Vol.2 No.1

Ⅱ. 실용적인 건설재해 예방

Burkhard Joost 한국안전학회(구-한국산업안전학회) 1994 건설재해 예방 세미나 Vol.- No.-

Intermodal Logistics Policies:Where Do We Stand Internationally?

Burkhard E. Hom Jungseok Research Institute of International Logis 2004 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS AND TRADE Vol.2 No.1

This paper defines the emerging intermodal issues, identifies alternative solutions and develops strategies to achieve them. It reviews intermodal logistics policies in the EU, NAFTA and Asia, focusing on the United States and Japan in NAFTA and Asia respectively, because they have been the prominent motors of international trade in their regions. From an Asian standpoint, it is a pity that it is not yet possible to report on a common intermodal strategy.

Field-induced Staggered Moment Stabilization in Frustrated Quantum Magnets

Burkhard Schmidt,Mohammad Siahatgar,Peter Thalmeier 한국물리학회 2013 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.62 No.10

For low-dimensional frustrated quantum magnets, the dependence of the staggered moment on a magnetic field is nonmonotonic: For small and intermediate fields, quantum fluctuations are gradually suppressed, leading to an increase of the staggered moment as a function of the field strength. For large applied magnetic fields, the classically expected field dependence is recovered,namely a monotonous decrease with increasing field strength. The staggered moment is eventually suppressed when reaching the fully polarized state at the saturation field. The quantitative analysis of this behavior is an excellent tool to determine the frustration parameter of a magnetic compound. We have developed a general finite-size scaling scheme for numerical exact-diagonalization data of low-dimensional frustrated magnets, which we apply to the recently measured field dependence of the magnetic neutron scattering intensity of Cu(pz)2(ClO4)2 in the framework of the S = 1/2 twodimensional (2D) J1-J2 Heisenberg model. We also apply linear spin-wave theory to complement our numerical findings. Our results show that Cu(pz)2(ClO4)2 is a quasi-2D antiferromagnet with intermediate frustration J2/J1 = 0.2.

독일에서의 환경영향의 정량적 평가

Kraft, Burkhard Schweppe 한국환경영향평가학회 1993 환경영향평가 Vol.2 No.2

Evaluation methods are employed in environmental impact assessment to choose between different project site, to determine the required measures to compensate impact and to decide whether the environmental impacts are more important than the social or economic effects of a project. The main obstacles that restrict use of quantitative evaluation method are a lack of knowledge about the environmental effects (e.g. if impacts on wildlife or landscape amenities are predicted) and the relative importance of economic and social issues compared with nature conservation stability of ecosystem orlandscape beauty. In Germany, the most common method for site planning is the "ecological risk analysis". It is a kind of multi-criteria-decision-method based on quantitative and qualitative description and ordinal ranking. The various kinds of "ecological balancing methods" that are more recently developed (within the last decade) to quantify the required amount for compensatory measures instead often use cardinal figures to express the value of ecosystems, the intensity of impacts, the need for additional measures to compensate for long recuperative periods when restoring ecosystems and so on. There are still only a view attempts to quantify decisions between environmental and socio-economic issues. Multicriteria-analysis as well as cost-benifit-analysis was used. Some new approaches which are still in a preliminary status are based on contingent valuation and on calculations for compensatory payments (instead of compensatory measures).

Water Treatment of Bank Filtrate : Requirements and State of Art in Germany 독일에서의 현황과 개선방향

Wricke, Burkhard 嶺南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1999 環境硏究 Vol.18 No.2