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ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN NORTHEAST ASIA: PRECONDITIONS AND POSSIBLE TRAJECTORIES
Bernhard Seliger 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2003 Global economic review Vol.31 No.4
When in November 2001, the leaders of the Southeast Asian and Northeast Asian states met for the "ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) plus three (China, Japan and Korea)," President Kim Dae-Jung of South Korea proposed the exploration for an East Asian Free Trade Area (EAFTA) and thereby opened a new chapter of East Asian integration. The special Northeast Asian perspective on regional co-operation became clear by the simultaneous decision to hold annual meetings of finance and trade ministers of China, Japan and Korea. At the same time, bilateral agreements, like a free trade area between Japan and Singapore, the tentative large free trade area between ASEAN and China and the work-in-progress on a Korean-Japanese Free Trade Area, show the devotion and sometimes even obsession of current policy-making with reaching regional trade agreements. Regional integration, it .seems, is finally on the Northeast Asian agenda. In this paper, the preconditions and perspectives of economic integration in Northeast Asia will be explored. Since economic integration is in various ways linked to political factors, the second section discusses the geo-political situation of Northeast Asia today. The third section deals with the economic perspectives of different forms of trade integradon, followed by an analysis of various attempts for greater macroeconomic and financial co-operation and a short conclusion.
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Systemic conflict, geo-politics and trade
Bernhard Seliger 한국국제정치학회 2010 한국국제정치학회 학술대회 발표논문집 Vol.2010 No.8
German East-West relations and East-West communication in the time of Cold War from 1945 to 1989 were much denser than inner-Korean relations at the same time. This is even more true when comparing the situation in Germany with that of the two Koreas today. This seemingly surprising fact becomes clear when underlying factors determining communication are studied. This paper identifies three main driving factors of communication between both sides: First, the unresolved Cold War meant that both sides were actively trying to convince the people in the other part of the superiority of their political and economic system. This required a certain degree of openness. In Korea, systemic conflict no longer exists. North Korea is no anti-monde to the South, but a family-owned business trying to survive. Second, the geo-political situation of Germany, in particular the existence of Berlin and the historically dense economic relations between East and West before division made complete isolation difficult. This was much less the case in Korea, a former Japanese colony with a lower degree of internal economic integration and, generally, economic development. Third, trade was a necessity for East Germany to survive, in particular given strong systemic conflict, but is much less of a necessity for North Korea. The underlying reasons for communication also determined communication policy between East and West. Every attempt to improve inter-Korean relations has to start from the fact that the current North Korean regime has no interest in open communication which erodes internal controlling power of the state.
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The Universal Property of Inverse Semigroup Equivariant KK-theory
Bernhard Burgstaller 경북대학교 자연과학대학 수학과 2021 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.61 No.1
Higson proved that every homotopy invariant, stable and split exact functor from the category of C∗ -algebras to an additive category factors through Kasparov’s KK-theory. By adapting a group equivariant generalization of this result by Thomsen, we generalize Higson’s result to the inverse semigroup and locally compact, not necessarily Hausdorff groupoid equivariant setting.
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Bernhard Seliger,Kyung-seok Park 평화문제연구소 2013 統一問題硏究 Vol.25 No.1
Forests are not only economically and ecologically important for Germany, but have been part of the national mythology and culture, as well. The division of Germany through or along some of the major German forests like the Harz or the Thuringian forest was a tragic reminder of the role of forests in Germany. During the time of division the forest policy in East and West starkly diverged, with a Soviet style collective system on the one hand and a mixture of public and private interests governing the forest in the West. However, in both parts forests were sustained and forestry was flourishing. Some of the most prestigious and oldest German forest academies, like that in Tharandt in Saxony and Eberswalde in former Prussia now educated East German foresters. While these were to some extent handicapped by a limited access to modern scientific results and forest policy was in particular aiming at fastly exploiting forest reserves at the expense of growing valuable woods, still forests in East Germany overall were growing (measured in forested area). After the peaceful revolution of 1989 and 1990, forest systems and policy were reunified. While largely being built on the Western model, the fact that forest policy was formulated on the state (Laender) level means that different outcomes could be seen from the transition process. In particular, also West German administrative aid and transfer of know-how became important. This paper looks at the unification process in forestry in Germany and possible ramifications for the case of Korea. While in the German case differences in the state of forest health and policy were much smaller than in Korea, administrative cooperation and aid from the West was an important feature of unification of the forest sector. Korea’s forest administration has to prepare thoroughly to reduce costs of forest rehabilitation and unification. 독일 산림은 경제적으로뿐만 아니라 생태적으로도 중요하고, 국가 신화와 문화의 한 부분이다. 독일의 주요한 하르츠(Harz)나 튀링겐(Thuringian) 산림을 관통하거나 경계를 따라 동서독으로 분할되었던 사실은 독일 산림의 역할을 상기시켜주는 비극적 사례이다. 동서독으로 분할된 시기 동안 동독에는 소비에트 스타일의 집단 체제하에서, 서독에는 공적과 사적 이익이 공존하는 체제의 산림이 존재하였고, 동서독의 산림정책은 전혀 달랐다. 그러나 양쪽 지역의 산림은 잘 유지되었고 임업은 번창하였다. 지금은 과거 프러시아 지역이었던 Saxony(작센주)의 Tharandt, Eberswalde 등 가장 명망 있고 오래된 독일산림 학교들이 동독의 산림감독관들을 교육하였다. 이 학교들은 현대 과학적연구결과에 대한 접근이 제한됨에 따라 어느 정도의 부족함이 있었고, 특히 산림정책도 가치 있는 성장목을 훼손시키면서 보존림을 단기간에 개발하는 것에 목표를 두었지만 그럼에도 불구하고 전반적으로 동독 산림은 유지되고 성장하였다(산림면적 기준). 1989년과 1990년의 평화로운 혁명 이후에 산림체계와 산림정책이 재통합되었다. 산림통합은 주로 서구식 모델을 기반으로 구축되었지만, 주(州) 차원에서 산림정책이 수립되었다는 사실은 체제전환 과정에서 각기 다른 결과들이 도출되었음을 의미한다. 특히 산림통합과정에서 서독의 행정지원과 노하우 전수가 역시 중요하였다. 본 논문은 독일의 산림통합 과정을 살펴보고 한국의 사례에 미칠 수 있는 영향을 검토하는데 연구목적을 두었다. 산림상태와 산림정책의 차이정도는 독일 사례가 한국보다 훨씬 작았지만, 서독에서의 행정적 지원과 협력은 산림부문의 통합에 있어서 중요한 특징이었다. 한국의 산림행정 부서는 북한 산림복구와 통합 비용을 줄이기 위해 철저하게 사전에 준비해야 할 것이다.
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Bernhard Widmann,Christian Galata,Rene Warschkow,Ulrich Beutner,Önder Ögredici,Franc H Hetzer,Bruno M Schmied,Stefan Post,Lukas Marti 대한소화기 기능성질환∙운동학회 2019 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.25 No.1
Background/Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the sustainability of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) success in patients with fecal incontinence (FI) and/or constipation. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of a prospective database of patients who received SNM therapy for FI and/or constipation between 2006 and 2015. Success rates, complications and reintervention rates were assessed after up to 10 years of follow-up. Results Electrodes for test stimulation were implanted in 101 patients, of whom 79 (78.2%) received permanent stimulation. The mean follow-up was 4.4 ± 3.0 years. At the end of follow-up, 57 patients (72.2%) were still receiving SNM. The 5-year success rate for FI and isolated constipation was 88.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80.1–97.0%) and 31.2% (95% CI, 10.2–95.5%), respectively (P < 0.001). In patients with FI, involuntary evacuations per week decreased > 50% in 76.1% of patients (95% CI, 67.6–86.2%) after 5 years. A lead position at S3 was associated with an improved outcome (P = 0.04). Battery exchange was necessary in 23 patients (29.1%), with a median battery life of 6.2 years. Reinterventions due to complications were necessary in 24 patients (30.4%). For these patients, the 5-year success rate was 89.0% (95% CI, 75.3–100.0%) compared to 78.4% (95% CI, 67.2–91.4%) for patients without reintervention. Conclusions SNM offers an effective sustainable treatment for FI. For constipation, lasting success of SNM is limited and is thus not recommended. Reinterventions are necessary but do not impede treatment success. Background/Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the sustainability of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) success in patients with fecal incontinence (FI) and/or constipation. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of a prospective database of patients who received SNM therapy for FI and/or constipation between 2006 and 2015. Success rates, complications and reintervention rates were assessed after up to 10 years of follow-up. Results Electrodes for test stimulation were implanted in 101 patients, of whom 79 (78.2%) received permanent stimulation. The mean follow-up was 4.4 ± 3.0 years. At the end of follow-up, 57 patients (72.2%) were still receiving SNM. The 5-year success rate for FI and isolated constipation was 88.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80.1–97.0%) and 31.2% (95% CI, 10.2–95.5%), respectively (P < 0.001). In patients with FI, involuntary evacuations per week decreased > 50% in 76.1% of patients (95% CI, 67.6–86.2%) after 5 years. A lead position at S3 was associated with an improved outcome (P = 0.04). Battery exchange was necessary in 23 patients (29.1%), with a median battery life of 6.2 years. Reinterventions due to complications were necessary in 24 patients (30.4%). For these patients, the 5-year success rate was 89.0% (95% CI, 75.3–100.0%) compared to 78.4% (95% CI, 67.2–91.4%) for patients without reintervention. Conclusions SNM offers an effective sustainable treatment for FI. For constipation, lasting success of SNM is limited and is thus not recommended. Reinterventions are necessary but do not impede treatment success.
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