이개 크기에 따른 이개강 공명

허승덕(SeungDeok Heo),이제현(JeHyun Lee),전성민(SeongMin Jeon),김인아(InAh Kim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2010 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.15 No.1

배경 및 목적: 이개는 두개골에서 돌출되어 있고, 이개강은 이개가 깔때기 모양으로 형성한공간을 말한다. 이개와 이개강은 소리를 모으는 기능을 하며, 해부학적으로 외이도와 연결되어 있다. 이 기관들은 해부학적 생리학적으로 연속되어 있어서 청각학적으로는 따로 구분하지는 않는다. 청각학적 재활에 있어서 보청기는 아주 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 그러나 보청기사용은 이개강과 외이도 공명의 일부를 상쇄하기도 하고, 보청기 종류에 따라 증폭기가 갖는이득보다 더 많은 이득을 제공하기도 한다. 보청기 사용으로 얻을 수 있는 추가 이득은 송화기위치 효과(microphone location effect; MLE)와 잔류 외이도 용적 등에 따라 달라진다. 이개와 이개강 공명은 MLE에 영향을 준다. 따라서 이개강 공명은 청각생리학적 측면에서 소리에대한 방향성 인지에 매우 중요한 단서를 제공하기 때문에 음원 방향 인지 연구에 중요하다.이 연구는 우리나라 성인의 이개강 공명 정상치를 구하고, 이개 크기가 이개강 공명에 영향을주는가를 알아보고자 한다. 방법: 이 연구는 정상 성인 18명 36귀(남:여=5:13)를 대상으로 하였다. 입사각 0°와 45°에서 이들의 이개강 공명을 구한 후, 이개 크기와의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결과: 이개 크기는 상하 길이가 52.8부터 73.8 (61.7±5.5) ㎜이었으며, 너비가 16.35부터29.9 (22.4±3.3) ㎜이었다. 두 길이를 곱해 구한 면적은 458.62부터 1034.54 (706.21±165.58)㎟를 보였다. 최대 공명주파수는 음원 입사각 0˚와 45˚에서 모두 4 ㎑로 나타났으며, 최대공명이득은 0˚에서 12.2 (±2.9), 45˚에서 13.6 (±3.5) ㏈로 나타났으나 모든 주파수의 이개강공명이득은 이개 상하길이와 너비의 변화에도 불구하고 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지않았다. 논의 및 결론: 결론적으로 이개크기는 이개강공명에 영향을 미치지 않는다. Background & Objectives: The pinna is located on the side of the head and forms the visible part of the hearing system. The cavum concha, an air-filled cone-shaped cavity deep within the ear canal, is also part of the pinna. Both of these structures collect sound and are connected to the external auditory canal (EAC). The pinna, cavum concha and EAC are not separated in the audiology field because these organs are connected anatomically and physiologically. Hearing aids play an importantroll in audiological rehabilitation. However, the use of hearing aids may cancel out the resonances of the cavum concha and EAC or may result in a gain higher than that of the electroacoustic gain. These variables differ among the different types of hearing aids. The value of the gain depends on to the microphone location effect (MLE) and the volume of the residual ear canal. The pinna and cavum concha influence the MLE. Hence, cavum concha resonance may play an important role in auditory physiology because resonance provides an important clue for direction determination. The goals of this study are to measure normative data in Korean adults and todetermine whether the size of the pinna influences the concha resonance. Methods: Eighteen healthy-young-adults (36 ears, M:F=5:13) participated in the present study. The resonance of the concha cavity was evaluated at azimuth 0° and azimuth 45°, and the relationship between the size of the pinna and the resonance of the concha cavity were analyzed statistically. Results: The mean height of the pinna was 52.8 to 73.8 (61.7±5.5) mm, the mean width of the pinna was 16.35 to 29.9 (12.2±2.9) ㎜, and the mean area of the pinna was 458.62 to 1034.54 (706.21±165.58) ㎟. The maximum resonance frequency was 4 ㎑ in both directions. The maximum resonance gains were 12.2 (±2.9) ㏈ at azimuth 0° and 13.6 (±3.5) ㏈ at azimuth 45°. The mean lengthof the concha cavity was 61.7 (±5.5), and its mean width was 22.4 (±3.3) ㎜. The sizes of the pinna and concha cavity were significantly correlated (p=0.01). However, there was not statistical significance between the size of pinna and the resonance of the concha cavity. Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that pinna size does not affect the resonance of the concha cavity.

외이도에서 비음과 유음 포먼트 전이

허승덕(SeungDeok Heo),김도윤(DoYun Kim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2018 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.23 No.3

배경 및 목적: 말소리는 외이를 통과해야 듣고 이해할 수 있는데, 외이는 공기를 매질로 소리를 전달한다. 따라서 말소리는 외이의 구조나 매질의 물리적 특성에 따라 음향특성이 달라질 수 있다. 이 연구는 외이의 외이 영향을 받은 비음과 유음의 포먼트 전이를 살펴보는데 목적이 있다. 방법: 연구에는 청각기관 및 조음기관에 이상이 없는 건강한 남녀 16명이 참여하였다. 참여자 중 1명은 화자로, 나머지 15명은 청자로 역할을 나누었다. 음성은 비음 /ㄴ/과 유음 /ㄹ/을 모음 /ㅏ/에 연결한 단음절 낱말을 이용하였다. 녹음은 이개 상부인 sound field (SF)와 the external auditory canal (EAC) 내부에 각각 장착한 고성능 콘덴서 마이크를 이용하였다. 녹음한 음성은 MATLAB으로 보정한 후 Praat으로 포먼트 전이를 분석하였다. 두 음성의 차이는 이원변량분석(two-way ANOVA)으로 검증하였다. 결과: SF에서 포먼트 전이는 비음의 경우 모두 높아졌고, 유음도 F4가 낮아졌다가 다시 높아지는 것을 제외하고 대체로 높아졌다. EAC에서 포먼트 전이는 비음의 경우 F1, F2만 높아졌고 F3가 낮아졌으며 F4가 유지되는 양상이었다. 유음의 경우 F1과 F4이 높아졌으나 F4는 수평에 가깝게 완만하였고, F2가 낮아졌으며, F3는 변하지 않는 양상으로 관찰되었다. 논의 및 결론: 외이도 음성의 포먼트 전이는 비음 F3, F4, 유음 F2, F3, F4의 포먼트 간격을 넓게하여 말소리의 변별 자질 향상에 기여한다. Objectives: While speech sounds can be heard and understood through the external ear (EE), the EE transmits the sound through the air as a medium. Consequently, acoustic characteristics of speech sounds differ depending on the structure of the EE or the physical characteristics of the medium. This study aims to investigate how the characteristics of the EE’s acoustic transmission affect the formant transition (FT) of nasals and liquids. Methods: Sixteen healthy men and women who had no problems in their auditory or articulation system participated in this study. One participant acted as the speaker, and the remaining 15 participants were listeners. In terms of the voice, monosyllabic words which combined the nasal /n/ and liquid /l/ with the vowel /a/ were used. When recording, a high-performance microphone was used, and mounted on the upper pinna and the external auditory canal respectively. The recorded voice was calibrated with MATLAB, and the FT was analyzed with Praat. The differences between the two voices were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA. Results: In the sound field, the FT was elevated for both nasals and liquids with the exception of F4 which showed an increase following a decrease. In the EAC, regarding the formant transfer, only F1 and F2 exhibited an elevation, while F3 decreased, and F4 was maintained in the case of nasals. In the case of liquids, it was observed that although F1 and F4 were elevated, F4 was nearly horizontal, F2 showed a decrease, and F3 was maintained. Conclusion: The formant transition of the external auditory canal contributes to improving the discriminative qualities of speech by broadening the formant spacing of nasal F3, F4, and liquid F2, F3, and F4.

실이에서 여자 음성 /ㅏ/, /ㅣ/, /ㅜ/의 포먼트 주파수 변화

허승덕(Heo, Seungdeok),강희라(Kang, Huira) 한국음성학회 2017 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.9 No.1

Formant frequencies depend on the position of tongue, the shape of lips, and larynx. In the auditory system, the external ear canal is an open-end resonator, which can modify the voice characteristics. This study investigates the effect of the real ear on formant frequencies. Fifteen subjects ranging from 22 to 30 years of age participated in the study. This study employed three corner vowels: the low central vowel /a/, the high front vowel /i/, and the high back vowel /u/. For this study, the voice of a well-educated undergraduate who majored in speech-language pathology, was recorded with a high performance condenser microphone placed in the upper pinna and in the ear canal. Paired t-test showed that there were significant difference in the formant frequencies of F1, F2, F3, and F4 between the free field and the real ear. For /a/, all formant frequencies decreased significantly in the real ear. For /i/, F2 increased and F3 and F4 decreased. For /u/, F1 and F2 increased, but F3 and F4 decreased. It seems that these voice modifications in the real ear contribute to interpreting voice quality and understanding speech, timbre, and individual characteristics, which are influenced by the shape of the outer ear and external ear canal in such a way that formant frequencies become centralized in the vowel space.

노인성 난청이 삶의 질에 미치는 영향

황수연(SuYeon Hwang),허승덕(SeungDeok Heo) 한국언어치료학회 2016 한국언어치료학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2016 No.12

Purpose : This study is to evaluate the quality of life of the elderly suspected to have hearing loss, by hearing handicap inventory of the elderly (HHIE), on the basis of world health organization quality of life scale abbreviated version (WHOQOL-BREF). Participants and Methods : 82-elderly was participated more than 65 years old, residing in residential and commercial areas. 33 of them who use amplifiers or scored more than 18 points in HHIE and 49 people not suspected to have hearing loss were classified into the hearing loss group and control group, respectively. The response reliability was analyzed by Cronbach"s α, and scores of the two groups were described statistically along with ANOVA. Results : The quality of life of the elderly with presbycusis showed significant differences in physical health(p=.000), psychological health(p=.033), social relations(p=.001). Conclusions : The quality of life of the elderly with presbycusis was generally lower than those with normal hearing in terms of physical, psychological, social relationships except for the environmental factors.

노인에서 난청 의심자와 보청기 사용자의 삶의 질 비교

손병창 ( Son Byungchang ),허승덕 ( Heo Seungdeok ) 대한통합의학회 2018 대한통합의학회지 Vol.6 No.3

Purpose : Aim of the this study was conducted to determine whether hearing aids are responsible for the quality of life by comparing quality of life between the elderly who are suspected of difficulty in hearing selected by Hearing Handicap Inventory of Elderly (HHIE) without using hearing aids and who are using hearing aids. Methods : For the study, two groups of 33 people were analyzed for independent t-test based on whether they wore Hearing Aids (HA) or not whom wearing hearing aids (hearing aids users) and suspected difficulty in hearing. who are attending the Religious organization Senior Welfare Center in the OO region. Result : The quality of life of hearing aid users is generally observed to be higher than that of non-users in general, and by the section, psychological (p=0.019) and living environment (p=0.032) were appeared statistically signigicant. The elderly showed a significant difference. In the section, "Operation Satisfaction (p=0.038)" in the physical health area, "relationship of reason (p=0.018)" in the social relationship area, "Economic margin (p=0.021)" in the environmental area, "Information accessibility (p=0.020)", In the psychological area, hearing aid was used for "self satisfaction (p=0.033)", "concentration of work (p=0.045)". Conclusion : The use of hearing aids by hearing loss elderly improves the quality of life in the psychological health and living environment section.

외이도용적에 따른 외이도공명의 변화

최아현(Choi AhHyun),이미소(Lee MiSo),최아름(Choi AhReum),허승덕(Heo SeungDeok) 한국음성학회 2009 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.1 No.3

가청범위압축방식 보청기의 청각학적 이득에 관한 연구

허승덕,김리석,정동근,고도흥,박병건 한국음성과학회 2004 음성과학 Vol.11 No.2

Hearing aids play an very important role in aural rehabilitation for hearing impaired person who could not be medically treated. Especially, hearing aids with dynamic range compression (level dependent frequency response: LDFR) method concentrated dynamic output range of receiver into the narrowing dynamic range of sensorineural hearing impaired person. Thus, if aided hearing threshold level is improved and uncomfortable loudness level rises, then the users of hearing aids are favored with extended dynamic range. This study aims to evaluate audiological benefits in dynamic range compression hearing aids. To achieve this, pure tone and speech audiometry were examined to 15 children and 3 adults with narrow dynamic range moderate-to-severe binaural sensorineural hearing loss.