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A study on weak bi-ideals of near-rings
조용욱 영남수학회 2008 East Asian mathematical journal Vol.24 No.2
From the notion of bi-ideals in near-rings, various generalizations of regularity conditions have been studied. In this paper, we generalize further the notion of bi-ideals and introduce the notion of weak bi-ideals in near-rings and obtain some characterizations using this concept in left self distributive near-rings.
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Near-rings with left Baer like conditions
조용욱 대한수학회 2008 대한수학회보 Vol.45 No.2
Kaplansky introduced the Baer rings as rings in which everyleft (or right) annihilator of each subset is generated by an idempotent.On the other hand, Hattori introduced the left (resp. right) P.P. ringsas rings in which every principal left (resp. right) ideal is projective.The purpose of this paper is to introduce the near-rings with Baer likecondition and near-rings with P.P. like condition which are somewhatdierent from ring case, and to extend the results of Armendariz andJøndrup.
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Some extensional properties of modules
조용욱 대한수학회 2006 대한수학회보 Vol.43 No.3
The purpose of this paper is to describe some char-acterizations on rational and t-rational extensions of modules, todetermine the forms oft-rational extensions of givent-torsion freemodule for a left exact radicalt and investigate the maximal t-rational extensions of modules.
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A STUDY ON NEAR-RINGS WITH IFP CONDITIONS
조용욱 한국수학교육학회 2011 수학교육 학술지 Vol.2011 No.1
In this paper, we begin with to introduce the concepts of IFP and strong IFP in near-rings and then give some characterizations of near-rings with IFP con-ditions. Next we derive reversible IFP, and then equivalences of the concepts of strong IFP and strong reversibility. Finally. we obtain some conditions to become strong IFP in right permutable near-rings and strongly reversible near-rings.
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Generalized Prime Ideals in Non-associative Near-rings I
조용욱 영남수학회 2012 East Asian mathematical journal Vol.28 No.3
In this paper, the concept of ∗-prime ideals in non-associative near-rings is introduced and then will be studied. For this purpose, first we introduce the notions of ∗-operation, ∗-prime ideal and ∗-system in a near-ring. Next, we will define the ∗-sequence, ∗-strongly nilpotent and ∗-prime radical of near-rings, and then obtain some characterizations of ∗-prime ideal and ∗-prime radical r_s(I) of an ideal I of near-ring N.
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조용욱 대한안전경영과학회 2014 대한안전경영과학회지 Vol.16 No.4
The objective of this study is to provide improved methodology based on the IPA method. One case studies are solved by the proposed method. this study present the method that give value to use SN(Signal-to-Noise) ratio in IPA. A case study of lecture satisfaction are solved by the proposed method and the existing method. Also, the result is compared with the existing method using Mean and the proposed method using SN ratio.
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조용욱 국민대학교 한국학연구소 2008 한국학논총 Vol.30 No.-
What distinguished the massive wave of unemployment that swept through Britain in the interwar years from the previous problems of unemployment was that it was brought about by the 'structural' difficulties that British industry and economy had endured since the later nineteenth century. The notion of 'structural unemployment' thus became one of the centerpieces of industrial and social controversy of contemporary Britain. Although the long-term prosperity and the attendant 'full employment' following the Second World War appeared to have expelled unemployment from the vocabularies of public discussion, the tremendous increase in the number of unemployed from the mid-1970s again brought to mind that the debate over 'the right to work' was still at the heart of social and political issues of British society. There were similarities between the unemployment of the interwar years and that of the later twentieth century in that they were both massive and structural. There were, however, important differences as well, for example, in the regional concentration of unemployment and public attitudes toward unemployment benefits. Compared with the period prior to WWI, the twentieth-century experience revealed marked continuities with the past. This was particularly true of the ways in which the state responded to the problem of unemployment. The most salient characteristic was that all British governments, regardless of their ideological and political differences, have concentrated on lessening the pain of the unemployed rather than removing the causes of unemployment and creating jobs. The Old and New Poor Laws as well as the Labour Exchange were mainly concerned, not with providing new jobs but with reducing the economic sufferings caused by unemployment. The 1911 National Insurance Act and its expansion in the interwar decades, and the 'welfare state' after WWII, by and large followed this tradition. In order to receive unemployment benefits the applicants should prove that they were actively searching a job, and had to go through the notorious, insufferable means test. The benefits were always below the minimum wages, unemployment allowances could be denied to the unemployed women whose husbands were in work, and relief to the young applicants could be refused except on condition of occupational training. The twentieth-century call for eradicating welfare 'scroungers' had an undeniable continuity not only with the principle of 'less eligibility' the New Poor Law was based on, but with the Victorian dichotomization of the 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor. 1920년대와 1930년대에 영국을 휩쓴 대량실업의 물결은 영국산업의 ‘구조적’ 문제에서 주로 기인했다는 점에서 그 이전과는 다른 새로운 면모를 부각시켰다. 이차세계대전 이후의 장기호황과 그에 따른 ‘완전고용’은 실업문제를 정치적, 사회적 화두로부터 아주 추방해버린 것처럼 보였다. 그러나 1970년대 중반부터 진행된 더 장기화되고 더 구조적으로 심화된 실업은 ‘일할 권리’에 대한 논의가 여전히 삶의 중심에 자리하고 있음을 다시 일깨워 주었다. 20세기 전반과 후반의 대량실업 사이에는 유사성과 함께, 예를 들어, 실업의 지역적 편중이나 실업수당에 대한 태도 등에서 적지 않은 차이점도 있었다. 한편, 20세기 경험의 전체를 그 이전과 비교해보면, 특히 실업에 대한 공적 대응에서 강한 연속성이 확인된다. 무엇보다 두드러진 특징은 역대 모든 영국정부는 그 담당자가 어떤 정파나 정당이었든 간에 실업대책의 주된 목표를 일자리의 대대적 창출보다는 실업의 고통을 완화하는 데 두어왔다는 사실이다. 구빈민법과 신빈민법, 그리고 노동교환법 모두가 적극적 고용확대보다는 실업이 초래하는 경제적 궁핍의 완화에 주안점을 두었다. 1911년의 국민보험법과 이것의 확대, 그리고 이차대전 이후의 복지국가 하에서도 과거와의 연속성은 뚜렷했다. 실업에 대한 공적 지원을 받기 위해서는 실업자가 열심히 구직을 추구하고 있다는 것을 증명해야 하고, 혹독하고 자존심 상하는 재산심사를 거쳐야 하며 수혜금도 평균임금 이하로 책정돼왔다. 또한 일자리가 있는 남편을 가진 실직 기혼여성에게는 실업수당이 지급되지 않을 수도 있고 젊은 실직자들에게는 소정의 훈련을 받지 않으면 혜택이 거부될 수도 있었다. ‘복지에 기대 사는 게으름뱅이’를 없애자는 20세기의 구호는 ‘최소혜택의 원칙’에 입각한 신빈민법이나 빅토리아 시대의 ‘지원 받을 가치가 있는 빈자’와 ‘지원 받을 가치가 없는 빈자’의 이분법과 크게 다르지 않다.
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