월지 출토 화조문뼈장식의 용도 추정

전효수 한국고고미술연구소 2017 동원학술논문집 Vol.18 No.-

Wolji Pond (Anapji) is the remains of an ancient pond originally made in the grounds of the East Palace of Gyeongju (Inwang-dong), which was built some 1,300 years ago right after the unification of the Three Kingdoms on the Korean Peninsula. Excavations were begun in March 1975 and continued for about two years until December 1976. Approximately 30,000 relics spanning the Unified Silla Period to the Joseon Period were unearthed from the archaeological site, including 200 bone ornaments inscribed with flower and bird patterns from the Unified Silla Period. At present, the Gyeongju National Museum is carrying out preservation treatment of these bone ornaments. A preliminary analysis conducted before the treatment has identified the function of the V-shaped groove and revealed that the spacing between the nail holes can be grouped into 3 types. The conclusion of the analysis is that the bone ornaments must have been attached to a hexahedron-shaped structure. Furthermore, when the surroundings of the excavation site are considered, together with a reexamination of the associated relics and comparisons with the artifacts kept at the Shosoin Treasure House in Japan, it may be concluded that the bone ornaments were associated in some way with containers that housed Buddhist relics during the Unified Silla Period. In the past, such bone ornaments were analyzed by comparing their patterns to similar artifacts kept at the Shosoin Treasure House in Japan. As a result of these analyses, the bone ornaments were thought to be decorations attached to the edges of certain objects such as folding screens or to a door that opened into a chamber in which a statue of Buddha was kept. However, the evidence for such a postulation is very insubstantial. This research is significant because it goes one step further and identifies the specific function of these bone ornaments. In addition, a book titled Sohwajeongbaekpalsibi Yuljeongnyuksip dating from the Unified Silla Period was discovered in the course of this research. The book is a real document that sheds light on trading practices and how people viewed numbers in those days. 월지(月地, 안압지)는 1300여 년 전 삼국통일 직후 조성된 경주월성 별궁(東宮)의 원지(苑池)이다. 1975년 3월부터 이듬해 12월까지 약 2년 동안 발굴조사가 이루어졌으며, 통일신라시대부터 조선시대에 이르는 약 3만 점의 문화재가 확인되었다. 출토품 중에는 동물 뼈를 판 형태로 가공하여 등간격의 구멍을 뚫고, 구멍 사이마다 화초와 새 문양을 새긴 통일신라시대의 화조문병장식 200여 편이 있다. 이 뼈장식은 형태적·유형적으로 매우 희귀하여 학술적인 가치가 매우 큰 것으로 평가 받아왔다. 최근 국립경주박물관은 이들 뼈장식에 대한 조사와 보존처리에 착수하였다. 보존처리에 앞선 사전조사 결과, 약 40여 점이 원래 형상으로 복원 가능한 상태임이 확인되었고, 뼈장식 1점의 뒷면에서 ‘소화정백팔십이율정육십(小花釘百八十二銉釘六十)’이라는 11자 묵서명을 발견하는 성과를 얻었다. 본고에서는 보존처리 전 조사과정에서 확인된 내용을 바탕으로 출토 상황과 기존의 자료 등을 재검토하여 월지 출토 화조문뼈장식의 용도에 대하여 논하였다. 그간 화조문뼈장식이 일본 쇼소인 소장품과의 문양 유사성 등에서 유의미한 비교연구가 있었다면, 이번 연구는 그것에서 한 걸음 더 나아가 뼈장식의 용도를 특정하였다는 데 의의가 있다. 또, ‘V’자형 홈의 역할을 통해 당시의 뛰어난 공예수법이 확인되었고, ‘소화정백팔십이율정육십’ 명문을 통해 당시 사람들이 못의 크기와 종류를 구해 사용해왔으며, 수(數) 개념이 명확했음을 재확인할 수 있었다.

부재 해석을 통한 경주 고선사지 삼층석탑의 연혁 추적

전효수 국립중앙박물관 2019 박물관보존과학 Vol.21 No.-

2017년 실시한 경주 고선사지 삼층석탑의 정밀안전진단 과정에서 1975년 석탑 이전 시 2층 탑신석이 회전되었을 가능성이 제기되었다. 이에 일제강점기와 1975년 해체 전후의 관련정보와 사진자료 등을 수집하여 석탑부재에 대한 정밀조사를 진행하였다. 분석결과 1943년 개건 전·후에는 부재의 변동이 없었으나 1975년 이전과정에서 2층 탑신석이 오른쪽 방향으로 90도씩 회전하였고, 1층과 2층의 옥개석 1매가 서로 바뀌었음이 확인되었다. 이러한 석탑부재의 변동이 오류인지를 확인하기 위해 3차원 스캐닝 정보를 토대로 정밀계측과 옥개석 부재의 재구성 등을 통해 검증해 보았다. 검증결과 현재 1층 옥개석 4매의 두께는 75~76cm, 2층은 78~79cm로 특이점이 발견되지 않았고, 옥개석 간 연접선의 형상 역시 자연스러웠다. 이에 고선사탑은 조성 이후부터 1943년 사이에 중수(重修)된 숨은 연혁이 존재하며, 고대에 발생한 오류를 1975년 바로잡은 것이라고 결론지었다. 아울러, 2층 탑신석의 회전은 옥개석 위치변동에 따른 부수적 조치일 가능성을 제시하였다. The findings of a 2017 safety inspection of the Three-story Pagoda from the Goseonsa Temple site in Gyeongju suggested the possibility that the stone for the second story of the pagoda may have been rotated after the pagoda was disassembled for removal from its original site in 1975. The materials from the pagoda were investigated using photographs and other relevant data from both the Japanese colonial period and from around 1975. The analysis found that the materials of the pagoda were not changed after analleged reconstruction in 1943, but that during the process of relocating the pagoda in 1975 the body of the second story was indeed rotated counter clockwise by 90 degrees and one of the four stone elements making up the first-story roof was exchanged with a part from the second-story roof. In order to discover whether the materials had been incorrectly placed, each part of the pagoda was precisely measured and the elements of the roofs were virtually reconstructed using 3D scanning data. The investigation did not find any singularities with in the components of each roof; the four part sof the first-story roof were 75 to 76 centimeters thick and those for the second-story roof were 78 to 79 centimeters thick. The connections between each part of the roofs also appeared natural. This seems to indicate that there was indeed an undocumented repair of the pagoda at some point between its creation and 1943 and an error that took place during this repair was corrected in 1975. In addition, the study suggested a possibility that the body of the second story was rotated counter clockwised to a change in the locations of parts of the two roofs.

국립중앙박물관 소장 고려시대 동전의 보존과 분석 : -東國重寶, 東國通寶, 海東通寶, 海東重寶, 三韓重寶-

전효수,강형태,안주영 국립중앙박물관 2008 박물관보존과학 Vol.9 No.-

국립중앙박물관 소장 고려시대 동전 25점을 보존처리 하였다. 대상동전은 ‘동국중보’, ‘동국통보’, ‘해동통보’, ‘해동중보’ , ‘삼한중보’ 등 5종이다. 유물에 나쁜 영향을 줄 수 있는 염화물을 모두 제거하면 동전의 글자 및 형태가 훼손될 우려가 있어 부분적으로만 제거하였다. 현재까지 동국통보의 명문서체는 6종류 이상으로 알려져 있는데, X-Ray사진을 이용해서 판독한 결과 본 연구에서는 3종류의 명문을 확인하였다. 동전의 녹제거 과정에서 입수한 청동녹은 납동위원소비분석을 통해 동전의 원료 산지를 추정하였다. 최근에는 청동녹에 의한 여러 가지 과학분석이 이루어지고 있는 추세이다. We conducted preservation treatment for 25 pieces of coins of Goryeo era in collection of the National Museum of Korea. Object coins are 5 kinds of 'Donggukjungbo', 'Dongguktongbo', 'Haedongtongbo', 'Haedongjungbo', 'Samhanjungbo'. As it is worried that if all chlorides able to make bad influence on reclics are removed, letter and chape of coin can be damaged, they were removed partially. To date, inscribed letter form of Dongguktongbo is known as more than 6 types, and as a result of interpreting X-ray photos, 3 types of inscribed letters were identified by this study. Bronze rust acquired in the process of removing rust on coins, origin of materials for coin was assumed through lead isotope ratio analysis. Latest tendency is that diverse scientific analyses are conducted based on bronze rust.

일제강점기의 문화재 복제 고찰

전효수 ( Jeon Hyosoo ) 국립중앙박물관 2018 동원학술논문집 Vol.19 No.-

It is unclear when replicas began to be used for the purposes of exhibition and education at museums in Korea. Documents produced by the Museum of the Government-General of Korea, the predecessor of the National Museum of Korea, reveal that the museum purchased replicas as early as the 1930s. However, these documents mainly contain information on expenditures, such as records of the names, prices, and places of purchase of replicas, rather than photos or details of the purchased items. Therefore, even where reproductions from this period have survived, it is difficult to ascertain if they correspond to items mentioned in the documents. The situation is even worse where the relevant materials no longer exist. The matter of greatest concern here is that some reproductions have been erroneously identified as genuine works, and some were even circulated in the markets during the turbulent years following liberation from Japanese colonial rule and the subsequent Korean War. For instance, replicas of bronzewares excavated from Ipsil-ri, Gyeongju found in the collection of the Gyeongju National Museum were registered in the museum collection in August 1945. It was only in 2007 that former Director-General of the National Museum of Korea Yi Geonmu publicly revealed that these are in fact replicas of original bronzewares housed in the National Museum of Korea. Another case of interest among articles confiscated from Japanese collectors is a Buddhist statue in the Northern Wei style collected by Kashii Gentaro (香椎源太郞), which is today housed in the Gyeongju National Museum. A dry glass plate photograph taken by Torii Ryouzou (鳥居龍蔵) in 1915 features an image almost identical to this statue, with the only difference being the pedestal. The two statues share the same inscription “Sixth Year of the Zhengguang Era” (正光六年). A Buddhist statue with the same appearance and inscription as Gentaro’s is also reported to have been excavated from Linshu, China in 1970. This article examines the content of the Gogohak gwangye jaryo mohyeong dobo (考古學關係資料模型圖譜, Illustrated book on the replicas of archaeology materials), a publication providing information on replicas from the Japanese colonial period and the Buddhist statues in the Northern Wei style with the inscription of “Sixth Year of the Zhengguang Era” in order to investigate the production of replicas of cultural relics during this period.

황남대총 남분 출토 용문투조은판피안교의 보존과 제작기법 연구

권희홍,전효수,윤은영 국립중앙박물관 2011 박물관보존과학 Vol.12 No.-

황남대총 출토 용문투조은판피안교의 보존처리 과정과 제작기법에 대해 소개하고자 한다. 보존처리는 물리적, 화학적 방법을 병행하여 이물질제거를 실시하였으며, 강화처리와 함께 결실 및 취약한 부분은 접합·복원하였다. 안교금구와 좌목선금구 분석결과 은(Ag)이 99wt%이상이며, 원두정, 내연금구, 복륜은 구리 위에 수은아말감 금도금기법으로 제작하였다. 은판으로 투조된 안교금구와 좌목선금구의 결합방법은 두 금구를 포갠 후 내연금구를 올려놓고 금동원두정을 일정 간격으로 박아 결합시켰다. 그리고 곡선 형태로 생장한 나무를 의도적으로 목심으로 사용하였으며, 마(麻), 모(毛) 종류의 평직직물이 부착되어 제작되었음을 확인하였다. The conservation treatment and production technique of Yongmuntujoeunpanpi-Angyo(Saddle Ornament) at Hwangnamdaechong were: The conservation treatment removed foreign material by using both chemical method and physical method to reinforce and to recover area by jointing that was destroyed and weakened. Not only Angyo geumgu but also Jwamokseongeumgu was made of 99wt% or more silver (Ag), and Wondujeong, Naeyeongeumgu and Bokryung were produced by amalgam gold plaiting. Not only Angyogeumgu but also Jwamokseongeumgu that was cast with silver plate was jointed by folding both and putting Naeyeongeumgu on it and then nailing gild of wondujeong at specific interval. A tree that grew up in curve was used, and it was adhered by plain weave fabric of hemp cloth and wool.

대구 시지동 출토 목제 두레박 보존처리

이효선,전효수 국립중앙박물관 2005 박물관보존과학 Vol.6 No.-

대구 시지동 생활유적 우물 내부에서 출토된 목제 두레박을 보존처리 하였다. 두레박은 오랜 매장 기간으로 인해 육안 관찰만으로도 부후가 상당히 진행된 것을 알 수 있었다. 취약한 상태의 유물 보존처리를 위하여 세틸알콜을 사용하였으며, 알콜의 농도를 점차 상승시키면서 목재내 수분을 알콜로 치환한 후, 세틸알콜 농도를 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%로 20%씩 농도를 상승시키고 각 농도단계에서 2주간씩 함침처리 하였다. 함침 완료 후 표면의 잔류 세틸알콜을 제거하고 자연건조를 실시하였다. We conduct the conservation treatment for the wooden well bucket excavated from civilian remains in Siji-Dong, Daegu. This bucket was in very poor condition, having been buried for a long time; thus, cetyl alcohol was used for the conservation. After replacing the water inside the wooden material with alcohol, the density of the cetyl alcohol was increased by 20, 40, 60, and 80% and immersed for two weeks at each step. After completing the immersion procedure, the remaining cetyl alcohol was removed, and the bucket, dried under normal atmosphere.

지산동 39호분 장식대도의 보존과 제작기법

윤은영,전효수 국립중앙박물관 2015 박물관보존과학 Vol.16 No.-

고령 지산동 고분군 39호분에서 출토된 장식대도(M310)는 손잡이 끝의 둥근 고리 안에 용의 머리를 장식한 환두대도로 금과 은을 활용하여 금장, 은장, 도금, 투조, 조금의 기술로 제작되었다. 장식대도는 손잡이 금구의 변형과 손상, 도신의 결실, 부식 등이 발생하여 보존처리를 진행하였다. 보존처리는 표면 이물질 및 부식물 제거, 재질의 안정화처리, 강화처리 순으로 진행하였으며 보존처리와 병행하여 유물의 재질 및 제작기법을 조사하였다. 조사 결과 환두 내 용장식은 아말감도금기법으로 표면이 장식되었고 병두금구는 동제지판에 얇은 금판을 덧씌워 장식되었다. 병판은 은제판을 사격자문으로 투조하여 원통형으로 만들었으며 대도의 칼은 외날의 철제이다. 초구금구 역시 동제지판에 얇은 금판을 덧씌워 장식한 것으로 확인되었다. Sword with round pommel discovered in tomb No.39 in the Jisandong tumuli group (M310) is a large sword with a looped pommel enclosing a sculpted dragon head. The sword was produced using different techniques; gold decoration, plating, openwork carving and hammering by using gold and silver. This sword treated conservation work because it has deformation and damages of handle decoration, missing part of sword, and corrosion. Conservation treatment was that foreign material and corroded metal were removed from the surface, and performed to stabilize and reinforce the weakened metal. During the conservation treatment, the object was examined to understand its materials and production method. The result of research, the dragon head inside the looped, amalgam-plated pommel has surface gold decorations. The pommel has a thin gold plate placed over a bottom plate made of copper, which was hammered to create an embossed design. The silver plate-covered hilt, cylindrical in shape, has an openwork lattice design. The steel blade is single-edged. Finally, the locket of the sheath has an embossed design also created through hammering on a thin gold plate placed over the copper bottom plate.

토기요지 출토 목탄의 수종 : 대구 욱수동·경산 옥산동 유적

이효선,전효수 국립중앙박물관 2004 박물관보존과학 Vol.5 No.-

대구 욱수동∙경산 옥산동 유적 발굴조사에서 삼국시대 토기가마 38기가 확인되었으며 이중 8기의 토기가마에서 수습된 목탄 9점에 대한 수종을 조사하였다. 분석결과 소나무가 4점, 상수리나무류가 3점, 굴피나무가 1점 조사되었으며 1점은 일부의 잔존 목질부가 대부분의 점토질과 함께 엉켜있어 수종분석이 불가능하였다. While excavating relics in Uksu-dong of Daegu and Oksan-dong of Gyeongsan, 38 units of the earthen kilns used during the Three Kingdom era were discovered. Nine pieces of charcoal were collected for examination from 8 kilns out of 38. The result identified 4 pinus densiflora, 3 Quercus sp. and 1 Platycarya strobilacea Sieb. The remaining 1 tree could not be identified because most of the remaining wood was mixed and tangled with clay.

국립중앙박물관 소장 청동유물의 납동위원소비 데이터베이스 구축(2)

강형태,안주영,전효수 국립중앙박물관 2008 박물관보존과학 Vol.9 No.-

국립중앙박물관 보존과학팀에서는 금속 유물의 보존처리 과정에서 얻은 청동 녹의 과학적 연구로서 납동위원소비 데이터를 구축하고 이로부터 청동기 원료의 산지와 관련된 연구를 수행하고자 한다. 청동 녹의 납동위원소비 분석을 위한 분석 장비는 한국기초과학지원연구원의 열이온화질량분석(Thermal ionization mass spectrometer; TIMS)를 활용하였다. 본 연구의 일환으로 2차 년도인 2008년에는 백제시대의 금동환형좌금 2점, 낙랑시대의 동전두 2점, 통일신라시대의 청동제화형접시 10점, 元豊通寶(1078년-북송)의 청동기 4점(1점은 시대미상)등 총 18점의 납동위원소비를 분석하였다. The Conservation Science Team of National Museum of Korea has established the data base of lead isotope ratio as the scientific research of bronze patina, which was acquired from conservation process of metal objects, and based on this result, it intends to conduct the research related to the origin of raw material for the bronze objects. As the equipment for analysis of lead isotope ratio of the bronze patina, the thermal ionization mass spectrometer(TIMS) was used. As a part of this study, in 2nd year 2008, lead isotope ratios of total 18 samples including 2 samples of Round-type gold-bronze belong to Baekje period, the 2 items of head of bronze arrow belong to Nangnang(Lelang) and 10 items of the flower-shaped bronze dishes from the Unified Silla period, the 4 items of the bronze patina from the objects(era of 1 item not identified) of Wonpungtongbo(year 1078-North Sung) were analyzed.

여수 월내동 출토 비파형동검의 보존

안주영,윤은영,박학수,전효수 국립중앙박물관 2012 박물관보존과학 Vol.13 No.-

국립중앙박물관 보존과학팀에서는 동북아지석묘연구소에서 의뢰한 전라남도 여수 월내동 출토 비파형동검에 대한 보존처리를 실시하였다. 여수 월내동 비파형동검은 현재까지 출토된 비파형동검 중 가장 길이가 긴 동검에 해당되며, 1차적으로 보존처리가 이루어진 상태였다. 부식이 진행되어 매우 취약한 상태로 상단부와 하단부 2개체로 분리되어 있었고, 상단부는 표면에 노출된 형태로 하단부는 흙과 함께 응급 수습되었다. 보존과학팀에서는 흙 속에 있는 비파형동검 하단부를 노출시켜 상단부와 접합하고, 결실된 부위는 추정 복원하는 방법으로 보존처리를 진행하였다. 보존처리 시 취약한 유물을 강화하는 방법으로 유리섬유는 10 wt% Paraloid B-72 (in Xylene)를 이용하였고, 성분을 확인하기 위해 X-선 형광분석기를 이용한 비파괴분석을 실시하였다. The Conservation Science Team of the National Museum of Korea has carried out the conservation on the mandolin-type bronze sword that was excavated from Wollae-dong, Yeosu as had been requested by the Research Center of Dolmens in Northeast Asia. The mandolin-type bronze sword from Wollae-dong, Yeosu is accounted to be the longest one among all the bronze swords of the same type that have ever been excavated until now and it was in a treated condition with the primary conservation treatment already achieved. Due to the corrosion in progress, it was in a very brittle condition being in two separate parts of the upper and lower parts. With the upper part exposed and the lower part with earth, they were urgently collected. The Conservation Science Team carried out the conservation treatment on them by connecting the lower part of the mandolin-type bronze sword to the upper part after making the lower part exposed, and then by using an estimated restoration method for lost portions. When carrying out the conservation treatment, the glass fibers of 10 wt% Paraloid B-72(in Xylene) was used as a method for strengthening the brittle artifact, and a non-destructive analysis was carried out to identify the ingredients using the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer.