논문 : 조나단 에드워즈의 『종교적 정서』와 나사니엘 호손의 『블라이드데일 로맨스』: 새벽을 깨우는 나팔소리

장인식 ( Ein Sik Chang ) 한국문학과종교학회 2010 문학과종교 Vol.15 No.3

This paper attempts to find the similarity between Religious Affections of Jonathan Edwards and The Blithedale Romance of Nathaniel Hawthorne. They have some common features not only in the motivation of their writings and their messages but also in the comments on their societies. The similarities between Edwards and Hawthorne may be summarized as follows: both were filled with the sense of man`s sinfulness; both were intensely religious, their theology springing from the heart and love; both emphasized the postmillennialism believing that our society could advance under God`s providence. As a result of his experiences during the Awakening movement of the 18th century, Edwards came to feel that renovation of the heart was the only real basis for the real religion. So in Religious Affections, Edwards struggled with the central question arising from the Great Awakening: "What is the true religion?" The two dominant themes emerging from Religious Affections are likewise dominant themes of The Blithedale Romance: "How can one discern between appearance and reality?" and "What is the true basis of ideal community?" The mask image is dominant in the work of Nathaniel Hawthorne. The devotees in Blithedale community are guilty of the same delusion as the false enthusiasts condemned by Edwards; they confuse appearance and reality by trying to substitute the outward change for the inner change. This confusion between shadow and substance is a basic problem of the community. Priscilla acts as the medium of the truth, and she becomes a redemptive character in that she symbolizes love and heart. She is the ideal of the true religion set up by Hawthorne in The Blithedale Romance and Edwards in Religious Affections. Jonathan Edwards and Nathaniel Hawthorne agree that regeneration must come from within the heart, and that inward sphere must be purified.

『카인의 후예』의 오작녀와 『주홍 글자』의 헤스터 프린: 간음과 구원의 상징

장인식 ( Chang Ein-sik ) 대한영어영문학회 2000 영어영문학연구 Vol.26 No.1

The works of Hwang Soon Won and Nathaniel Hawthorne deal not only with the original sin but also with salvation from the sin through warm human love. Therefore it is not surprising to find that their masterpieces, The Descendants of Cain and The Scarlet Letter, are similar in many ways: the one searches the original sin in terms of possessive desire for the land, and the other the sin of adultery which the puritans despised most; in each novel the characters have their counterparts, especially Ojaknyŏ in The Descendants of Cain is very similar to Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter. Ojaknyŏ and Hester Prynne are playing twofold roles in each work: the role of woman committing the sin of adultery and giving salvation to the heroes, Park Hoon and Dimmesdale. Their twofold roles are implied in the books’ titles and their names. The title The Descendants of Cain’ shows both Cain’s sin from Adam and God’s abundant grace bestowed on sinners killing his brother. And the title The Scarlet Letter’ means the letter ‘A’ worn on Hester’s bosom, which symbolizes the sin of adultery and the promise of forgiveness given to men after repentance. They, who are strong in character, have unique thinking different from that of the others. They want to protect the heroes in each work in spite of all troubles sacrificing themselves, never thinking that their love is illegal. They can be the channel of salvation through this pure and warm love, which makes the hero Park Hoon escape from the circumstances and makes Dimmesdale gain victory in the struggle with Chillingworth. Their love is contrasted with their former unnatural love with Mr. Choi and Chillingworth. Through this true and motherly love they can be emerged as a symbol of both adultery and salvation. < Joongbu University >

나다니엘 호손의 시와 단상(斷想)에 나타난 실존주의적 경향

장인식(Ein-Sik Chang) 신영어영문학회 2006 신영어영문학 Vol.33 No.-

This paper attempts to find some common characteristics between Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer, and S?ren Kierkegaard, Danish existential philosopher, focusing on existential tendency in Hawthorne’s poems and fragmentary thoughts. Though there are many chief characteristics in Kierkegaard’s thought, existential motifs in Hawthorne’s works are examined in terms of the following six aspects: 1) the original sin consciousness, 2) death consciousness, 3) consciousness of religious existence, 4) thought of the single individual, and 5) human’s boundary situation. This attempt may help to have a balanced view on Hawthorne by offering a new facet. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s thought shows a strong tendency toward existentialism. In a word Hawthorne’s thought can be said to be a tragic vision based on religious imagination.

서사비평적 관점에서 본 "수로보니게 여인의 이야기"(마가복음 7:24-30)

장인식 ( Ein Sik Chang ) 한국문학과종교학회 2008 문학과종교 Vol.13 No.1

논문 : 나사니엘 호손의 시와 단상(斷想)에 나타난 자연 묘사: 자연 의인화 기법과 그 메시지

장인식 ( Ein Sik Chang ) 한국문학과종교학회 2010 문학과종교 Vol.15 No.1

기독교계 베스트셀러 서적에 나타난 번역상의 문제점

장인식(Chang Ein Sik) 한국번역학회 2005 번역학연구 Vol.6 No.2

황순원의 『움직이는 성』과 나다니엘 호손의 『주흥글자』비교- 두 작품간의 유사성을 중심으로-

장인식 ( Ein Sik Chang ) 한국문학과종교학회 2002 문학과종교 Vol.7 No.1

황순원의 <카인의 후예> 와 나다니엘 호손의 <주홍 글자>

장인식(Ein Sik Chang) 한국현대소설학회 2001 현대소설연구 Vol.- No.14

This paper intends to compare Hwang Soon-won´s <The Descendants of Cain> with Nathaniel Hawthorne´s <The Scarlet Letter>, finding some common characteristics. The works of Hwang Soon-won and Nathaniel Hawthorne deal not only with original sin but also with salvation from the sin through warm human love. The one searches original sin in terms of possessive desire for the land, and the other, the sin of adultery which the puritans despised most. Therefore it is not surprising to find that their masterpieces, <The Descendants of Cain> and <The Scarlet Letter>, are very similar in many aspects. The title of each book represents the Biblical original sin. The title of <The Descendants of Cain> indicates the story of Adam´s fall and Cain´s killing of Abel his brother; the title of <The Scarlet Letter>, which means the scarlet letter ´A´ worn on Hester´s bosom, derives from the Bible and symbolizes original sin. The two novels can be said historical novels, in that they criticize the situation of those days through the adulterous women, showing truly the historical and social situation of the time. Each novel has double structure: love story between the hero and the heroine, and the story of revenge to destroy them. In each novel the characters have their counterparts: Park Hoon in <The Descendants of Cain> is very similar to Dimmesdale in <The Scarlet Letter>: Ojaknyo, to Hester: The Old Man Do Sup, to Chillingworth.

호손의 단편에 나타난 기독교적 휴머니즘 - <이산 브랜드(Ethan Brand)>를 중심으로

장인식 ( Ein-sik Chang ) 대한영어영문학회 1996 영어영문학연구 Vol.20 No.1

Hawthorne is the writer who saw the present in terms of the past: he wants to find some clues helpful to the understanding of the future. Naturally, his novels and tales have the seventeenth Puritan society as a setting. His Christian Humanism derives from his critical viewpoint of the seventeenth Puritan society. His ancestors was bigoted, cruel, and antihumanistic for his taste. So he wants to correct the corruption of his ancestors, providing the essence of the religion, the idea of sympathy, love, and brotherhood. He doubts the religion and faith not because of denying Christian faith but because of reestablishing the true religion. Hawthorne's indifference to the church as an institution prevented readers from realizing that he had a religion. But he himself thought that he was a Christian, having faith in God's Providence, Jesus as the Redeemer of the world, and immortality of human soul. In "Ethan Brand" he eatablishes inner contrast between characters in terms of the dominance of head and heart. There are three kinds of people in this tale: Ethan Brand, the representative whose head eats up heart; Bartram and his three friends, the men who have only heart living indulging in luxurious pleasure; little Joe, the ideal model having the counterpoise between head and heart. Hawthorne emphasizes the balance between head and heart in "Ethan Brand." There are two examples showing the balance. The first is Brand's dead heart within his body, revealing the collective heart of the human community in the body of the world. The second is the description of harmonious landscape at the end of this tale, which shows the human community lying in the body of the world. The land contains the village as the body contains the heart. This, however, is not all of Hawthorne's thought. It is not enough only to have the balance between head and heart. He thinks that if we want to rise above the normal level of humanity, we must divorce ourselves from men and society. In a sense this means isolation from our daily life, which appears in the form of inward journey for our true self. This also corresponds with the thought of Perfectionism in his times. When we come to know our real heart or self from this journey, our love becomes active, being loving members of our society. This is the conclusion and hope of Hawthorne's Cristian Humanism.

나사니엘 호손의 시와 단상에 반영된 생태신학적 의식

장인식 ( Ein Sik Chang ) 한국현대영어영문학회 2012 현대영어영문학 Vol.56 No.1

Under the assumption that Hawthorne`s description of nature expands into a religious and theological dimension, this paper attempts to investigate the eco-theological consciousness reflected in the poems and notes of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Seen from the ecological viewpoint, his works are full of various descriptions of nature. His description of nature, however, never remains within a boundary which keeps just a friendly relationship with nature. Instead, he lifts it up to a religious dimension, admiring nature`s mystery, listening to God`s message, realizing God`s providence, and trying to solve the ultimate problem of human beings. In this respect, his view of nature encounters with eco-theologians` view of nature. First, this paper examines how Hawthorne`s peculiar view of nature was formed; then it surveys the contents of eco-theology. And finally it investigates how the eco-theological principles and ethics are fused in the works of Nathaniel Hawthorne by dividing them into six items: a) nature as Mother, b) consecrated nature, c) wisdom from nature, d) a teleological understanding on creation, e) a moderate life, f) a communal life.