제주도 정의향교의 유교문화경관에 대한 공간분석

이행렬 한국전통조경학회 2017 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.35 No.4

Jeongeuihyanggyo(旌義鄕校) is a kind of traditional, Confucian cultural landscapes that is located in Jeju special self-governing province. Its historical background illustrates that the first erection was started at Goseong-li of Seongsan-eup(城山邑 古城里) at Taejong(太宗) of 16 years(1417) and it moved to the west gate of Hyunseong(縣城) at Heojong(憲宗) of 15 years,(1849) Joseon. The aim at this study is to reveal characters of these Confucian Spatial Composition and Order, which are valuable resources that can be created into the cultural contents. The results demonstrate the characters of the Confucian cultural landscape as followings; the changing process of new building and its relocation, the utilization of antique maps in location interpretation of Jeongeuihyanggyo, Confucian symbolic elements of it, the spatial compositions and layouts of its buildings, physical structures, main buildings and their characters, locational points of topographic profile, changes of axial line at Daeseongjeon(大成殿), the D/H ratio of its courts. This study can show that Jeongeuihyanggyo is a case for realizing the Confucian reformation to enhance Seongeup Hyun’s education standard considering the locality of the site which is an isolated island like Jejudo(濟州島). The author can see that the example of Confucian space is applied to various layout techniques, both horizontally and vertically, in a limited space condition of being in the castle. Therefore, it is necessary to revive this point so that it can utilize unique Confucian cultural landscape possessed only by Jeongeuihyanggyo. 제주도 소재 정의향교는 전통적인 유교 예제건축으로 유교문화경관을 표상하는 사례가 된다. 조선 태종16년(1416)에 정의현 설치와함께 성산읍 고성리에 처음 세워졌으나 헌종 15년(1849)에 성내 서쪽으로 이건하여 오늘에 이르고 있는 유구한 역사를 가진 곳이다. 향교가 가지는 문화경관 자원의 특성을 공간구성과 유교의 공간예제 적용방식을 통하여 규명하는데 연구의 목적을 두었다. 연구를위하여 정의향교가 가지고 있는 유교문화경관의 공간구조와 유교예제에 관한 특징을 다음과 같은 항목으로 분석하였다. 즉 정의향교의건립과 이건에 따른 변화과정, 고지도를 통한 입지적인 해석, 정의향교의 유교적 상징요소, 공간구성과 배치형태, 물리적 구조, 주요건축물, 지형면에서의 입지특성, 축선의 변화, 그리고 대성전 전면공간의 위요감(D/H비) 등을 통하여 유교예제가 공간구조에 나타나는특징을 파악할 수 있었다. 정의향교는 제주도라는 단절된 섬 지역에서 지역의 특수성을 고려하여 유교적 교화를 실현하기 위하여 건립되었으며, 성내 입지라는한정된 공간 조건 가운데서도 수평적, 수직적으로 다양한 배치기법을 통하여 유교 특유의 공간예제를 적용하고 있는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 따라서 이러한 점을 되살려서 정의향교만이 가지고 있는 독특한 유교문화경관을 활용할 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다.

어계(漁溪) 조려(趙旅)의 은둔과 문화경관

이행렬,Lee, Hang-Lyoul 한국조경학회 2011 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.39 No.2

본 연구는 어계 조려 선생의 시작품과 그의 세거지 및 후대에 조성된 문화경관 요소들을 통하여 조선전기 은둔자로서, 선비로서 지켜 나갔던 은둔문화 경관의 특징을 파악하는데 연구의 목적을 두었다. 연구대상지로는 그의 세거지였던 원북재, 채미정, 고마암, 묘소 등을 중심으로 하였다. 연구방법으로 "어계집(漁溪集)" 등과 같은 관련 고문헌의 조사와 현장조사를 통하여 세거지에 나타난 경관요소의 파악, 그리고 조려의 은둔문화 경관 특정 분석, 시문에 나타난 의경미학의 분석 등으로 구분하여 진행하였다. 연구의 결과, 1) 조려는 단종의 폐위와 함께 성균관에서 고향으로 은둔하여 세상과 결별하면서 단종에 대한 충절을 지켰다. 2) 그의 출처관에 영향을 주었던 인물로는 성균관 동학이었던 류계분, 배중후 등과 생육신으로 교분을 나누었던 원호, 김시습 등을 들 수 있으며, 이들과 은둔관을 같이 했다. 3) 조려의 은둔이 갖는 의미는 호 '어계'에서처럼 어부로서의 은둔관을 표명한다. 이러한 은둔문화는 독특한 행동양식으로 나타나는데, 행동의 집중화 현상, 절대 은둔의 기행, 산천유람과 풍수지리학의 조예, 은둔의 고집스런 지속성, 실천효행의 유가적 자세 등이 있다.4) 은둔문화의 경관영역을 네 곳으로 구분하여 각각의 특징을 살펴본 바, 조려 당대의 은둔문화 경관과 후손과 사람들에 의해 전승되어진 경관전승으로 파악할 수 있다. 5) 시문에 나타난 의경미학을 분석한 결과, 경물로는 식물, 자연요소와 인공요소 등이 있었으며, 표현되어진 주제의식으로는 '유가적 은둔', '아취있는 은둔', '충절의 은둔' 등으로 나타났다. The purpose of this research was to find out the characteristics of secluded cultural landscapes that were retained by Eyogye Cho Lyeo(漁溪 趙旅) as a recluse or a schola at the early time of Chosun dynasty through his poems, residential site and his successors' landscapes. The study sites were selected such as Wonbukgae(院北齋), Chamijeong(採薇亭), Gomaam (叩馬巖) and his graveyard. In order to do that, Wonbukgae, Chamijeong, Gomaam and his cemetery were selected as studying sites. Also researching methods were used by grasping the landscape elements through reading ancient books such as "Eyogyezip(漁溪集)", field-researching, analyzing characters of his secluded landscapes and interpreting his poem's meaning. This research found that: 1) After Danjong(端宗)'s dethronement, he returned to his home town and never come out to the world again. He wanted to keep fidelity to his king forever. 2) He was affected for his seclusion from many people who were Ryu Gyebun(柳桂芬), Bae Junghu(裵仲厚) as his classmates at Sunggyungwan(成均館). Also Won ho(元昊) and Kim Sisyub(金時習) as members of Sangyuksin(生六臣) affected him for sake of their seclusion. 3) The meaning of his seclusion expressed the notation of seclusion as a fisherman from his pen name as 'Yeogye'. Also this kind culture has very particular behavior such as concentration phenomenon of action, absolute eccentricity of seclusion, tourism of nature and deep knoledge of feng shui, strong persistence of seclusion and confucian practical attitude of filial behavior. 4) The secluded cultural landscape is divided to four regions. They have two types of landscape such as secluded cultural landscape of his lifetime and landscape transmission of his posterity and scholars. 5) The interpretation of his poems and their aesthetic analysis found two characters. His poems were expressed by landscape substance like plants, natural and man-made elements. Their theme was confucian, peaceful and faithful seclusion.

인공지반 녹화의 실태분석 : 서울특별시 관악구,동작구 사례 Case studies of Kwan-Ak Gu and Dong-Jak Gu in Seoul Metropolitan city

이행렬 상명대학교 산업과학연구소 2000 産業科學硏究 Vol.- No.10

의정부시 어메니티자원에 대한 이용자 평가분석

이행렬,성현찬 상명대학교 산업과학연구소 1999 産業科學硏究 Vol.- No.8

This investigation have been made of evaluations of amenity resources in the response of citizens. A methods is proposed for collecting questionaires and computing them from MS Excell which can calculate frequencies and histograms. The studying site is "The plaze of Peace" located at the central part of Eujongbu city. Their results are as follows : 1) General attributes of responcers are investigated by means of sex, age, a place of residence, a duration of residence. 2) Patterns of using time are analysed by four items which are use or non use, frequency, days of use, average duration. At the results of them, we could suggest that this place would function to be the urban plaza as the neighborhood park. 3) Behavirol attributes are investigated by four items which are prefered visiting place and visiting goals in this plaza, another visiting places around the city, cause of unvisiting in this place. 4) Satisfaction of using the parks in this city is showned to as usal of 50%, unsatisfaction of 23%. Also the reason why visit this plaza is the needs of urban open space and their facilities of 58%. 5) Analyses of amenity-disamenity are asked by six items of unconvinient facilities, prefered facilities, elements of amenity in the urban plaza, prefered events, parking lots of covered the Baeksuk river, the most impressive thing. The research is speak to the needs of not only interesting facilities but also various event programs like as this urban plaza. 6) The users' responses to the urban street space are mostly needed to facilitate the shading house, shelters. And the inducted cultural elements are showned to be like as music concerts, street theatre(거리연극), samulnori(사물놀이). The semantic images of this place is graded by totally 3.13 ,which is reanked by the lowest value of 2.56 at the scale of concentration-diffuseness.

The Garden Patronage System between the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

이행렬 한국전통조경학회 2008 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.6 No.-

The cultural patron is defined as a person who assists or promotes the cultural activities. The western used to view that such phenomena must happened from the Renaissance of Italy. But in the case of traditional garden of China, such aspects of cultural patronage were found out from the time between Ming and Qing era. This research resulted such as followings from the point views of ‘how the cultural patronage system happened in the garden?” and “what is the working mechanism of such garden patronage system?”. The results are as follows. Firstly, this study made clear that the background of prevail of the garden culture in Jingnan region of between Ming and Qing era had various working factors. Political, philosophical and theoretical factor was the most important to affect them. Secondly, one of the important role to support the garden patronage system was explained by Geysung(計成)'s ‘Won ya(園冶)’. Thirdly, landscape paintings affected the development of gardens at that time. ‘Euijaephilseon(意在笔先)’ and ‘Accordance of Poem, Calligraphy and Paintings(詩書畵 一致)’ came out from the landscape painting theories which also adapted to build the traditional gardens because of their position of visual arts. Fourthly, the activity elements of the garden patronage system checked out by four parts such as the types, the goals, the relationship, and the backgrounds of the patronage system. These elements also studied more clearly by the means of the structure, activity characters and results of them. Fifthly, the important people of the garden patronage system were studied by 5 categories such as the emperor, the literary-gardener, the painter-gardener, the master-artisan and the merchant.

개인용 공기포집기를 이용한 기중 연농도와 생물학적 연 폭로지표와의 관련성

이행렬,김정만,정갑열,김준연,Lee, Haeng-Ryeol,Kim, Jung-Man,Jung, Kap-Yull,Kim, Joon-Youn 대한예방의학회 1993 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.26 No.1

This study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between the biological lead exposure indices and air lead concentrations measured by personal air samplers. The 72 occupationally lead exposed workers were observed and the bioiogical lead Exposure indices chosen for this study were blood lead(PbB), urine lead(PbU), zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood(ZPP), $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid in urine(ALAU), $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity (ALAD), coproporphyrin in urine(CPU) and hemoglobin(Hb). The workers were divided into four groups by air lead concentrations: Group I; under $0.05mg/m^3$, Group II; $0.05-0.10mg/m^3$, Group III; $0.10-0.15mg/m^3$ and Group IV; and over $0.15mg/m^3$. For evaluation the relationship between the biological lead exposure indices and air lead concentrations was used as correlation coefficients. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In Group I, II, III and IV, the mean value of PbB were $25.45{\pm}1.84{\mu}g/dl,\;27.87{\pm}3.53{\mu}g/dl,\;31.21{\pm}1.76{\mu}g/dl\;and\;47.02{\pm}13.96{\mu}g/dl$. Between Group IV and other groups showed statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 2. There was an increasing tendency of PbB, PbU, ALAU and ZPP according to the increase the mean air lead concentration, while ALAD has decreasing tendency. CPU and Hb did not show any constant tendency. 3. Correlation coefficients between PbB, PbU, ZPP, ALAU, ALAD, CPU, Hb and air lead concentration were 0.95, 0.83, 0.89, 0.72, -0.83, 0.51 and -0.45 respectively, and regression coefficient between PbB(Y) and PbA(X) was Y=126.8746X+16.9996(p<0.01).

Trends of Famous Garden Masters between in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties - With Special Reference of Wen Cheng-ming, Chi Chen and Li Yu -

이행렬 한국전통조경학회 2008 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.6 No.-

In conclusion, it was confirmed that Wen Cheng Ming, Chi Chen and Li Yu who lived during the transition of Ming and Qing dynasty expressed their garden styles on the form of the paintings. The findings are as follows. First of all, these artists expressed the activity characters and landscape elements related the garden theme. In the case of Wen, the garden was used to an elegant meeting. Chi made a multiple landscape to lookover the river between near and away landscape. Li showed the simple urban garden style. Secondly, even though these paintings didn't represent all of their garden styles, they were very useful data to understand the garden aspects of that time because their relics are disappear and not discovered yet. Thirdly, the comparison of landscape structures clarified their characters of gardens. Even though Wen Cheng Ming was a painter, he had wide knowledge about garden and expressed very well. Because of Chi Chen's plentiful knowledge about garden, he showed various garden elements. In the case of Li Yu, his picture is very small and it is hard to say to know his garden style very well. But the stone cave is very perculiar case and his flower vase technique seems to be a modern style to decorate and align the space in the garden.

문화경관으로 본 조선시대 전주시의 경관 특성

이행렬 전북대학교 부설 휴양및경관계획연구소 2010 휴양및경관연구 (J East Asian Landscape Studies) Vol.4 No.1

본 연구는 전주시의 문화경관과 그 의미를 조사하기 위해 진행되었다. 연구방법으로는 문헌조사와 현장조사를 택하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 전주의 역사적 문화경관의 역할은 호남지역에 대한 관문역할을 한 것으로 마한시대, 백제시대,후백제시대, 고려시대 및 조선시대부터 담당해 왔다. 이 지역의 지형적 형국은 동쪽의 승암산, 기린산에서 출발하여 우측의건지산, 좌측의 남고산과 완산칠봉에서 서쪽의 서산으로 뻗어가는 모습을 하고 있다. 북쪽의 허한 곳을 보완하기 위하여여러 종류의 비보풍수를 채택하고 있는데 숲정이, 덕진지 등이 그러한 예가 된다. 또한 전주는 ‘풍패지도’라는 이름으로 유명한데이것은 나중에 영조대에 읍성의 4대문 이름으로 차용되었다. 이와 같은 여러 종류의 문화경관 요소들은 전주시의 개성을높이는 역할을 해 왔다. This study was aimed at investigating the meaning of Jeonju City and its cultural landscape. The method included a literature study and a field study. The results were as follows. The role of the historic landscape of Jeonju was as the gate of the Honam region from the time of Mahan, Baekje, post Baekje, Koryo and Joseon dynasty periods. The topological shape was formed by spreading from the east area such as Mt.Seungam, Mt.Kirin and Mt.Keonji, to the west area such as Mt.Namgo, the seven peaks of Mt.Wansan and Mt.Seosan. In order to supplement the north side, this city had adopted various kinds of supplemential fengshui(裨補風水) such as 'Supjeongii' and 'Deukjinje' from a long time ago. Also, this city was famous for the name of 'Pungpaejido(豊沛之鄕)' that was the origin of the name of 4 Gates of Eupsung at the ear of King Yeungjo. Jeonju city has various kinds of cultural landscape elements that will upgrade the value of its identity.

A Study on the Confucian Cultural Landscape of Daejeonghyanggyo at Jeju Island

이행렬 한국전통조경학회 2015 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.13 No.-

Cultural landscapes are known as the spaces or objects, which both natural and built environments and landscapes has been intended, evolved or associated for the long time. According to this point of view, Daejeonghyanggyo(大靜鄕校) is a kind of traditional, Confucian cultural landscapes that is located in Jeju special self-governing province. Its historical background illustrates that the first erection was started in the inner place of Daejeong Hyunseong(大靜縣城) at Taejong(太宗) of 16 years(1416) and it moved to near Dasan Mountain(簞山) at Hyojong(孝宗) of 4 years, Joseon. The aim of this study is to establish authentic values and meanings of these Confucian cultural landscapes, which are valuable resources that can be created into the cultural contents. The results demonstrate the characters of the Confucian cultural landscape as followings; the changing process of new building and its relocation, the utilization of antique maps in location interpretation of Daejeong area, the ecological explanation of the surrounding environment, the Feng-Shui meanings of the name of Dasan Mountain, as a background mountain, and the site layout form of it as the Confucian cultural landscape, the D/H ratio of its courts, the axis’s degree of Daeseongjeon(大成 殿) and Myunglundang(明倫堂) at Daejeonghyanggyo. This study can show that Daejeonghyanggyo is a very successful case for realizing the Confucian reformation to enhance Daejeong Hyun’s education standard considering the locality of the site which is an isolated island like Jejudo(濟州島). The author will further emphasize developing transitional researches from the cultural landscape resources, driven from this study into cultural contents in henceforward.

천안시 공원이용의 공간적 분포특성에 관한 연구

이행렬 전북대학교 부설 휴양및경관계획연구소 2012 휴양및경관연구 (J East Asian Landscape Studies) Vol.6 No.1

천안시 소재 도시공원에 대한 시민들의 다양한 이용행태 특성을 파악하기 위하여 천안시민 260명을 대상으로 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 응답자의 인구사회학적 특성을 조사한 결과 거주기간으로는 10년 이상, 거주 유형으로는 아파트 등으로 나타났다.응답자의 공원이용 특성을 조사한 결과 이용빈도는 1년에 2-3회 방문, 이용시간은 1-2시간, 이용계절은 봄과 가을,도보 접근시간은 10분 이내, 차량 접근시간도 10분 이내가 가장 높게 나타났다. 주 이용공원의 종류로는 거주지역주변의 공원, 공원이용 목적에는 산책, 운동, 휴식 등이 높게 나타났다. 여가시간을 보내는 장소로는 집, 백화점, 극장,공원 순으로 나왔으며 천안시민의 부족한 여가공간 실태를 잘 보여주고 있다.공원에 대한 만족도 조사에서 공원의 개수, 접근거리, 그리고 전체 만족도에서 모두 중간 점수에서 약간 불만족한정도로 기울어진 것을 보여주고 있다. 또한 만족도에 영향을 주었다고 생각되는 요인에 대하여는 ‘천안 시내의 공원시설이빈약하다’가 가장 높게 나왔으며 이를 개선하기 위한 의견에서도 ‘시내 중심에 공원을 많이 배치하자’는 항목이 가장높게 나타났다. 그러므로 천안시의 공원 이용률을 증대시키기 위한 전략으로 공원의 배치, 공원 내 환경 개선 등을주요 방향으로 제안하고자 한다.공원이용 만족도의 공간 분포 특성을 살펴보기 위해 시내지역과 시외지역으로 구분하여 각 지역에 대한 만족도를살펴본 결과 공원의 개수, 접근거리, 전체 만족도 등에 있어서 시외지역이 시내지역보다 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 시내지역에대해서 뿐만 아니라 시외지역에 대한 공원정책을 균등하게 배려할 필요가 있다. 한편 각 지역의 동별로 분포 특성을비교해 본 결과 두정동에서는 도달거리에 대한 만족도가 가장 낮게 나타났으며 쌍용동에서는 공원에 대한 전체 만족도가가장 낮게 나타났다. 이들 수치는 지역의 공간적 특성을 나타내는 주요 평가로 보이며 향후 공원정책을 수립할 때중요한 인자로 적용할 수 있을 것이다. This study was aimed to investigate the various use behaviors about the urban park of Cheonan city using 260 citizen’s surveying. The results were follows: The demographic characteristics of respondents surveyed include more than 10 years of residence, residential apartments, etc. As a result of the investigation of respondents using the park, use frequency of 2-3 times a year, visiting hours 1-2 hours, by the spring and fall seasons, within 10 minutes walking access, vehicle access within 10 minutes of time was the highest. Main type of citizen’s favorite visiting park is showed of the neighborhood park, purpose of use in the walk, exercise, rest, etc. respectively. The place of wasting leisure time is mainly revealed that order of the house, department stores, theaters, parks. So this means that Cheonan is at the status of the lack of leisure space. The satisfaction surveys show that the numbers of planned parks, the access distance, and the overall satisfaction degree of the park is to be slightly inclined to the in dissatisfaction degree. In addition, satisfaction has influenced the suspect factors for the 'Cheonan city's park facilities are poor', the highest score came out, to improve their comments in the 'city center park lot layout, let's the topic that will be the highest. Therefore, the effective utilization of Cheonan City's parks as a strategy for improving the layout of the park, park and environmental improvements are suggested as the main direction. The spatial distribution of the satisfaction is showed the difference of two areas such as the downtown area and the rural area. As the results, the city of the number of the park, access distance, and the overall satisfaction was significantly lower than in rural areas. Thus, the park planning policy for the rural areas is necessary as well as for downtown areas equally. The distribution characteristics of each region by Dong showed that Doseong-dong reached the results of the lowest on the access distance, ssangyong-dong was the lowest overall satisfaction. These figures indicating the spatial characteristics of the area is shown as the main assessment tool and as an important factor when formulating policy will apply.