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화학작용제의 2단계 폐기기술(I) (작용제 가수분해 후 액중배기식 소각처리)
이종철,이용한,오석종,홍대식,Lee, Jong-Chol,Lee, Yong-Han,Oh, Sok-Chong,Hong, Dea-Sik 한국군사과학기술학회 2007 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.10 No.1
A 2-step process for the safe disposal of chemical warfare agents(agent hydrolysis followed by incineration In the submerged-quench incinerator) was studied to obtain basic data for the design of pilot plant in the future. Sample materials used for the hydrolysis reaction were sarin(GB), sulfur mustard (HD), and methylphosphonic difluoride(DF). The hydrolysates of these materials were thermally destroyed in a submerged-quench incineration system. Experimental conditions for achieving destruction efficiency of 99.99% in both steps were established and phosphoric acid was recovered from the waste water when destroying DF hydrolysate in the incinerator. Treated water could be reused as process water for the agent hydrolysis.
이종철,Lee, Jong-Chol 한국군사과학기술학회 2010 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.13 No.6
This paper reports a safe and environmentally-benign demilitarization method for the K305 35mm CS gas grenades launcher set(also known as E-8 launcher). The launcher system was disposed by a two-step process; complete recovery of the explosive cords and the gas grenades from the launcher followed by incineration of the recovered items in the APE-1236 Flashing Furnace. All of the 64 grenades within the 16 tubes of the E-8 launcher were safely recovered and incinerated. In this study, 32 sets of the launcher were used to make a standard operating procedure for the safe demilitarization of the launcher system and the 35mm CS cartridges were all safely destroyed in the experimental burning tests meeting the related environmental regulations.
초임계 이산화탄소에 의한 금속 담지 활성탄으로부터 담지금속의 추출
이종철,류삼곤,Lee, Jong-Chol,Ryu, Sam-Gon 한국군사과학기술학회 2008 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.11 No.5
Metal ions such as Cu and Cr were extracted from the Cu, Cr and Ag impregnated active carbon by contacting the solid surfaces with supercritical carbon dioxide(Sc-$CO_2$) containing chelating agents. About 10g of the active carbon sample were loaded in a vertical tube extractor contacting with $CO_2$ flowing from the bottom of the tube for 6hrs. The ligands used were acetyl acetone(AA) and Cyanex-302(C-302). Water and methanol were used as entrainers to study the effect of co-solvent to $CO_2$. Experimental results showed that C-302 was more effective than AA in removing Cu with the maximum extraction of 42.0wt%, while 57.6wt% of Cr was extracted with AA from the sample.
이종철,최수,Lee, Jong-Chol,Choi, Soo 한국군사과학기술학회 2006 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.9 No.3
This paper reports the apparatus and method for the safe treatment of pentachlorophenol(PCP)-treated ammunition box by solvent extraction. Experimental variables were chosen as the composition of solvents, types of substance(chips and sawdust), temperatures and sonication to obtain maximum PCP removal from wood samples of the dismantled ammunition box. Up to 99% of PCP in the wood chip was extracted within 2 hours at room temperature when using methanol as the solvent. The extraction volume ratio of methanol per dried sample was about 10. Type of samples, extraction temperature and sonification showed little effects on PCP extraction. Based on this study, a resource recycling system for the treatment of ammunition boxes was recommended.
Methylphosphonicdifluoride의 가수분해 및 가수분해 생성물로부터 HF의 회수 연구
이종철,이용한,박훈,최승주 한국화학공학회 2003 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.41 No.4
Methylphosphonicdifluoride(DF)의 최적 가수분해 조건을 찾기 위하여 염기성 및 중성 수용액에서 가수분해하고 가수분해 생성물로부터 F 화합물을 분리, 회수하였다. DF는 NaOH 수용액의 농도 6 mole, [OH]/[DF]의 비율 4 이상에서 5분 내에 80%가 분해된 반면, 중성 수용액에서는 H₂O/DF의 부피 비 1.5 이상에서 93-97%의 분해율을 보였다. 가수분해 후 생성물중의 HF를 분리하기 위하여 수산화칼슘을 사용하였으나 생성입자의 크기가 매우 작고 겔 상태로 존재하여 HF의 완전분리가 곤란하였다. 반면, 중성 수용액에서 가수분해한 DF의 생성물은 MPA, HF 및 미량의 methylphosphonofluoridic acid(MF)가 존재하였다. MPA는 휘발성이 없는 흡습성 고체이고 HF는 물과 공비점을 형성 하므로 물을 주기적으로 반응기에 공급하면서 반복 증류하여 HF를 용이하게 분리 할 수 있었다. 가수분해 생성물을 증류 한 결과 최대 99.7%의 F 이온을 분리하였으며 증류 후 회수된 불산의 최종 농도는 20% 이었다. The hydrolysis of methylphosphonicdifluoride(DF) both in NaOH solutions and neutral waters was studied to find optimum reaction conditions. Separation of F ions from the reaction products was also conducted. The destruction efficiency of DF in NaOH solutions was above 80% in five minutes at the mole ratio of [OH]/[DF]3-6, while the efficiency of 93-97% was obtained in water when the volume ratio of the H₂O/MPD was above 1.5. Ca(OH)₂ was added to to remove HF in the product solutions after DF hydrolysis in alkaline solutions but it was not easy to remove due to coagulation of the products. On the other hand, HF was easily separated by repeated distilation adding water periodically to the reactor from the reaction products of DF hydrolysis in water, 99.7% of the total fluoride ions were removed from the products by repeated distillation. The final concentration of HF solution recovered was 20wt%.
ASC - Whetlerite 활성탄의 노화특성에 관한 연구
이종철,양재규 한국화학공학회 1997 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.35 No.5
온도, 습도, 열 및 환원성 가스에 대한 ASC-whetlerite 활성탄의 특성과 노화영향을 분석하고 CNCl 파과시험을 통하여 이들 시료의 흡착성능을 비교하였다. 실험 노화조건(온도 72℃, 상대습도 80%에서 14일간 노화)에서 노화된 시료의 비표면적과 기공부피는 노화전 시료와 비교하여 뚜렷이 감소하지 않았으나, 노화시간이 경과함에 따라 CNCl 파과시간 과 Cr(VI)가 점차 감소하였다. 노화전 시료를 N₂와 H₂ 열처리하면 Cu 화합물의 결정이 성장하였으며 Cr의 산화상태가 현저히 변화하였다. 250℃의 N₂분위기에서 열처리한 시료의 담지입자 크기는 5㎚에서 약 15㎚까지 증가하였으며, 수소 환원시료에서는 Cu(0)와 Cu-화합물이 발견되었다. CNCI 과과시간은 Cr(VI)의 감소에 따라 감소함으로써 ASC 활성탄의 노화상태는 Cr(VI)를 측정하여 예측할 수 있었다. 온, 습도의 영향으로 노화된 활성탄은 180-220℃에서 공기로 산화하여 Cr(VI)를 노화전 시료의 97%까지 회복시킬 수 있어 재생가능함을 알 수 있었다. The characteristics and aging effects on temperature, humidity, heat and reducing gas for the ASC-whetlerite activated carbon were studied. The adsorptive capacities for the samples were compared through the breakthrough test of CNCl. There was no significant reduction of the total surface area and pore volume of the aged charcoal at the experimental condition (72 ℃ and 80 % RH for 14 days). However, the breakthrough time of CNCl and Cr(VI) of the samples were gradually decreased with aging times. Thermal-treatments of the fresh sample with N₂ and H₂ involve growth of crystallites of copper compounds and the change of oxidation states of chromiums significantly. The impregnant size of the heat-treated sample with N₂ at 250 ℃ was increased to 15 ㎚ from 5 ㎚ and metallic copper and copper compounds were found in a reduced sample. The breakthrough time of CNCl decreased as Cr(VI) decreased. Thus the aging states of ASC carbons could be characterized by measuring Cr(VI). The aged samples could be regenerated by restoring Cr(VI) up to 97 % of the fresh sample by air oxidation at 180-220℃.