자녀(子女)의 성구성(性構成)에 따른 인공임신중절행태(人工姙娠中絶行態) 분석(分析)

이삼식 ( Sam-sik Lee ) 한국보건사회연구원 1998 保健社會硏究 Vol.18 No.2

1997년 유배우부인의 人工姙娠中絶 건수는 23만 건에 이르고 있고 약 80%가 不法的인 것으로 추정되고 있다. 청소년의 혼전임신 및 성 폭력에 의한 인공임신중절을 감안하면 그 수는 훨씬 늘어날 것이다. 인공임신중절은 의료비 등 社會的 費用을 발생시키며 여성 자신의 生殖保健뿐만 아니라 미래세대에까지 영향을 미칠 것이다. 최초 인공임신중절의 시기가 빠르게 나타나고 있으며 인공임신중 절을 경험한 부인이 경험하지 않은 부인에 비해 後天性 不姙率이 높게 나타나고 있다. 인공임신중절된 임신의 순위가 낮을수록 反復 的 人工姙娠中絶率과 後天性 不姙率이 높게 나타나고 있다. 婚前姙 娠과 姙婦健康 및 胎兒異常을 이유로 한 인공임신중절이 반복적으로 행해지고 있다. 자녀의 수와 성구조가 인공임신중절의 주요 決定要因이며, 이외 사회·경제적인 요인은 대체적으로 영향을 미치지 못하고 있다. 인공임신중절을 줄이기 위하여 일차적으로 원치 않는 임신을 줄이며, 이차적으로는 발생된 임신이 인공임신중절로 소모되는 것을 방지 하여야 하며, 마지막으로 인공임신중절에 의한 후유증을 줄이고 반복적 인공임신중절을 예방하기 위해 사후조치를 강화하여야 한다. In 1997, the number of induced abortions was 230 thousand, of which about 80 per cent were illegally performed. When the induced abortions of adolescents are taken into consideration, its number becomes much greater. Induced abortion not only induces social cost but also deteriorates the reproductive health of women and thereby has a negative impact on future generations. According to this analysis, the rate of acquired infertility was greater for women who have experienced induced abortions than for those who have not. Specifically, the lower the order of pregnancy in which the women aborted, the higher the rates of pregnancy wastage and acquired infertility. Induced abortions of prenuptial conception are being repeatedly performed. The major determinants of performing an induced abortion were the number and sex composition of living children, but other socio-economic factors appear to have an significant effect on the performance of induced abortion, also. In order to reduce the number of induced abortions and thereby reduce social costs and, at the same time, to improve the reproductive health of women, first, the number of unwanted pregnancies should be reduced; second, the number of induced abortions performed to solve unwanted pregnancies should be reduced; and third, prevention of repeated induced abortions should be reinforced

남아선호(男兒選好) 의식(意識)과 행위간(行爲間) 일치성(一致性)에 관한 연구(硏究)

이삼식 ( Sam-sik Lee ) 한국보건사회연구원 2001 保健社會硏究 Vol.21 No.2

본 연구는 남아선호 의식과 행위간 관계를 설정하고, 결정요인을 분석함으로써 출생성비 불균형의 원인을 규명하고자 하였다. 『2000년도 전국 출산력 및 가 족보건실태조사』 를 이용한 로지스틱 분석결과, 자녀수와 남아수, 최장거주지, 종교, 문화적 요인으로 아들의 호주상속관에 대한 가치관, 지역환경요인으로 영남 권과 중부권이 남아선호 의식과 행위간 관계에 중요한 영향을 미치고 있다. 연령, 가구유형, 부인 및 남편의 교육정도, 남편의 종교, 취업상태, 가구소득, 호남 권은 통계적으로 무의미하였다. 도시부인의 경우 남아를 선호하지 않으며 태아성검사도 수용하지 않는 경향이 높고, 남아를 선호하면 태아성검사를 수용하는 경향이 높았다. 기독교에 비해 무종교부인이 남아를 선호하지 않는 경우 태아성검사를 수용하지 않으나, 남아를 선호한 경우에는 수용하지 않은 경향이 더 낮았다. 아들의 호주상속에 대한 가치관의 약화는 남아선호는 물론 태아성검사 수용을 억제하는 방향으로 영향을 미치고 있다. 영남지역 부인은 지역환경의 영향으로 남아선호 여부와 관계 없이 태아성검사를 수용하는 경향이 높았다. 중부권도 그 정도는 낮으나, 유사한 경향을 보였다. 분석결과를 토대로 다음과 같은 시사점을 도출할 수 있다. 첫째, 출생성비 불균형관련 학술적 연구나 정책적 노력은 남아선호도와 함께 남아출산수단의 수용태도 및 결정요인에 중점을 둘 필요가 있다. 둘째, 농촌부인에 대한 집중적인 홍보가 필요한 한편, 도시부인의 남아선호가 남아출산수단의 수용으로 귀결되므로, 도시여성의 남아선호관을 불식시키는 노력도 중요하다. 호주상속관련 법 ㆍ 제도는 물론 남녀평등 구현을 위한 사회 ㆍ 경제적 개혁이 중요하다. 셋째, 영남지역의 사회문화적 환경은 부인의 남아선호뿐만 아니라 태아 성검사 수용을 증가시키는 역할을 하고 있다. 이와 관련, 남편, 노부모(시부모) 등에 대한 집중적인 홍보가 중요하다. 부인 및 가족의 남아를 얻기 위한 욕구 실현을 좌절시키기 위해 의료기관을 계몽하는 한편, 불법적 의료시술 의사를 엄격히 처벌한다. 불법시술의 감시 ㆍ 적발을 위해 시민단체 등을 적극 활용한다. The current study aims to establish the relationship between son preference and related practices, and, by analyzing the determinants thereof based on logistic analysis of the data from 2000 National Fertility and Family Health Survey, to identify the causes of the distorted sex ratio at birth in Korea. Some of the major findings are as follows. Among urban married women, those who do not hold son preference are not likely to make use of fetal sex screening while those who do had a high tendency to make use of fetal sex screening. In the case of urban married women without son preference, non-religious women as compared with Christian women are found to be less likely to make use of fetal sex screening. The waning of the social values that excludes women from succeeding a family headship is found to exert some influence on married women to curb their desire for fetal sex screening as well as their son preference. Married women in Youngnam region (the southeastern area of Korea), whether or not holding son preference themselves, generally had a high tendency to make use of fetal sex screening in order to have a son-selective childbirth because of its prevailing background ethos favoring sons. The following implications can be drawn from the results of the study. First, academic researches and policy efforts to redress the unbalanced sex rate at birth need to pay particular heed to peoples` son-selective reproductive behaviors and related determinants. Second, there is a need for publicity efforts intensively targeting rural married women. Also, since son preference among urban married women is likely to lead them adopt son-selective childbirth strategies, substantial effort is required to be made with a view to reducing, and gradually eliminating, their son-preferential attitudes. To do this would involve taking prudent socioeconomic reform measures conducive to realizing equality between men and women. Also, legal reform measures must be taken against the current institutions of family headship system. Third, the socio-cultural climate of Youngnam region tends to cultivate and further son- preference sentiment among married women and therefore foster their tendency to make use of fetal sex screening. In this regard, intensive publicity efforts are required in order to change the son-preference attitude of husbands and parents (parents-in-law in particular). Forth, to foil the attempts of married women and their families to choose sex-selective abortions in favor of a son, there must be public efforts to inculcate medical institutions with the importance of redressing the current unbalanced sex ratio at birth. Such efforts must be combined with severe sanctions against illegal medical surgeries associated with sex-selective childbirths. In addition, NGO monitoring of, and reporting on, such illegal practices must be encouraged.

땃두릅(Aralia continentails)의 항산화 성분

강삼식,최재수,이명환,이택수,김주선,Kang, Sam-Sik,Choi, Jae-Sue,Lee, Myung-Whan,Lee, Taik-Soo,Kim, Ju-Sun 한국생약학회 1998 생약학회지 Vol.29 No.1

The root of Aralia continentalis Kitagawa (Araliaceae) have been used as an analgesic and fever remedy, and for treatment of rheumatism in Chinese medicine, whereas the young leaves are used for ingredient of salad. Antioxidant activity of the young leaves of A. continentails was determined by measuring lipid peroxide produced when a mouse liver homogenate was exposed to the air at $37^{\circ}C$, using 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and by evaluation the radical scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Chromatographic separation of active fraction led to the isolation of six flavonoids, among which quercetin, hyperoside and kaempferol showed strong antioxidant activities, while 6"-O-acetyl astragalin, astragalin and trifolin were inactive. Adenosine, oleanolic acid 28-O-glucosyl ester and salsoloside C methyl ester isolated from the somewhat active BuOH fraction exhibited no antioxidant activities.

한국산 차나무과 6종의 계통 분류학적 연구

김삼식(Sam Sik Kim),이정환(Jeong Hwan Lee) 한국산림과학회 1993 한국산림과학회지 Vol.82 No.4

This study was carried out to clarify a taxonomical relationships of the Korean Theaceae using characters from morphological, anatomical, electrophoretic and numerical methods. The results are summarized as follows ; Morphological data were cluster analysis by Euclidean distance, the complete and average linkage cluster were most distinctly classified into subfamily level. At the principal components analysis(PCA), the commutative contribution rate of three principal components showed to 91.1% total variance. By the leaf venation were classified semicraspedromous type of Theoideae and brochidodromous type of Ternstroemioideae. The stomatal types were classified Paracytic of Theoideae and Anomocytic type of Ternstroemioideae ; the former has founded subsideary cell the latter has not found. All taxa possessed common isozyme bands did not found out of Theaceae banding patterns. But, the activity of Theoideae were existed in below No.5 (Rf.4.0-4.4), in contrast to Ternstroemioideae were existed in more than No.7(Rf.5.7-6.2). The cluster analysis of leaf characters and peroxidase isozymes were similarity between two methods.

肩臂痛의 手指相應療法과 氣功療法에 대한 臨床的 硏究

나삼식(Sam Sik Na),김성삼(Sung Sam Kim),박재수(Jae Soo Park),이기남(Gi Nam Lee) 대한의료기공학회 1998 醫療氣功 Vol.2 No.1

韓國人의 婚姻行態 變化分析

李三植(Sam-Sik Lee) 한국인구학회 1993 한국인구학 Vol.16 No.2

This study aims at identifying the recent change in marriage behaviors in Korea. The data used here is the vital statistics compiled from the vital registration system of which registration form is put on one form together with the civil registration form. According to the results of this analysis, since 1970 the number of marriages has steadily increased from about 300,000 in the former of 1970s to about 400,000 in the latter of 1980s, approximately coincided with the change in population size at the marriageable age span. The few exceptions that can be seen in the 1970s seem to result from the impact of social upheavals during 1950s; since the birth cohorts affected by the low fertility during the Korean war and the post-war baby-boom generations characterized by the high fertility entered the marriage market in the 1970s. However, the marriage rate shows a little increase from around 7 in the former of 1970s to around 9 in the latter of 1980s, indicating that the marriage prevalence has been more or less inconsiderably changed during this period. It is also found that the proportion of remarriage to the total marriages has increased to around 10 per cent in 1989, while decreasing that of first marriage. This fact can be attributable to the higher prevalence of divorces and the collapsing of the Confucianism ethic which contributed to expediting the remarriage of widows. Although this proportion is insignificant compared with that of the more developed countries, it is not difficult to say that the proportion of remarriages will continue to increase in the future. The age at first marriage(AFM) which directly affects the span exposed to the risks of pregnancy has increased to the age about 28 for male and about 25 for female in recent years. However, big difference in AFM between uroan and rural areas has narrowed, resultant from the increasing involuntary postponement of marriage of rural young population who have met difficulties in seeking their bride or bridegroom in rural areas characterized by the heavy out-migration of young, particularly female, population. The present study shows the reverse relationship between AFM and educational attainment; i.e., the higher the educational attainment the lower the AFM. The conditions which are taken into considerations as important were the class and the family in the past time but which are age, educational attainment, job and personal characteristics. With regard to the age condition, in recent years the male prefers the female younger than himself on the average by 3 years and vice versa, which is reduced from 4-5 years in the beginning of 1970s. The age difference between bride and bridegroom tends to decrease with the educational attainment increase. This may be attributable to the fact that the persons with the higher educational attainment prefer the love marriage and hence are more likly to choose their counterparts in the about same age. The education condition is characterized by the bridegroom having the higher educational level than the bride. It is also significant to note that the proportion of love marriage has increased, whereas that of trational arranged marriage has decreased. This is true in the urban areas than the rural areas, indicating that rights as well as responsibilities for marriage have been handed over the young population from their parents. In conclusion, the change in the marriage behaviors in Korea are characterized by increasing tendency for the postponement of first marriage, higher prevalences of divorces and as a result remarriages, increase of love marriages, narrowing age difference between bride and bridegroom, etc. which are the main results of rapid industrization, increase in educational and economic activity opportunities and change in the ideals of marriages during the past decades. These phenomena prevailing in Korean society would affect not only the family structure that will become less proliferiated

Melilotus Extract의 백혈구 유주 억제 성분

강삼식(Sam Sik Kang),이영순(Young Soon Lee),이은방(Eun Bang Lee) 한국생약학회 1987 생약학회지 Vol.18 No.1

Melilotus extract는 소염제로 사용되고 있는 의약품으로써 melilotoside가 소염성분으로 알려져 있다. 이 성분 이외의 소영 성분을 추구하기 위해 Melilotus 엑기스를 EtOH로 용출하여 가용성분 (분획 A)을 얻고 이를 물로 다시 용출하여 불용성분(분획 B)과 가용성분(분획 C)를 얻었고 상기 EtOH 불용성분(분회 D)을 얻어 이들에 대하여 CMC-Pouch 법에 의한 백혈구 유주 억제 실험을 실시하였다. 그 결과 분회 B와 C에서 작용이 나타났으며 특히 분회 B가 강하게 나타났으므로 이에 대한 유효 성분을 규명코자 켤럼크로마토그래피를 실시하여 순수물질을 분리하였다. 이물질의 화학적 및 ¹³C-NMR 데이타로 부터 Azukisaponin V임을 증명하였으며 이 물질이 강력한 백혈구 유주 억제 작용이 있음을 확인하였다.

출산율 예측 모형 개발

이삼식(Lee Sam-Sik),최효진(Choi Hyojin) 한국인구학회 2012 한국인구학 Vol.35 No.1

본 연구는 사회 환경과 정책 등의 변화에 따라 출산율을 예측할 수 있는 모형을 개발하고자 하였다. 기존의 인구 추계 시 적용하는 출산율은 최근의 추세가 유지되거나 일률적으로 감소 또는 증가할 것이라는 가정 하에서 제시되므로 저출산?고령사회정책 등에 반영하는데 한계가 있기 때문이다. 본 연구의 출산율 예측모형은 OECD 10개 국가들의 종단면적 및 횡단면적 경험치를 동시에 적용한 패널분석(panel analysis)을 통하여 구축하였다. 모형에는 인구학적 요인으로 조혼인율, 초산연령, 영아사망률, 혼외출산비율, 경제적 요인으로 여성경제활동참가율, 일인당 국민소득, 사회문화적 요인으로 남성대비 여성대학진학 비율, 양성평등지수, 그리고 정책적 요인으로 GDP대비 보건정책 지출비율, GDP대비 가족정책 지출비율의 독립변수들이 포함되었다. 본 연구에서 개발한 모형을 적용하여 한국의 최근 년도 출산율을 예측한 결과 실제 출산율과 아주 미세한 차이만 존재하여 상당히 적합한 것으로 평가되었다. 이러한 출산율 예측모형을 이용하여 인구학적 요인, 경제적 정책적 요인 및 사회문화적 요인 중 일부의 변화를 가정할 경우 한국의 출산율이 어떻게 변화할 것인가에 대한 시뮬레이션을 실시하였다. 일례로 GDP 대비 가족지출비율을 현 프랑스 수준까지 높였을 경우 합계출산율은 1.6 수준으로 높아질 것으로 추정되었다. 이와 같은 출산율 예측모형은 정책의 강화 시기 및 정도를 결정하는데 유용할 것으로 판단된다. This study aimed at developing a model for estimating fertility rates for Korea under some conditions. The model is expected to provide the basic information for establishing and evaluating the polices in prompt and adequate response to low fertility and population ageing. The model was established on the basis of experiences by some OECD countries in Europe, having experienced the fertility increase trend and being economically well-developed, because Korea has never experienced the steady increase in fertility rate since 1960. This study collected about 20 years" time series data for each of selected countries and applied to the regression model, which is called a "panel analysis" to take into considerations both cross-sectional and longitudinal aspects of fertility change simultaneously. Simulation of the model for Korea and some panel countries showed a very small difference, less than 0.1, between the estimated rate and the observed rate for each year during 2006~2010. Thus, the model, as established in this study, is evaluated as accurate or well-fitted to a considerable extent.

An Analysis on Korean Mortality Structure

Sam Sik Lee(李三植) 한국인구학회 1990 한국인구학 Vol.13 No.1

韓國의 死亡力은 높은 水準의 性別 死亡力 差異와 中年 男性의 급격한 死亡力 上昇을 그 構造的 特徵으로 하고 있는데, 이러한 韓國人 死亡力 構造의 特異性은 直接的으로는 死亡原因의 性別ㆍ年齡別 差別的 役割에 基因하며, 間接的으로는 이들 死因의 差別性을 초래하는 것으로 推定되는 經濟開發 期間 동안의 社會ㆍ經濟 및 公共政策上의 變化 및 生活習慣의 差異에서 基因된다고 보아진다. 本 硏究에서는 이들 差異를 結果짓는 여러 死因들을 중심으로 韓國人의 死亡力 構造上에서 나타난 年齡別 및 性別 特徵을 分析하는데 그 主眼點을 두었다. 1985年 經濟企劃院 調査統計局에 의해 集計된 死亡原因統計資料를 利用하여 韓國人의 死亡力 構造의 特徵을 死亡原因과 關聯시켜 硏究分析한 結果는 다음과 같이 綜合될 수 있다. 첫째, 40代 이후 男性의 높은 死亡力에 寄與한 要因들은 ‘腦血管疾患’, ‘高血壓性疾患’, ‘肺疾患 및 其他 心疾患’ 및 ‘胃의 惡性新生物’ 順으로 重要하게 나타났다. 둘째, 0歲에서의 男ㆍ女 間의 期待餘命의 差異는 幼年 또는 靑年層에서의 男ㆍ女 間의 死亡力 差異에서 보다는 40代 이상의 中壯年層에서의 男ㆍ女 間의 死亡力 差異에서 비롯되었으며, ‘腦血管 疾患’, ‘慢性肝疾患’ 및 硬變症’, ‘高血壓性疾患’, ‘胃의 惡性 新生物’, ‘肺疾患 및 기타 心疾患’ 및 ‘肝의 惡性新生物’ 疾患들이 中壯年層에서의 男ㆍ女 間의 死亡力 差異를 決定하는 데 主役割을 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 위의 年齡 間 및 男ㆍ女 間의 死亡力水準의 差異를 決定짓는 主要한 社會的 間接要因들로는 첫째, 社會ㆍ經濟開發과 함께 이에 竝行되어 온 保健政策들이 主로 어린이 또는 女性에 편향된 結果였으며, 둘째, 環境的 要素로서 中年男性들이 Social stress, 運動不足과 관련된 疾病들 (‘腦血管疾患’, ‘肺疾患 및 其他 心疾患’ 등)과 公害, 먼지, 有害化學物 가스 등 産業災害와 관련된 疾病들 (‘肺의 惡性新生物’, 慢性 및 症勢不明의 氣管支炎’, ‘肺氣種 및 瑞息’ 등)에 의한 死亡率이 높으며, 세째, 行爲的 要素로서 飮酒 (‘慢性肝疾患 및 硬變症’, ‘肝의 惡性新生物’, 高血壓性 疾患’ 및 ‘腦血管疾患’ 등)와 吸煙 (‘腦血管疾患’ 및 ‘氣管, 氣管支 및 肺의 惡性新生物’ 등)과 관련된 疾病들에 의한 中年男性의 死亡率이 높은 것들로 要約될 수 있다. 中年男性의 높은 死亡率은 技術的ㆍ社會的 經驗이 蓄積된 勞動力의 喪失로서 國家的 損失이 크며, 高年齡層 人口의 構造的 側面에서도 性의 不均衝을 招來하여 寡婦女性의 增加 등 社會的인 諸般問題의 主要한 原因이 되므로서 그 重要性은 至大하다고 할 수 있겠다. 그러므로 이 問題는 國家的ㆍ社會的 次元에서 解決이 時急하며, 그 解決策으로는 지금까지 度外視 되어왔던 中年男性의 健康을 위한 프로젝트의 實施와 함께 이들에게 露出되어 왔던 運動不足, 社會的 스트레스 및 産業災害의 解消 내지 除去에 대한 方案들이 講究되어야 하겠다. 한편, 飮酒 및 吸煙 등의 個人行爲的 習慣의 改善을 위한 社會啓蒙活動의 增進 및 健全한 스트레스 解決策의 開發이 緊要하다고 하겠다.

한방건강검진(韓方建康檢診) 결과(結果)에 따른 생활행동(生活行動) 변화(變化)에 영향(影響)을 미치는 요인(要因)

나삼식,권소희,서지연,정해경,김유철,송용선,장두섭,이기남,Na Sam-Sik,Kwon So-Hui,Seo Ji-Yeon,Jung Hae-Kyoung,Kim Yoo-Chul,Song Yung-Sun,Jang Du-Seop,Lee Ki-Nam 대한예방한의학회 2003 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.7 No.1

This study tried to know the chang of lifestyle and the factors causing of lifestyle change by the outcome of oriental medical examination for labors in one of the automobile factories in Jeon Buk area. The results will be helpful to the effective health care for the labors in factory. Oriental medical examination was done 22 times from May 20 to June 19, 2002. The numbers of labor who received oriental medical examination were 531, and 300 questionnaires among them were collected. The results were as follows: 1) General characteristics of examinee for oriental medical examination; total 300 labors, high percentage in age range $31{\sim}45$ years old, mostly married, high percentage of high school in completion of study. High percentages in drinking, smoking, and working hour were less than 1 time per week, non-smoking, and above 10 hours, respectively. High percentages in working year and salary were $11{\sim}15$ years. 2) The degree of lifestyle change by the oriental medical examination had the highest score with consult of oriental medicine doctor, and the lowest score was from moire typography result. 3) The degree of lifestyle change by medical examination was highly influenced by the subject characteristics that were less than 1 time per week for drinking, non-smoking, and less than 10 years of working year. 4) For the lifestyle change by the cognition of subject, the subjects who had high confidence for oriental medical examination, high recognition for oriental medical examination's requirement, high concern for health. effective cognition for early detection of disease, had high degree of lifestyle change. 5) The variables that cause lifestyle change in Sasang constitutional analysis result were early detection of disease, type of smoking, working year, moire typography result, interview for health. The variables that cause lifestyle change in moire typography result were type of drinking, ages, working year, consult for health, moire typography result. The variables that cause lifestyle change in interview with oriental medicine doctor were constitutional analysis and moire typography result.