여대생의 체중, 운동 식습관 인지수준에 따른 에너지섭취량과 소비량의 차이

이대택 ( Dae Taek Lee ),강형숙 ( Hyung Sook Kang ),정아름 ( Ah Reum Jung ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2004 체육과학연구 Vol.15 No.4

젊은 여성의 체중, 운동, 그리고 식습관 인지수준의 차이에 따라 신체활동량과 에너지섭취량이 어떻게 다른가를 평가하기 위해 123명(20.6±1.9yrs, 53.4±6.4kg, 163.5±5.0cm, 19.98±1.97kg/m2)의 여대생을 대상으로 설문지를 배포, 작성하도록 하였다. 설문지는 네 영역의 질문단위(인구사회적특성, 운동습관, 체중인지, 체중조절 및 식습관)와 두 종류의 설문도구(신체불만족도; BDI, 식사태도; EAT26)로 구성되었다. 설문지 작성 후 3일 동안의 신체활동기록과 음식섭취기록을 작성하도록 하였으며, 이 기록들은 각각 신체활동일람표를 근거로 한 MET 추정방식과 CANpro를 통해 열량으로 환산되었다. 응답자의 평균 EAT26 와 BDI 는 각각 12.2±6.5와 14.0±6.2 이었으며 이들 변인이 ≥20인 경우는 각각 12.2%와 25.2%였다. 규칙적 운동에 참여하는 것으로 응답한 여대생은 37%였으며, 주당 3-4일(42.3%), 한번에 30-60분(41.2%), 가볍게~약간힘들게(76.4%), 주로 유산소운동을 하는 경우가 가장 많았다. 응답자의 60%이상이 평균보다 높은 체중을 가지고 있는 것으로 인지하고 있었으며, 과반수 이상이 체중조절을 위해 식이요법이나 운동을 실시하지 않고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 대상자들의 하루 평균 에너지섭취량은 약 1,805±446 kcal였으며, 단백질, 지방, 탄수화물의 상대적 섭취량은 각각 19.1±3.3, 17.6±4.6, 63.2±6.6%였다. 또한, 평균 하루 신체활동량은 2,214±365 kcal였다. 에너지섭취량과 소비량 간에 상호관계는 존재하지 않았다(r=-.188). 응답자들의 운동습관과 활동인지, 건강인지에 따른 에너지섭취량은 차이가 없었다. 그러나 섭취열량이 소비열량보다 높을 것이라고 인지한 여대생이 그렇지 않다고 인지한 여대생에 비해 오히려 더 낮은 섭취열량을 보였다(p<.05). 대부분의 여대생들은 자신의 체중이 평균이상인 것으로 여기고 있었으며 체중감량을 원하고 있었다. 그리고 신체활동은 적은 반면 영양섭취가 과다하다고 인지하고 있었다. 그러나 이러한 인지수준의 차이가 신체활동이나 에너지섭취량의 차이로 나타나지 않았다. To evaluate whether energy expenditure and energy intake levels may change according to the perception on weight, physical activity, and eating attitudes in collegiate population, 123 college women (20.6±1.9 yrs, 53.4±6.4 kg, 163.5±5.0 cm, 19.98±1.97 kg/m2) participated in a survey. A questionnaire examining four aspects; demographic characteristics, exercise habit, weight perception, and eating behavior, was administered, and two inventories; body dissatisfaction index (BDI) and eating attitude test (EAT26) were also answered. After fulfilling the survey, they were asked to record daily activity and daily dietary record for three days including 2 weekdays and one weekend. The recordings were analyzed and calculated for the estimation of caloric values based on the compendium of physical activities transferred to MET values and CANpro. The average EAT26 and BDI scores of the responders were 12.2±6.5 and 14.0±6.2, respectively, and .20 was 12.2% and 25.2%, respectively. The women who exercised regularly were 37%, and they exercised 3-4 d/w (42.3%), 30-60 min/session (41.2%), in a intensity of light~slightly hard (76.4%), mainly performing for aerobic types of exercise. More than 60% of the women perceived they were heavier than the average body weight of the same age population. And more than half of them were not intended to participated in any exercise and diet intervention for weight control. The average energy intake was about 1805±446 kcal, and the relative consumption of protein, fat, and carbohydrate was 19.1±3.3, 17.6±4.6, 63.2±6.6%, respectively. The average energy expenditure a day was 2214±365 kcal. No relationships were found between energy intake and expenditure(r=-0.188). In conclusion, most of the college women perceived themselves overweight than the average age-matched population and desired to lose weight. They also perceived their energy intake was higher than the energy expenditure. However, the differences in the perception were not reflected on the actual physical activity level and energy intake level.

환경조건 변화와 경기력영양학

이대택 ( Lee¸ Dae-taek ) 대한운동사협회 2011 대한운동사협회 운동사대회자료집 Vol.2011 No.-

이 총론은 선수들이 훈련과 시합에게 경험할 수 있는 다양한 자연환경의 변화에 대응하여 영양적으로 어떻게 대응해야 하는 전략을 제시한다. 특히 더위와 추위 고지와 시차변화에서 나타날 수 있는 생리적 현상에 근거하여, 육체적 컨디션과 경기력이 어떻게 영향을 받을 수 있는지, 그에 따라 위축되는 선수들의 기량과 경기력을 어떻게 유지할 수 있는지를 영양학적 측면에서 모색하고 있다. 더위에서 체수분의 감소와 에너지원의 고갈 그리고 육체적 노력의 시간이 지속되면서 수분과 탄수화물을 어떻게 공급할 것인가에 대해 기술한다. 추위에서 추가적인 에너지소비 그리고 체수분의 감소에 대응한 전략을 제시한다. 고지와 시차변화에서도 체수분의 변화는 주요한 생리적 현상으로 이해되며 이를 방지하기 위한 방법과 전략을 제시하고 있다. The study reviews nutritional strategies for those who frequently encounter various environmental conditions during the training sessions and competitions and suggests strategies against the challenges. Based on the physiological responses during the exposure of heat, cold, altitude and/or time zone differences, this study examines the influence of the environmental conditions to physical conditions and athlete's performance. And nutritional aspect to maintain against reduced physical capacity and performance was also evaluated. Hypohydration and energy depletion during the exercise in heat were described and the interventions for supplying body fluid and carbohydrate during a prolonged exertion were introduced. Additional energy cost and dehydration to cold exposure was explained and appropriate strategies were suggested. Changes of body fluid balance during altitude exposure and time zone differences were common physiological responses and strategies for maintaining physical capacity were provided.

보행로 주변환경, 보행자 성별 및 연령, 보행 시 동반자 유무에 따른 도심공원 내 보행자의 걷기패턴 분석

이대택(Dae-Taek Lee),손지은(Jee-Eun Son),김지혁(Ji-Hyuk Kim) 한국생활환경학회 2008 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.15 No.4-1

The variant walking pattern of free walkers at inner city park walking trails which have different characteristics of infrastructure was examined, and the pattern was analyzed according to age groups, sex, and an existence of companion for walking. The three walking trails were selected; 1) a flat and straight trail along with a river stream without dead end (RW), 2) a flat circular trail along side of a lake (LW), and 3) a mixed slope trail within a park with irregular intersections (PW). A total of 658 free walkers were analyzed and divided into three groups by age; 1) young group (20-39 yrs old), 2) middle aged group (40-59 yrs old), and 3) old aged group (>60 yrs old), by sex, and by an existence of walking companion. The video was unnoticeably taped and the analyses were performed by Dart Fish program. Both walking speed and step length at PW was faster and longer, respectively, than two other trails in both men and women (P<0.05). The young and middle aged walkers showed variant responses at all three trails, but the infrastructure of park trail did not influence on walking pattern of old aged group. The free walkers were slower and showed shorter step length whey they walked with companions (P<0.05). Further studies are necessary regarding the walking pattern in case of walking with companions.

자동변속 유무에 따른 트레드밀에서의 간접열량측정법과 예측공식에 의한 운동에너지소비량 비교 연구

이대택 ( Dae Teak Lee ),이운용 ( Woon Yong Lee ),황봉연 ( Bong Yeon Hwang ),손윤선 ( Youn Sun Son ) 체육과학연구원 2009 체육과학연구 Vol.20 No.4

이 연구는 간접열량측정계로 측정된 에너지소비량(EE)과 예측공식으로 추정된 EE 수치를 비교하고, 걷기와 달리기를 병행하는 속도 변화가 있을 경우 예측공식이 EE의 변동을 반영할 수 있는지를 평가하기 위해 디자인되었다. 총 43명의 대학생이 세 그룹; 걷기 그룹(WOG; 남자 7, 여자 6, 25.1±5.6 yrs, 168.1±7.1 cm, 63.9±13.5 kg), 걷기와 달리기 그룹(WRG; 남자 7, 여자 7, 22.6±3.5 yrs, 169.0±7.3 cm, 63.0±11.3 kg), 달리기 그룹(ROG; 남자 8, 여자 8, 24.6±4.3 yrs, 170.1±7.2 cm, 64.5±12.0 kg)으로 나뉘어 두 번의 테스트에 참여하였다. Test-1에서 WOG, WRG, ROG 대상자들은 각각 자신의 VO2peak 의 45, 60, 75% 수준에서 사용자 민감성 자동 변속 트레드밀(Frevola(R))을 이용하여 걷거나 달리기 운동을 각각 30, 20, 20분 수행하였다. 대상자들은 각각 6.5±0.5, 7.7±0.9 and 9.1±1.7 km·h-1에서 편의적으로 가속과 감속을 반복하면서 걷거나 달리기 운동을 하였다. 이때 운동시간동안의 평균속도가 기록되었다. Test-2에서 대상자들은 Test-1에서 계산된 속도를 이용하여 일정하게 고정된 속도에서 운동하였다. 두 테스트에서 산소섭취량(in ml·kg-1·min-1)이 측정되었고 EE(in kcal·min-1)가 환산되었다. 6개의 자주 사용되는 예측공식을 이용하여; ACSM guidelines (2006), van der Walt (1973), Leger (1984), Pandolf (1977), Epstein (1987), and Physical Activity Compendium (2000), EE가 추정되었다. 측정치와 추정치들은 상호 비교되었으며 상관관계가 평가되었다. 종합적으로, 일정한 속도로 이동한다는 것을 가정한다면 걷기 또는 저강도 운동에서는 van der Walt 공식, 달리기 또는 중등강도 이상에서의 운동에서는 ACSM 공식과 Epstein 공식이 적합해 보인다. 걷기와 달리기를 병행하거나 속도의 변화가 나타나는 경우 위 세 공식에서 ACSM 공식은 이를 반영하지 못하는 것으로 보인다. Compendium은 EE와 높은 상관계수를 보였음에도 모든 운동 강도에서 하향추정 경향이 뚜렷하였다. This study was designed 1) to compare energy expenditure (EE) measured by indirect calorimetry to EE calculated by popular prediction equations and 2) to examine the variability of EE estimated by equations when walking and running coexisted. A total of 43 college men and women was recruited and divided into three groups; Walking Only Group (WOG, 7 men, 6 women, 25.1±5.6 yrs, 168.1±7.1 cm, 63.9±13.5 kg), Walking and Running Group (WRG, 7 men, 7 women, 22.6±3.5 yrs, 169.0±7.3 cm, 63.0±11.3 kg), and Running Only Group (ROG, 8 men, 8 women, 24.6±4.3 yrs, 170.1±7.2 cm, 64.5±12.0 kg). In Test-1, subjects exercised on Frevola(R) at intensity of 45, 60, and 75% of VO2peak for WOG, WRG, and ROG for 30, 20, and 20 min, respectively. They either walked or ran at 6.5±0.5, 7.7±0.9 and 9.1±1.7 km·h-1 while spontaneously changing speed. And the individual variable speed was recorded. In Test-2, they exercised at a fixed speed matching to Test-1. During both testings, oxygen uptake was measured in ml·kg-1·min-1 and EE in kcal·min-1 was calculated. In addition, EE was predicted using 6 popular equations of ACSM guidelines (2006), van der Walt (1973), Leger (1984), Pandolf (1977), Epstein (1987), and Physical Activity Compendium (2000). The measured and predicted values were compared and relationships were evaluated. Collectively, during walking or at low intensity, van der Walt equation was, and during running or at moderate and higher intensity, ACSM and Epstein equations were highly predictable for estimating EE during exercise at a fixed speed. However, among these three equations, ACSM equation did not reflect speed variations such that walking and running coexisted. Compendium was highy correlated but marginally underestimated the EE.

머리하향기울기 자세에서 운동 중 더위자극과 저산소호흡이 체온, 체액, 대사반응에 미치는 영향

이대택(Dae Taek Lee),서용석(Yong Seok Seo),차광석(Kwang-Suk Cha) 한국생활환경학회 2007 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.14 No.2

This studies examined the combined effects of normobaric hypoxic breathing and heat exposure during leg cycling at 6° Head Down Tilt (HDT) on thermoregulatory, body fluid, and metabolic responses. Ten healthy men (23±2 yrs, 69±6 ㎏, 174±5 ㎝) participated in three experimental sessions; 1) breathing normal air in ambient temperature (23.7±0.5℃) (N21), 2) breathing normal air in heat (38.8±0.5℃) (H21), and 3) breathing 13% oxygen in heat (H13). In each session, subjects rested for 30 min followed by leg cycling at 50~60% of VO2max for 30 min, then recovered 30 min while maintaining HDT throughout. Blood oxygen saturation was lower in H13 (77%) than N21 (98%) and H21 (97%). Subjects lost 0.1±0.2, 0.8±0.3, and 0.6±0.2 ㎏ in N21, H21, and H13, respectively (P<0.05). During exercise in all sessions, blood pressure was elevated for about 10 ㎜Hg than resting state, but not statistically significant. Minute ventilation was not changed within trials and between conditions (P>0.05). During H21 and H13, rectal, skin, and body temperature as well as heart rate were significantly higher than N21 (P<0.05). No differences were found between conditions in hemoglobin, plasma protein, plasma osmolality, and aldosterone, and blood electrolytes including, sodium, potassium, and chloride. However, blood lactate was significantly higher at 30 min of exercise in H13 than other two conditions (P<0.05) while no other marginal differences were noticed in metabolic parameters such as glucose, creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase. Based on the results, heat exposure resulted in marginal body temperature changes and body fluid loss, while did not induce any changes of metabolic responses. Hypoxic effect was evidence in H13 conditions showing anaerobic metabolism during exercise in heat while maintaining HDT.

남녀 고령자의 건강관련 생활양태 비교

이대택 ( Dae Taek Lee ) 국민대학교 스포츠과학연구소 2004 스포츠科學硏究所論叢 Vol.22 No.-

국제신체활동량질문지(IPAQ)를 이용한 과체중 중년 주부들의 신체활동량 추정 및 신뢰도 평가

이대택(Dae-Taek Lee),서용석(Yong-Seok Seo),손윤선(Youn-Sun Son),문은미(Eun-Mi Moon),진유정(You-Jung Jin) 한국생활환경학회 2007 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.14 No.1

International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was evaluated to confirm whether the instrument could be adapted to Korean middle aged women. 203 women (48.l±10.5 yrs, 154.5±16.2 ㎝, 59.3±9.6 ㎏) responded to IPAQ translated as guided and it was re-administered I week after the first test. The test-retest physical activity level of this population were 4,599±6,161 and 4,444±5,825 MET-min/week, respectively (P>0.05). The test-retest correlation coefficient was highly significant as Kappa, 0.462; Spearman, 0.566; and Pearson, 0.562 (P<0.05). When three levels of physical activity pattern (inactive, minimally active, 'HEPA active' was analyzed, those who 'minimally active' and 'HEPA active' were heavily relied on the activity intensities of both 'walking' and 'vigorous intensity'. In conclusion, IPAQ was reliable for this population. However, the average physical activity level was higher and the standard deviation of the mean was also higher than previous reports. It may have to be careful to administer IPAQ for this particular population.

남녀 중고생의 체중인지도가 체중조절과 운동행위에 미치는 영향

이대택 ( Dae Taek Lee ),이명천 ( Myung Chun Lee ),김재호 ( Jae Ho Kim ),차광석 ( Kwang Suk Cha ),조정호 ( Jung Ho Cho ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2003 체육과학연구 Vol.14 No.3

청소년의 체중에 대한 인지도가 체중변화를 위한 욕구와 노력에 어떠한 영향을 미치며, 체중조절을 위해 적정한 방법이 사용되는가를 살펴보기 위해 1246명(남자 284명, 여자 962명)의 중고등학생을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문지는 네 영역의 질문단위로 나뉘어: 1) 인구사회적특성. 2) 체형 및 체중. 3) 신체활동 및 운동습관. 4) 다이어트 및 식습관으로 구성되었다. 설문대상자들의 자기기입에 의한 체중과 키를 기준으로 이상체중을 산출하였고(남; (신장-100)×0.9, 여; (신장-100)×0.85), 저체중군(이상체중의 <80%, 40.9 ±6.6, 51.4±3.1, 40.3±4.4, 44.9±3.5kg, 각각 남중, 남고, 여중, 여고), 이상체중군(이상체중의 80%≤와 120%(사이, 53.3±10.4, 62.4±7.9, 49.4±6.4, 52.4±5.6kg), 그리고 과체중군(이상체중의 120%≤, 74.5±13.1, 84.8±7.1, 74.9±10.7, 68.5±13.8kg)의 세 집단으로 나누었다. 원하는 체중에 대한 질문에, 남학생들은 집단간의 차이를 보이지 않았지만, 여학생들은 저체중일수록 낮은 체중을 원했다. (Chi-square, p<.05). 또한 이상체중군의 남학생들은 체중은 늘이기를 원하는 반면, 이상체중군의 여학생들은 체중을 줄이기를 원했다. 남학생 과체중집단은 다른 두 집단에 비해 신체불만족도(BDI)가 높았고(p<.05), 여학생은 체중이 증가할수록 BDI가 높았다(p<.05). 체형만족도와 체형등급인지도는 체중이 많이 나갈수록 불만족의 사례가 많았다. 대부분의 설문대상자들은 운동과 다이어트가 체중조절에 가장 효과적이라고 알고 있었다. 집단간의 차이는 나타나지 않았지만, 실제로 규칙적인 운동에 참여하는 여학생의 비율은 낮았다. 다이어트를 경험한 과체중의 여학생은 76% 이상인 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 남학생들은 자신의 체중에 대해 적절한 인식을 갖고 있는 반면, 여중고생들은 자신의 체중이 평균이상이라고 느끼고 있었으며, 이로 인해 여학생들은 체중감량을 희망하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 여학생들은 체중조절을 다이어트에만 의존하고 있었으며, 적절한 식습관과 규칙적인 운동의 병행과 같은 건강한 체중조절을 실행하고 있지 않았다. This study investigated the influence of body weight perception on desire for weight changes, weight management, and exercise behavior in high school adolescents. A self-administered questionnaire, consisted of 1) demographic data, 2) weight perception and body image, 3) physical activity and exercise behavior, and 4) diet and eating behavior, was obtained from a total of 1246 (284 boys, 962 girls) high school students, and they were divided into three groups based on their ideal body weight (IBW); under-weight group (UWG, IBW<80%; 40.9±6.6, 51.4±3.1, 40.3±4.4, 44.9±3.5 kg, junior-boy, senior-boy, junior-girl, and senior-girl, respectively), ideal-weight group (IWG, 80%≤IBW<120%; 53.3±l0.4, 62.4±7.9, 49.4±6.4, 52.4±5.6 kg), and over-weight group (OWG, 120%≤IBW; 74.5±13.1, 84.8±7.1, 74.9±10.7, 68.5±13.8 kg). A desired weight was not different among groups in boys, but it was gradually decreased as weight reduction in girls (Chi-square, p<0.05). While boys in IWG wanted to gain weight, girls in IWG did to lose weight. Boys in OWG dissatisfied with their body compared to both UWG and IWG, but the more heavier, the more dissatisfied in girls (p<0.05). The self-ratings for their body was diminished as the weight increased. Most respondent acknowledged the importance of diet and exercise for weight management. The prevalence of participation in a regular exercise was low, especially in girls. The prevalence of diet experience in girls of OWG was 76%. Based on the results, while the high school boys felt reasonably regarding their body weight, most of girls felt they were heavier than the average, subsequently desiring to lose weight. However, they relied on diet to manage weight instead practicing proper strategies such as combination of both diet and exercise.

유소년 축수선수의 유산소능력 수준과 축구 특이성 평가 방법들의 타당성

이대택(Dae Taek Lee),이운용(Woon Yong Lee),박상규(Sang Kyu Park) 한국사회체육학회 2009 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.35

엘리트 싱크로나이즈드 스위밍 선수의 신체적 특성과 경기 중 심박수 반응

이대택(Dae-Taek Lee) 한국생활환경학회 2004 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.11 No.1

To explore the physical characteristics, physical fitness levels, and heart rate (HR) responses during competition in synchronized swimmers (SS), 13 SS of the national team was recruited. Their physical characteristics including height, weight, body length, circumferences and body fat content, and fitness variables such as muscular strength, muscular endurance, power, agility, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured. In addition, their HR responses were recorded while they participated in a actual solo competition. HR responses were divided into 4 stages; on land (S-Ⅰ), during competition in water (S-Ⅱ), after competition in water (S-Ⅲ), after competition on land (S-Ⅳ). Compared to previously reported other international caliber of SS groups, the present subjects were comparable, but they seemed to have slightly high body fat content compared to other sports events executed on land. The physical fitness levels were comparable to other groups. SS showed a low level in leg isometric and isokinetic strength but showed a high level in sit-up and flexibility compared to athletes of other events executed on land. Mean HR was 142±15 (range; 121-168), 165±10 (101-189), 171±8 (150-185), and 169±12 (140-178) bpm in S-Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ, respectively. During S-Ⅱ, HR maintained above 150 bpm about 80% of time of the competition. Based on the results, the present subjects were comparable to international caliber athletes. The abdominal muscular endurance and flexibility appeared to be determinants of a high level SS. The SS showed a wide range of HR responses during competitions indicating continuous cardiac adjustments for a homeostasis in the water environment.