한국 남자 프로배구 선수들의 훈련과 경기 부상 분석: 파일럿 스터디

송문구,윤세운,유상철 한국체육학회 2024 한국체육학회지 Vol.63 No.2

본 파일럿 연구의 목적은 한국배구연맹(KOVO) 남자 배구 선수들의 부상에 대한 기술적 통계를 제공하는 것이었다. 2020-21 V리그에 참가한 남자 프로배구 1개 팀 선수 23명으로부터 훈련 및 경기 중 발생한 시간 손실 부상과 훈련 및 경기 노출 데이터를 전향적으로 수집했다. 부상 데이터는 부상 부위, 기전 및 유형, 부상 당시의 활동, 경기 포지션, 결장 일수, 구체적인 진단명 등을 포함해 수집했다. 훈련과 경기별 부상 수, 비율, 부상 발생률(injury rate, IR)을 사용하여 부상 특성을 설명하였고, 부상률 비(injury rate ratio, IRR)를 사용하여 IRs 간 차이를 비교했다. 총 4,786 선수 노출(athletic exposures, AEs) 및 431,340 타임 노출(time exposures, TEs)로부터 14건의 부상이 보고되어, 전체 IR은 1,000 AEs 당 2.93건, 1,000 TEs 당 0.03건으로 나타났다. 선수 노출로 계산한 경기 IR은 훈련 IR에 비해 약 6배 높았고(IRR=6.15, 95% CI=1.76∼ 20.22, p<0.01), 타임 노출로 계산한 경기 IR은 훈련 IR에 비해 약 4배 정도 높게 나타났다(IRR=3.99, 95% CI=1.14∼12.12, p<0.05). 훈련 중에는 몸통/허리(37.5%)가, 경기 중에는 발목(33.3%)이 가장 흔하게 손상받는 신체 부위였다. 훈련 부상은 비접촉 기전(87.5%)으로 발생할 가능성이 더 높은 반면, 경기 부상은 접촉 기전(83.3%)으로 발생할 확률이 더 높았다(p<0.05). 연골 손상 및 근육 경련과 같은 과사용 또는 만성 부상은 훈련 중에 더 흔했고, 찰과상, 타박상, 염좌 같은 급성 부상은경기 중에 더 흔하게 발생했다. 이번 연구 결과는 KOVO 선수들의 부상 특성이 훈련 및 경기에 따라 달라질 수 있음을 시사하며, 부상 예방 프로그램은 활동 유형에 따라 설계해야 할 필요성을 강조한다. The purpose of this pilot study was to provide descriptive statistics on injuries in male volleyball players in the Korea Volleyball Federation (KOVO). Data on time-loss injuries and exposure data during training and games were prospectively collected from 23 players of a male professional volleyball team participating in the 2020-21 V-League. Injury data included injured body parts, injury mechanisms and types, activities at the time of injury, playing positions, number of days missed, and specific diagnoses. Injury characteristics were described using injury counts, proportions, and injury rates (IRs) per 1,000 athletic exposures (AEs) and 1,000 time exposures (TEs). Injury rate ratios (IRRs) were used to compare differences in IRs. A total of 14 injuries were reported from 4,786 AEs and 431,340 TEs. The overall IR was 2.93 per 1,000 AEs and 0.03 per 1,000 TEs. The game IR calculated per AE was approximately 6 times higher than the training IR (IRR=6.15, 95% CI=1.76∼20.22, p<0.01), and the game IR calculated per TE was approximately 4 times higher than the training IR (IRR=3.99, 95% CI=1.14∼12.12, p<0.05). The trunk/waist (37.5%) was the most commonly injured body part during training, while the ankle (33.3%) was the most commonly injured body part during games. Training injuries were more likely to occur with non-contact mechanisms (87.5%), while game injuries were more likely to occur with contact mechanisms (83.3%) (p<0.05). Overuse or chronic injuries such as cartilage damage and muscle strains were more common during training, while acute injuries such as abrasions, contusions, and sprains were more common during games. The findings of the study suggest that injury characteristics of KOVO players may vary depending on training and game settings, emphasizing the need for injury prevention programs tailored to specific activity types.

한국 프로야구 선수들의 정규 시즌 중 부상 분석: 파일럿 스터디

송문구,전일우,강현식 한국운동생리학회 2022 운동과학 Vol.31 No.2

PURPOSE: This pilot study aimed to provide descriptive statistics regarding injuries among baseball players in the Korean baseball organization (KBO) league. METHODS: Exposure and injury data were collected from 49 professional baseball players in a single team who participated in official games during the 2021 KBO league season. Injury data included injured body parts, injury mechanisms, injury diagnoses, activities, playing positions, and time-loss (TL). Injury rates (IRs) were calculated using the athletic-exposure (AE) and time-exposure (TE) methods. RESULTS: In total, 158 injuries were reported during the study period. The overall IR was 58.0 per 1,000 AE and 5.3 per 1,000 exposure times (TE). Approximately 68.4% of all injuries were non-TL (NTL) injuries, and which was approximately 2.2 times higher than TL injuries. Among TL injuries, 70.0% accounted for 1 day to less than 1 week, followed by more than 3 weeks (16.0%) and lasting more than 1 week to less than 3 weeks (14.0%) respectively. Trunk and spine were the most frequently injured body parts (21.5%), followed by arms and elbows (12.7%), thighs (11.4%), and feet (8.2%) in order. The majority of the TL injury mechanisms were non-contact (40.4%) and overuse (26.0%) with strain during pitching and base running. The majority of the NTL injury mechanisms were ball contact (73.2%) with contusions during batting and catching. CONCLUSIONS: Professional KBO baseball players experienced a high rate of TL injuries during official games. The majority of TL injury mechanisms were noncontact and overuse, and two-fifths of TL injuries were reported by pitchers and base runners.

무릎 수술 이력에 따른 여자 프로농구 선수들의 무릎관절 등속성 근력 비교

송문구,강현식,이인환 대한스포츠의학회 2022 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.40 No.2

Purpose: This study compared isokinetic knee strength profiles by knee surgery history in basketball players. Methods: A total of 17 professional female basketball players (age, 23.7±3.8 years) participated in this study. All the participants performed maximal isokinetic knee strength test concentrically at a velocity of 60°•sec−1 and 180°• sec−1. Strength variables included peak torque (PT), body mass normalized PT (NPT), bilateral strength difference (BD), hamstrings to quadriceps strength (H/Q) ratio. Independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used to compare mean differences in the measured parameters by knee surgery history and limb-based sugroups, respectively. Results: Nine subjects had a history of knee surgery. At all velocities, there were no significant group differences in PTs, NPTs, BDs, and H/Q ratios of the knee extensor and flexor muscles by knee surgery history. Overall, NPTs of knee extensor and flexor muscles were 2.91−3.01 N•m•kg−1 and 1.55−1.59 N•m•kg−1, respectively, and H/Q ratios ranged from 52% to 55%. At 180°•sec−1. NPTs of knee extensor and flexor muscles were 1.90−1.92 N•m•kg−1 and 1.08−1.10 N•m•kg−1, respectively, and H/Q ratios ranged from 57% to 58%. Conclusion: The current findings suggested that isokinetic knee strength profiles measured at 60°•sec−1 and 180°•sec−1 velocities were similar regardless of a history of knee surgery in the professional female basketball players.

2020‒2021 한국 프로농구 리그 시즌 중 발생한 남자 프로농구 선수들의 부상역학

송문구,최승조 대한스포츠의학회 2022 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.40 No.2

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the injury epidemiology of Korean Basketball League (KBL) players. Methods: Exposures and injury data were collected from 19 men’s professional basketball players of a single team who participated in the 2020–2021 KBL season. Injury data included injured body parts, injury mechanisms, injury diagnoses, activities, playing positions, and time loss. Injury rates (IRs) were calculated using the athletic exposure (AE) method. Results: A total of 49 injuries were reported during the study period. The overall IR was 9.13 per 1,000 AEs and 0.11 per 1,000 time exposures (TEs). Competition IR was 23.9 per 1,000 AEs, and it was approximately 3.9 times higher than practice IR (6.1 per 1,000 AEs). Preseason IR was 2.5 times higher than regular season IR (15.5 per 1,000 AEs and 6.2 per 1,000 AEs, respectively). Ankle was the most frequently injured body part (26.5%), followed by trunk and spine (14.3%), knee (12.2%), and lower legs (12.2%). The majority of the competition injury mechanisms were player contact (54.5%). The majority of the practice injury mechanisms were noncontact (37.0%) and overuse (33.3%). Sprain accounted for the largest proportion with 28.6% overall, followed by strain (22.4%), and low back pain (12.2%). Conclusion: KBL professional basketball players experience higher IR during the regular season than in the preseason. The competition IR was higher than the practice IR during the study period. Lateral ankle sprains were the most commonly reported specific injuries.

초등학생의 스마트폰 사용습관과 척추 만곡 및 목·어깨 통증과의 연관성

송문구,박지현,공지영,강현식 한국운동생리학회 2020 운동과학 Vol.29 No.4

PURPOSE: This study investigated the relationships of smartphone usage with spinal curvature and neck or shoulder pain in a sample of school children. METHODS: Participants were elementary school children (152 boys, 156 girls). Spinal parameters such as trunk inclination (TI), kyphotic angle (KA), and fleche cervical (FC) were measured with a spine and posture analyzer (DIERS Formetric 4D). In addition, smartphone addiction score (SAS), experience of neck or shoulder pain, postural habits, and lifestyle risk factors were assessed with a standardized questionnaire. Children were classified as good- and poor-posture group according to cervical postures while using a smartphone and as low, medium, and high-risk group according to the SAS levels. Logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of pain experience. RESULTS: With respect to postures, children with poor posture had significantly higher values of TI, FC, and pain experience than children with good posture children. Children with poor posture had a significantly higher risk of neck or shoulder pain (OR=6.51, 95% CI=3.63-11.67, p<.001) compared with children with good posture (OR=1). With respect to the severity of smartphone addiction, there were significant incremental trends in KA, FC, and pain experience according to the SAS-based subgroups (from low to high-risk group). The medium- and high-risk groups had significantly higher risks of neck or shoulder pain (OR=4.77, 95% CI=1.93-11.78, p<.001 and OR=16.51, 95% CI=6.40-42.54, respectively) compared with the low-risk group (OR=1). CONCLUSIONS: The current findings suggest that smartphone addiction and poor posture are two modifiable risk factors in determining the severity of spinal curvature and risk of neck and shoulder pain in school children.

노인의 추정 심폐체력과 정신건강과의 연관성 분석

송문구,김정현,강현식 한국운동생리학회 2019 운동과학 Vol.28 No.4

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the association between estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (eCRF) and mental health in Korean older adults. The present study was carried out using data from the 2008 Living Profiles of Older People Survey. METHODS: A total of 13,333 participants aged 60 years and older (57% women) completed the assessments (i.e., socioeconomic status, health behaviors and conditions, and mental health status) and were included for the final analyses. eCRF was assessed with sexspecific algorithms and classified as lower (lowest 25%), middle (middle 50%), and upper (highest 25%) categories. Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examine and short-form Geriatric Depression Scale were used to assess depressive symptoms and impaired cognition, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for depressive symptoms and impaired cognition according to eCRF categories. RESULTS: In the total study samples, the risk of having depressive symptoms was 24% lower for the middle eCRF group (OR, 0.76; CI, 0.69-0.84) and 49% lower for the upper eCRF group (OR, 0.51; CI, 0.45-0.59) compared with the lower eCRF group (reference, OR=1) and remained statistically significant even after adjustments for all the covariates included in this study. The risk of having impaired cognition was 18% lower for the middle eCRF group (OR, 0.82; CI, 0.74-0.91) and 26% lower for the upper eCRF group (OR, 0.74 ; CI, 0.66-0.84) compared with the lower eCRF group (OR=1) and remained statistically even after adjustments for all the covariates. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings of the study suggest that eCRF may have an independent predictor of both depressive symptoms and impaired cognition in this Korean older adults, underscoring the importance of promoting physical fitness via regular exercise to maintain good mental health later in life.

Analysis of Time Loss Injury in Korean Professional Baseball Players

송문구,강현식 한국운동생리학회 2024 운동과학 Vol.33 No.1

PURPOSE: This prospective cohort study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of time-loss (TL) injuries in 68 Korean Baseball Organization (KBO) players aged 26.6±5.4 years (31 pitchers and 37 field players). METHODS: Injury data collected during the 2021-2022 KBO league seasons were used to calculate the injury rate (IR), IR ratio (IRR), and TL. IR was calculated as follows: (total number of injuries×100)÷(total number of game exposures). IRR was computed as follows: (IR of pitchers)÷(IR of fielders). TL was defined as an injury that resulted in the inability to compete or participate in standard routines. RESULTS: A total of 92 TL injuries were recorded from 5,320 athlete-exposures (1.7 per 100 athlete-exposures). Pitchers exhibited a 1.7-fold increase in IR (IRR =1.69, 95% CI=1.05-2.61, p=.018) and a 2.6-fold increase in the rate of severe injuries that resulted in a TL of ≥3 weeks (IRR=2.59, 95% CI=0.93-7.10, p=.045) compared to field players. The trunk/spine (20.6%) among pitchers and thigh/groin (22.4%) among field players were the most frequently injured body parts. Overuse (38.2%) and batted ball contact (38.2%) were the leading causes of injury among pitchers, whereas noncontact (36.2%) and overuse (17.2%) were the leading causes of injury among field players. Pitchers were most likely to be injured while pitching (55.9%) and fielding (38.2%), whereas field players were most likely to be injured while batting (31.0%) and base running (31.0%). CONCLUSIONS: The current findings indicate that the characteristics of the injuries of KBO players differ by position, emphasizing the importance of a position-specific injury prevention program.

2019-2020 정규 시즌 중 발생한 국내 프로농구 선수들의 부상 분석

송문구 ( Munku Song ),최승조 ( Seungjo Choi ),김형수 ( Hyoungsue Kim ),김영건 ( Younggun Kim ),이상민 ( Sangmin Lee ),강현식 ( Hyunsik Kang ) 대한스포츠의학회 2020 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.38 No.3

Purpose: This study aimed to provide the descriptive statistics regarding the injury epidemiology of Korean professional basketball players. Methods: In this study, athlete exposures (AEs) and time exposures (TEs) were collected from the 38 basketball players (17 women) who participated in the 2019-2020 regular season. Injury rate (IR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Results: A total of 35 injuries were reported. The overall rate of injury was 5.65 per 1,000 AEs and 0.06 per 1,000 TEs. Approximately 65.7% of all the injuries occurred during the official games, with lower limb injuries accounting for about 57.1% of all the injuries. Ankle was the most frequently injured body area (25.7%) with a IR of 1.45 per 1,000 AEs. Sprain accounted for the largest portion with 54.3% overall, followed by strain, contusion and cartilage damage. The most common cause of injuries was contact with another athletes (37.2%), and the recurrence of past injuries (20.0%) also accounted for a high proportion. Conclusion: Korean professional basketball players experience a high rate of injuries occurring during official games. Ankle sprains were the most common ones. Contact-caused injuries accounted for the highest portion.

K리그1 프로축구선수들의 넙다리네갈래근과 뒤넙다리근의 등속성 근력 값

송문구 ( Mun-ku Song ) 한국스포츠정책과학원 2021 체육과학연구 Vol.32 No.4

PURPOSE This study aimed to present isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength values in K league 1 (K1) professional soccer players and compare these results to those of published studies. METHODS A total of 31 K1 soccer players (age 24.5±4.2) without a history of lower limb injury were included in this study. Isokinetic knee strength tests were implemented at a velocity of 60°·s^-1 and 180°·s^-1 for both dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) legs using a dynamometer. Strength variables included peak torque (PT), body mass normalized PT (NPT), bilateral strength difference (BD), and hamstring to quadriceps strength (H/Q) ratio. RESULTS At 60°·s^-1 velocity, the NPTs of the quadriceps were 3.39N·m·kg^-1 and 3.33N·m·kg^-1 for D and ND legs, respectively, and those of the hamstrings were 2.00N·m·kg^-1 and 1.89N·m·kg^-1 for D and ND legs, respectively. At 180°·s^-1 velocity, the NPTs of the quadriceps were 2.31N·m·kg^-1, 2.27N·m·kg^-1 for D and ND legs, respectively, and those of the hamstrings were 1.42N·m·kg^-1, 1.39N·m·kg^-1 for D and ND legs, respectively. At all velocities, the BDs of quadriceps and hamstring muscles ranged from 6.6-7.8%, and H/Qs ranged from 57-62%. Compared to previous studies that did not consider the history of injury, this study showed lower levels of BD (less than 10%) and higher levels of NPT. CONCLUSIONS The presented isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength values can be used as reference values for the isokinetic knee strength of K1 professional soccer players. [목적] 본 연구의 목적은 K리그1 프로축구선수들의 넙다리네갈래근과 뒤넙다리근의 등속성 근력 데이터를 제시하고, 선행 연구들과 비교하는 것이었다.[방법] 하지 부상 이력을 고려하여, 총 31명의 프로축구선수가 본 연구의 분석대상에 포함되었다. 각속도 60°·s^-1 및 180°·s^-1에서 우세측과 비우세측의 무릎관절 굼힘과 폄의 등속성 근력을 측정하였고, 피크토크(peak torque, PT), 체중당 피크토크(normalized PT, NPT), 양쪽 근력 차이(bilateral strength difference, BD), 뒤넙다리근 대 넙다리네갈래근의 근력 비율(hamstring to quadriceps ratio, H/Q 비율)을 측정 변인으로 하였다.[결과] 각속도 60°·s^-1에서, 넙다리네갈래근의 NPT는 우세측·비우세측 각각 3.39N·m·kg^-1, 3.33N·m·kg^-1으로 나타났으며, 뒤넙다리근은 각각 2.00N·m·kg^-1, 1.89N·m·kg^-1으로 나타났다. 각속도 180°·s^-1에서, 넙다리네갈래근의 NPT는 우세측·비우세측 각각 2.31N·m·kg^-1, 2.27N·m·kg^-1으로 나타났으며, 뒤넙다리근은 각각 1.42N·m·kg^-1, 1.39N·m·kg^-1으로 나타났다. 측정한 모든 각속도에서, 넙다리네갈래근과 뒤넙다리근의 BD는 6.6~7.8% 범위로, H/Q 비율은 57~62% 수준으로 나타났다. 부상 이력을 고려하지 않은 선행연구들에 비해 본 연구에서는 더 낮은 수준의 BD (<10%) 및 더 높은 수준의 NPT 값이 나타났다.[결론] 본 연구에서 제시된 넙다리네갈래근과 뒤넙다리근의 등속성 근력 값은 K리그1 프로축구선수들의 무릎관절 등속성 근력 평가 시 참고값(reference values)으로서 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

좌식습관과 신체활동 수준이 아동청소년의 척추 및 골반변형에 미치는 영향

송문구 ( Mun-ku Song ),공지영 ( Ji-young Kong ),박지현 ( Ji-hyun Park ),신철호 ( Chul-ho Shin ),강현식 ( Hyun-sik Kang ) 한국운동생리학회(구 한국운동과학회) 2017 운동과학 Vol.26 No.1

PURPOSE: This study investigated the association between the modifiable risk factors and spinal deformations in children. METHODS: Children (152 boys, 153 girls) were recruited to participate in the study. Physical activity level, sitting time, and posture were assessed with a questionnaire. Spinal parameters such as scoliosis angle (SA), pelvic oblique (PO), and pelvic torsion (PT) were measured with the Formetric 4D. Children were classified as uncrossed and cross-legged sitting groups according to postures, as sedentary, moderately-active, and highly-active groups according to physical activity levels, and as low, mid, and high groups according to sitting time. Logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of pelvic deformations. RESULTS: Children with cross-legged sitting posture had significantly higher values in SA and PO than children with uncrossed sitting posture. Significant differences in SA, PO, and PT were found between the activity-based subgroups and a significant difference in PT between the sitting time-based subgroups. Compared with uncrossed sitting children (reference, OR=1), cross-legged sitting children had a significantly risk (OR=3.153, 95% CI=1.707-5.822) of PO deformation. Compared with highly active children (reference, OR=1), sedentary children had a significantly higher risk (OR=4.115, 95% CI=1.496-11.321) of PO deformation. In addition, moderately-active and sedentary children had significantly higher risks (OR=3.987 and 95% CI=2.044-7.777 and OR=5.806 and 95% CI=2.675-12.601, respectively) of PT deformation as compared with highly-active children (reference, OR=1). CONCLUSIONS: The current findings suggest that crossed-legged sitting posture and decreased physical activity are two of modifiable risk factors for spinal deformations in children.