농후사료 급여수준이 비거세 한우의 증체와 부위별 지방조직의 지방산 조성에 미치는 효과

송만강,김내수,정정수,최양일,원유석,정재경,최성호 ( M . K . Song,N . S . Kim,C . S . Chung,Y . I . Choi,Y . S . Won,J . K . Chung,S . H . Choi ) 한국축산학회 1998 한국축산학회지 Vol.40 No.5

The study was conducted with 63 Hanwoo bull calves of 193 days old for 19 months(up to 26 month of age) to examine the effect of feeding level of concentrate on the body weight gain, feed requirements and fatty acid composition of adipose tissues of various locations(subcutaneous, abdominal, kidney, intermuscular and intramuscular fats). The calves were allotted into 3 treatments according to the feeding level of concentrate(85, 100 and 115%), and fed concentrates of Grower(7∼10 month of age), Finisher I(11∼16 month of age), Finisher II (17∼20 month of age) and Finisher III(21∼26 month of age). The feeding levels of concentrates for the cattle of 85% and 115% were decreased or increased by 15%, respectively, up to 15 month of age based on the similar body weight to the cattle of 100%. The feeding levels of the concentrates for the cattle of 85% and 100% were continuously increased for the next 2 months, to make same levels as for the cattle of I15%, thereafter amount of concentrate were continuously increased based on the rate of body gain for all the cattle. The cattle were fed in a individual feeding system through the experimental period. The cattle were slaughtered at the ages of 6, 14, 18 and 24 month and adipose tissues were collected to analyze long chain fatty acids. Results observed from the study were summarized as follows Overall mean dry matter intake and body gain per day and feed requirements of Hanwoo bulls during the 19 months of feeding from 193 day old calves were 6.69㎏, 0.95㎏ and 7.06, respectively. Body gain of the Hanwoo bulls during experimental period was greatly affected by the feeding level of concentrate, but feed requirement was improved up to 20 month of age with the decreased feeding level of concentrate. Fatty acids of C_(16:0) C_(18:0) and C_(18:1) in the adipose tissues at various locations of Hanwoo bulls were dominated. The feeding level of concentrate did not affect the fatty acid composition except for C_(16:1) and C_(18:1) in subcutaneous fat, and C_(18:1) and C_(18:2) in intramuscular fat of the cattle that were fed at the level of 85% at the age of 14 month(P$lt;.05). No differences were observed in fatty acid composition of adipose tissues of each location for the cattle of 18 and 24 month of age among treatments. There were tendencies of greater C_(16:1) and C_(18:1) in subcutaneous and intramuscular fats while higher C_(18:0) in abdominal fat. There were also trends of greater unsaturated fatty acid compositions in subcutaneous and intramuscular fats and higher saturated fatty acids in abdominal, kidney and intermuscular fats. Percent C_(18:0) tended to be decreased while C_(16:1) C_(18:1) and C_(18:2) increased with the age of Hanwoo bulls.

산란계 육성추에 대한 제한사양이 난생산에 영향하는 효과 2 . 육성추에 대한 제한사양이 난생산 능력 및 경제성에 미치는 영향

송만강,한인규,이규호 ( Man K Song,In K Han,Kyu H Lee ) 한국축산학회 1982 한국축산학회지 Vol.24 No.2

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of restricted feeding of pullets during the growing period on subsequent laying performance and costs and returns, and was carried out with Hi-sex strain Single Comb White Leghorn chicks with 20 weeks of age in the laying period. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The rate of hen day egg production after the initial delay in sexual maturity was slightly higher for the restricted groups than for the control groups, the total number of eggs laid per bird housed for 294 days test period however, was slightly lower than for the control birds. But there ware no significant differences between control (A) and restricted birds. 2. It was found that the restricted feeding has no difinite beneficial effect on egg size although the restricted birds laid more heavier eggs (0.4-1.1 g) than control group (A). 3. The restricted feeding during the growing did not cause a subsequent increase in total feed consumption in the laying period. Feed efficiency during the laying trial period tended to be related with egg production and egg weight since there were not differences in feed consumption among treatments, but were not significant differences. 4. In the laying period, there was higher mortality in severely restricted birds in the feeding trial than in control birds (A). Larger groups in mortality were D and G group to be 10% and the difference between control and two groups was 4%. But there were no differences between other restricted birds and control birds. 5. No significant differences were found in nutrients utilizabilities of laying hen among treatments. Therefore, it appeared that restricted feeding during the growing period has no effect on nutrients utilizabilities of subsequent laying period. 6. Total feed cost in restricted groups for the both growing and laying periods combined was less than that of control (6996.1 Won) and was the lowest in G group (6612.8 Won). Egg income (7431.6 Won) from the control birds was higher due to total eggs laid when the egg income was estimated by the same size but in case of being estimated by graded size, the egg income from restricted groups except for two groups (B and C) were apparently increased. In this experiment, the most advantageous restricted group was E (80% of intake consumed by control bird). It was concluded that intake restricted feeding during the growing period of pullets would be a desirable and economically more advantageous method for rearing egg production stocks than balanced diet and ful-fed feeding or protein restricted feeding.

Oil 의 종류 및 첨가수준이 반추위 미생물에 의한 C18 - 불포화지방산의 Hydrogenation 및 반추위 박테리아의 Oleic Acid 이용에 미치는 효과

송만강,최성호 ( M . K . Song,S . H . Choi ) 한국축산학회 1998 한국축산학회지 Vol.40 No.1

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effects of source and addition level of oil on rumen microbial degradation of oil, fermentation characteristics, biohydrogenation of C_(18)-unsaturated fatty acids(UFA) and direct incorporation of oleic acid (C_(18:1)) by rumen bacteria in vitro. Mixed fish oil of herring(C. harengus) and mackerel(S. scombrus), and flaxseed(G. usitatissimus) oil were absorbed into cellulose powder at the levels of 3, s and 7%. ^(14)C-oleic acid (μCi/10㎎) was also addeded based on C_(18:1) content of each oil to estimate direct incorporation by ruminal bacteria. Approximately 3g of cellulose powder absorbed oil in nylon bag was incubated in 300m1 solution mixture(200m1 rumen fluid + 100㎖ buffer) for 24h(39℃) anaerobically. Solution mixture without oil(blank) was also incubated. Degradations of dry matter and oil were in the range of 26.6∼31.0% and 72.9∼77.2%, respectively. However, they were not affected by the sources and addition levels of oil. Unlikely to the pH and total VFA, ammonia-N concentration in the solution mixture after 24h incubation was lowered(P$lt;.05) by the fish oil addition without difference between the oils. Higher(P$lt;.05) molar proportions of acetate with lower propionate proportions, however, were observed from the oil additions then those from the blank. The source and addition levels of oil did not influence on total viable bacterial number. The addition of fish oil increased(P$lt;.05) proportions of palmitoleic acid(C_(16:1)), C_(18:1), linolenic acid(C_(18:3)), arachidic acid(C_(20:0)), gondoic acid(C_(20:1)) and behenic acid(C_(22:1)), but decreased(P$lt;.05) linoleic acid(C_(18:2)) and lignoceric acid(C_(24:1)) in the solution mixture after 24h incubation. The addition of flaxseed oil increased(P$lt;.05) proportions of C_(18:3), C_(20:0) and C_(20:1) Long chain fatty acid proportions of solution mixture as derived from degraded oil were not influenced by the oil levels, but higher proportions of palmitic acid, C_(16:1), C_(18:1), arachidonic acid and C_(22:0) were observed from the fish oil addition while lower proportions of C_(18:2) and C_(18:3) from the flaxseed oil addition. The additions of fish oil and flaxseed oil increased C_(18:0) proportion in the solution mixture after 24h incubation by 50.60∼51.32% and 59.54∼62.33%, respectively, compared to those prior to incubation, but highly decreased proportions of C_(18)-UFA. Direct incorporations of C_(18:1), by ruminal bacteria as estimated using ^(14)C_(18:0) were 40.4∼49.1%, but they were not affected by the sources and addition levels of oil.

산란계 육성추에 대한 제한사양이 난생산에 영향하는 효과 1 . 육성추에 대한 제한사양이 성장 , 난관 및 경골의 발달에 미치는 영향

송만강,한인규,이규호 ( Man K . Song,In K . Han,Kyu H . Lee ) 한국축산학회 1982 한국축산학회지 Vol.24 No.2

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of restricted feeding of pullets during the growing period on growth rate, development of oviduct and tibia. The experiment was conducted with 480 Hi-Sex strain of Single Comb White Leghorn pullets with 8 weeks of age during the feeding trial. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Body weight gain was significantly (p$lt;0.05) reduced as the level of protein and feed intake decreased. Feed consumption in protein restricted groups was also significantly (p$lt;0.05) reduced in comparison with that of control groups (A). Feed efficiency however, was not coincided with body weight gain or feed consumption, birds of 80% of intake consumed by control birds during phase 1 (8-14 weeks) and 60% during phase 2 (14-20 weeks) were the highest to be 6.25, and were the lowest in birds (D) fed 10% of dietary protein in both phase to be 8.59. Therefore, there were highly significant (p$lt;0.01) differences in feed efficiency among treatments. 2. Development of oviduct was retarded by restriction of protein and/or feed intake. The length (55.9cm) and the weight (27.8g) of oviduct for the control birds (A) were the highest and the lowest in G (60% of feed intake consumed by control birds in both phase) measured to be 14.9cm and 3.4g, respectively. Therefore, there were significant (p$lt;0.01) differences in the length and the weight of oviduct among treatments of 20 weeks of age. Tibial development was in agreement with that of oviduct but, there were no significant differences. 3. There was higher mortality in severely restricted birds (D and G) than in control birds. Mortality was the largest in the birds of D group to be 8.3%, and the difference between control and D group was 5%. 4. Nutrient utilizabilities of growing chicks were slightly higher in restricted group than in the control group, but there were no significant differences among treatments. It was concluded that body weight gain and development of oviduct and tibia were affected by the degree of restriction, but feed efficiencies in restricted groups were relatively larger than that of control group (A).

산란계에 대한 칼슘 공급제의 사료가치 비교시험 2 . 칼슘 공급수준의 입자도 및 공급원이 산란형질 및 난각질에 미치는 영향

송만강,한인규,이규호,곽종형 ( Man K . Song,In K . Han,Kyu H . Lee,Chong H . Kwack ) 한국축산학회 1981 한국축산학회지 Vol.23 No.3

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of particle size and source of calcium supplements on the laying performances for a period of 12 weeks. A total of 240 Single Comb White Leghorn of 39 weeks old were divided into 6 treatments consisted of oystershell (coarse, medium, fine) and limestone (coarse, medium, fine). The results obtained are as follows. 1. Feed consumption was not affected by the particle size and the source of calcium supplements in the laying hen diets. 2. Egg production rate was slightly higher for the layers fed fine particle size and for the limestone fed groups, but the difference was not significant. 3. No significant difference was Found in egg weight, egg shell wt./egg wt./egg shell thickness and calcium content in egg shell, However, slightly improved results were obtained by the birds Fed coarse particle size and by the oystershell fed groups. 4. Soft and shelless egg production, mortality were higher for the layers fed fine particle size and For those fed oystershell than other treatments, but the differences were nat significant. 5. Nutrient utilizability among treatments was not affected by calcium supplements and/or particle sizes. According to the results obtained, the layers fed the oystershell in coarse particle were more adequate for egg shell quality except for the laying performance.

효모사료의 급여가 젖소의 유생산성에 미치는 효과

송만강,손호진 ( M . K . Song,H . J . Sohn ) 한국축산학회 1997 한국축산학회지 Vol.39 No.2

The present study was conducted with 18 lactating cows(20.5㎏ of daily milk yield) to observe effects of yeast diets on milk yield and composition. Lactating cows were slotted to one of the three diets, by completely radomized design, of the yeast culture supplemented total misted diet(YCSD), the brewer`s yeast slurry based total mixed diet supplemented with yeast culture(BY-YC) and the commercial concentrate as a control. Yeast culture was prepared by mixing of wheat bran, water and Saccharomyces cerevisiae(Gist-brocade, Delft-Halland) in the ratio of 1 : 1 : 0.0045(w/w) and fermenting this mixture for 3∼5 days at 18∼20℃. Yeast culture was then added to the pre-formulated diets at 0.5% level(DM basis) and fermented for 3 days at the same temperature as for preparing yeast culture prior to feeding. The BY-YC diet was prepared by adding yeast culture at the 50% level of YCSD to brewer`s yeast slurry(7.72%, DM basis) based total mixed diet, and then fermented for 3 days at the same temperature as for preparing yeast culture prior to feeding. The cows were fed the experimental diets including corn silages twice daily(08:00 and 16:30) based on NRC requirements(1988) with consideration of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber(NDF). The study was conducted for a total of 9 wks including 1 wk adaptation period to the diets. The results observed were summarized as follows No differences in intakes of DM and CP were observed among the sroups except that NDF intake was reltively higher for YCSD and BY-YC than for control. Cows fed YCSD revealed better milk consistency during whole period than those fed control or BY-YC. Feeding YCSD and BY-YC tended to improve daily milk yield, 4% FCM and feed efficiency compared to the control diet group while milk composition(fat, protein and lactose) were not influenced by the diets. Production of each milk components were high in the order of YCSD, BY-YC and control as influenced by milk yield. Thus overall better productions were obtained from the cows fed YCSD.

면양의 반추위내 발효특성 , 성장 및 혈장과 체지방의 지방산 조성에 있어 탄닌처리 지질의 첨가효과

송만강,황재식,최성호 ( M . K . Song,Z . Z . Huang,S . H . Choi ) 한국영양사료학회 1998 韓國營養飼料學會誌 Vol.22 No.3

면양에 의한 효모발효 사료의 반추위내 발효 및 소화 특성

송만강,홍성구 ( M . K . Song,S . K . Hong ) 한국영양사료학회 1998 韓國營養飼料學會誌 Vol.22 No.3

Flaxseed 의 Crushing 및 Formaldehyde 처리가 사료의 반추위내 발효특성 , 분해율 , 전장소화율 및 혈장의 지방산 조성에 미치는 효과

송만강 ( M K Song ),정태영 ( T Y CHUNG ),심정석 ( J S Sim ) 한국축산학회 1994 한국축산학회지 Vol.36 No.5

Metabolism trial was conducted with ruminally fistulated sheep to examine the effect of supplementation(12%, as-fed basis) of crushed-flaxseed(C-FS) or formaldehyde treated C-FS(C-HCHO-FS) to the diet on ruminal fermentation characteristics, degradation and whole tract digestibility of tire diet, and plasma fatty acid concentration. The results obtained from FS supplementation were compared with those from the control diet without FS. Ruminal fermentation characteristics of experimental diets were not affected by supplementation of FS to the diet or HCHO treatment of FS. Degradations(%o) of dry matter(DM), crude protein(CP) surd neutral detergent fiber(NDF) of the diets tended to be reduced by FS supplementation during early stage of ruminal incubation(3h), while degradation o1 ether extracts(EE) was increased. Whole tract digestibilities of dietary components(DM, CP. NDF and organic matter) were not influenced by FS supplementation, while hat of EE was increased. Supplementation of FS io the diet increased plasma concentrations of lung-chain fatty acids including oleic acid(C_(18:1ω9)), linolenic acid(C_(18:2ω6)) and linolenic, acid(C_(18:3ω3)). Higher plasma concentrations of myristic acid(C_(14:0)), palmitoleic acid(C_(16:1)), C_(18:1ω9), and C_(18:2ω6), were obtained from sheep fed C-HCHO-FS at 2h after feeling, and C_(14:0) and C_(16:1) at 8h after feeding than from those fed control and C-FS at respective collation time, Unlikely to the C-FS, GHCHO-FS reduced the ratio of saturated- to unsaturated fatty acid concentration in the plasma compared to that of control. Ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acid concentration in the plasma was also reduced by FS supplementation.

적외선처리 사료의 반추위내 분해율 및 하부 소화기관에서의 소화율 평가

송만강(Man K . Song),죤 케넬리(John J . Kennelly) 한국영양사료학회 1996 韓國營養飼料學會誌 Vol.20 No.5