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17,18세기 호적대장의 사노비 기재 실태 -경상도 단성현 권대유가 노비를 중심으로-
손병규 ( Son Byeong Gyu ) 한국고문서학회 2004 古文書硏究 Vol.24 No.-
If we consider household slaves from household register, it is not easy to suppose the actual condition of their existence. But We can get near to it by considering the form of registering slaves and its change in household register. For example, we can find that they registered only about 50 percents of their slaves in household register and forms of registering slaves were various. Household slaves were expected to be registered as properties of their owners. Since the 17th century, however, slaves usually made their own houses separated from their owners` houses and were registered in household register in the same way as their owners. Houses of paternal families as economic units were registered in the form of various houses including owner`s house and slave`s house. To conform to forms of consistent with the rule of registering houses and, at the same time, to cope with the change of policy to secure the total number of houses, people adjusted the number of houses with their slaves. How could they adjust the actual social economic units including family and household slaves to registering form of household register? It was related with several problems as follows : national demand represented as population policy, interest between a local government and local residents, a conflict among inside members, and mutual benefits etc. Houses in household register were not only real subjects to taxation but also objects of national redistribution as the final aim of national finance. A local government and local residents estimated their own ability to pay and financial conditions against population policy. Then they tried to meet the total number of houses in accordance with it. A part of slaves were registered as household slaves under their owners or ones separated from their owners. They were represented as regular economic units and played roles in meeting the total number of houses in household register. But it seems that every owner of slaves didn`t have a conciliatory attitude for registering like that. In some cases, houses of slaves were not made separately and a lot of slaves were registered as household slaves under their owners. There always had been efforts both to grasp slaves as their own possessions and to escape from taxation. It was just the same with slaves. Through the late period of the Joseon Dynasty, they were disposed to register houses of slaves, not recording social positions of slaves but reforming their social positions and legislative occupations same as the common people. On the contrary, there went on increasing in the number of slaves, according to the form of registering houses, registered only as properties of their owners. Hence the total number of slaves registered in household register of the mid-19th century increased rather than before. The change of the total number of slaves was basically due to the form of registering according to population policy.
손병규(Son Byeong-gyu) 한국역사연구회 2008 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.70
All financial resources were concentrated on the government standing for sovereignty, and they were redistributed to each government agency to carry out public tasks for the state control. This was the financial principle of Joseon dynasty. In the 18th century, the government set up a fixed sum of financial resources. Buyeoksilchong(賦役實摠) shows the result to carry out that policy. The regional distribution of financial resources were influenced by the agricultural and geographical conditions. Regional difference in the distribution of financial resources was mitigated by a variety of schemes such as controlling product items for taxation and reducing transportation expenses. However, in many cases, it seems that goods were paid to the central government for taxation, while money for the most part played a significant role in regional taxation. Money circulation was a secondary means to mitigate the disproportionate distribution of resources and to improve tax payment. It seems that market economy was restricted for the purpose of tax payment.