北宋代 福建 臘茶와 茶法

徐銀美(Suh Eun-Mi) 역사학회 2002 역사학보 Vol.173 No.-

La cha in the region of Fujian was very famous in Northern Song period as it was provided for the Imperial House. Indeed, Nabcha was the tea of the Song Dynasty, which was circulated most widely. Nabcha's fame came from its being Imperial tea as well as the tea producing technology and the tea culture of the people in that period. For this reason Tea Laws in Fujian were different from other regions. While the direct trade of tea between tea growers and merchant were allowed in other regions, the trade in Fujian was controlled by the government officials. Also, when the La cha related violation took place. punishment was severe than any other cases. The purpose of monopolizing tea was to secure governmental budget and help government to finance military supplies. This point has well been explained by the previous studies in this subject. But the way in which the regional government profited from the monopoly has not been mentioned thus far. One of the reasons for this lack of explanation is related to the view that the quantity of tea controlled by government equals to the total amount of tea produced. But the government controlled tea was not the whole amount of tea produced. The fair amount of tea was kept in the farm area. In some cases, growers got permit to sell their tea by paying taxes. In other case, growers was permitted to pay other taxes by their tea. This was how the regional government financially profited from the tea monopoly.

10~12세기 高麗의 차 문화와 국제관계

서은미(Suh, Eun-mi) 부산경남사학회 2018 역사와 경계 Vol.107 No.-

고려의 차 소비는 왕실과 사찰, 그리고 문인이 그 중심에 있었던 귀족문화의 성격을 가지고 있었다. 귀족적인 특정 집단의 소비단계를 넘어 보편적인 소비단계로 발전하지 못했던 것은 근본적으로 국내 차 생산을 확립시키지 못했기 때문이었다. 고려는 국초부터 차를 외부로부터 반입하는 환경이었고, 반입된 중국차는 지속적으로 선호된 상품이었다. 국내 차 생산 발전은 초기부터 한계에 부딪힐 수밖에 없었다. 이러한 여건으로 고려에서 차 문화는 왕실과 사찰, 문인을 중심으로 한 상층문화로서는 상당히 발전할 수 있었지만 생산과 공급의 안정을 이루지 못하였기 때문에 보편적인 소비의 보급단계로 나아가지 못했다. 게다가 중국차의 유통도 宋商이 주도하고 있었다. 고려 상인의 활동을 통한 상업 발달의 기회를 이용할 여건도 조성되지 않았다. 다점과 주점은 고려에서 화폐의 사용을 권장했던 대표적인 시설이었다. 고려는 화폐의 사용과 상업의 발달을 장려하기 위한 부단한 노력을 했지만 그 결과는 성공적이지 못하였다. 현물교환이 일반적이었던 서민에게 다점은 익숙한 장소가 아니었다. 차의 생산이 왕실의 징세와 사찰경제 범위를 크게 벗어나지 못한 한계는 여전하였지만 왕조가 안정기로 접어들면서 경제의 발달에 따라 차의 소비가 증대되었다. 도시를 중심으로 한 상층문화가 발달하면서 차의 소비도 많아졌다. 결국 고려의 차 소비와 문화는 신분적으로 지역적으로 제한적이었다. 또한 차는 하사와 여러 의식의 의례를 통해 통치력과 위계질서를 확립하고 권위를 형성하는 기능을 수행하였다. 국제 의례에서도 차는 의례와 예물의 목록으로 외교 관계에서의 상징적 역할을 하였다. The consumption of tea in Goryo had the character of aristocratic culture. At the center of consumption there were the royal family, the temple, and the intellectual. Because Goryeo failed to establish domestic tea production, it could not developed into a general consumption phase. Since the beginning of the country, Goryeo had the condition tea was imported from China. Imported Chinese tea remained popular. The development of domestic tea cultivation has been at its limit since the beginning. In addition, Chinese tea distribution was also led by the merchants of the Song dynasty. There was no opportunity to develop business through the activities of Goryeo merchants. In the Goryeo Dynasty the teahouse and the bar were typical facilities encouraging the use of money. Goryeo worked hard to encourage the use of money and the development of commerce. But the results were unsuccessful. For the common people who were accustomed to the exchange of things, the teahouse was not a familiar place. The production of tea was controlled by the imperial family and by the economy of temples.As the dynasty had been stabilized, the economy developed and so did the consumption of tea. As upper - layer culture centering on the city developed, the consumption of tea increased. After all, the consumption and culture of tea in Goryeo was limited in status and locally. The tea also played a role in shaping authority formed through the payment of tea and various ceremonies. In international rituals, the tea played a symbolic role in diplomatic relations as a list of ceremonies and gifts.

송대(宋代) 차법(茶法)의 처벌규정(處罰規定)과 그 변화(變化)

서은미 ( Suh Eun Mi ) 중국사학회 2017 中國史硏究 Vol.108 No.-

The illegal acts began to be punished according to the beginning of tea taxation and monopoly. The punishment regulations of the monopoly such as alcohol and salt were related to each other. On the hand, the punishment regulation of the legal code of tea was related to alcohol and salt, on the other hand there are also independent regulations. At the time when the Song dynasty was unified, punishment provisions also had a basic framework. The Rules for the Punishment of the legal code of tea in the Song dynasty originated from the regulation of smuggling in the Tang dynasty. In the early days of the establishment, it was important to secure the volume of the tea in accordance with the implementation of the tea monopoly. Therefore, strict punishment was made. This reflected the willingness of the state to implement policies. In the case of Tae-Ping Hung-gook(太平興國, 976~983), the punishment clause seems to have been eased by the elimination of the death penalty clause. However, in reality, detailed enforcement provisions were completed. At this time the fact was that the volume of the crackdown was greatly increased compared to that of the early founding period. Illegal activities were difficult to crack down on strict controls. The object of the crackdown was expanded from tea distributed by illegal activities to tea trees, followed by tea seeds and seedlings. In the Southern Song dynasty, the prisoner was sentenced to death again. The regulation and punishment of the tea was elaborated and the subject expanded, but it could not be the fundamental solution. The enactment of the legal code of tea had the goal of securing central funding from the outset and was the goal of consistent implementation. The occurrence of trafficking was not due to lack of enforcement, but rather to the fact that there was a huge profit depending on the place of sale. Without improving the high-priced sales policy for the sales area, the occurrence of smuggling could not be fundamentally solved.

송대 복건지역 차 생산의 특징과 지역문화

서은미 ( Eun Mi Suh ) 중국사학회 2003 中國史硏究 Vol.24 No.-

在宋代福建生産的建茶稱爲 `天下第一`. 由于自然環境的影響建茶保持着生相時期比較早的優點. 過去也乎現在也好茶的上層消費層對生産比較早的新茶有흔大的興趣, 這樣的事實간建茶的名聲有關. 建茶還學會硏膏茶, 腦面茶的製造記述而發展起來了. 代表宋代的貿易港口泉州位于福建也影響了建茶的特性. 卽建茶貢茶的特性之一是타使用了香料的. 這就表明福建是由于貿易來往흔盛的原因而흔容易供給香料的. 除了以上幾個原因以外由于唐末宋初是在喝茶的方法上有所變化的時期. 所以福建地區흔能適應這種時流而生産了符合點茶法的茶了. 간其他地方一樣在福建茶文化的發展和佛敎也有흔密切的關係. 從南唐開示這個地區的佛敎已經흔隆盛. 因而當地僧侶的活動幇助了茶的栽培和茶葉體操技術的發展. 還把當地茶的名聲傳播于各地也做了흔大的作用. 由于宋助實行了貢茶地區的統一. 從而貢茶卽建茶的名聲更出名了. 貢茶地區的縮小就是反映了茶的性質從上層商品轉變成大衆商品的結果. 還有建茶能得到貢茶的承認是對于福建茶業的發展給了흔大的貢獻. 雖然貢茶上供需要過分的人力和資金投資. 但是貢茶上供的結果得到的名聲和其地位使福建茶的錐??起了積極作用. 那樣的例子是從北宋時期福建生産的建茶的錐??地區最廣大的事實可以證明的. 貢茶的數量增大和官府的建茶消費量增加又意味着建茶錐??量的穩定狀態. 福建又是處于領導宋代茶文化的地區, 被成爲鬪茶흔流行的中心地帶. 貢茶地區福建位了生産高品質的茶葉和增大收穫量而所實行的民間的??山, 祭禮登風俗也是當地擁有的文化特性.

宋代의 飮茶生活과 茶 産業의 發展

徐銀美(Suh Eun-Mi) 동양사학회 2005 東洋史學硏究 Vol.90 No.-

北宋前期 東南茶 專賣의 運營方式과 茶의 積滯問題

徐銀美(Suh Eun Mi) 동양사학회 1998 東洋史學硏究 Vol.61 No.-

요금시대(遼金時代) 차(茶)의 소비(消費)와 교역(交易)

서은미 ( Eun Mi Suh ) 중국사학회 2016 中國史硏究 Vol.102 No.-

Until now in trade relations between the Song dynasty and the surrounding area, the lack of records related to tea means the lack of tea consumption. In the northwest region tea-horse trade was executed. A lot of records of tea-horse trade remained. But in trade relations between the Song and Liao dynasty, the Song and Jin dynasty, horse`s sales were banned. So there were little records related to tea. Because tea-horse trade was not valid, there were little records of tea in the Liao and Jin dynasty. It was not because there was no demand for tea. There were a lot of population than the northwest region. The population of the Liao dynasty is more than 7.8 million. The population of the Jin dynasty over 45 million. They conducted trading operations dealing in a variety of goods with the Song dynasty. The tea was a popular trade goods. Buddhism was a basic foundation in the spread of tea culture. Buddhism was developed in both dynasties. They actively used tea in royal rituals.

Airway Smooth Muscle에 미치는 자울의 효과

나경상,권의광,소응향,서은미,한종현,Na Kyung-Sang,Kwon Eui-Kwang,Soo Yeung-Hyung,Suh Eun-Mi,Han Jong-Hyun 경락경혈학회 2001 대한침구의학회지 Vol.18 No.1

Radix Asteris has been used in Korea for many centuries as a treatment for respiratory disease. The effect of Radix Asteris on tracheal smooth muscle is not known. The purpose of the present study is to determine the effect of Radix Asteris on histamine induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction in rats and guinea pigs. Guinea pig(500g, male) and Sprague Dawley rats (250g, male) were killed by $CO_2$ exposure and a segment (8-10mm) of the thoracic trachea from each rat and guinea pig was cut into equal segments and mounted 'in pairs' in a tissue bath. Contractile force was measured with force displacement transducers under 0.5g loading tension. The dose of histamine (His) which evoked 50% of maximal response ($ED_{50}$) was obtained from cumulative dose response curves for histamine $(10^{-7}{\sim}10^{-4}M)$. Contractions evoked by His ($ED_{50}$) were inhibited significantly by Radix Asteris. In guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of histamine induced contraction was 120.5% (p<0.01) after $100{\mu}l/ml$ Radix Asteris. In rat tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of histamine induced contraction was 135.4% (p<0.01) after $100{\mu}l/ml$ Radix Asteris. Propranolol $(10^{-7}M)$ slightly but significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Radix Asteris. Following treatment with propranolol, the mean percent inhibition caused by $100{\mu}l/ml$ Radix Asteris fell to 44.6% in guinea pig induced by histamine contraction and by $100{\mu}l/ml$ Radix Asteris fell to 18.7% (p<0.05) in rat induced by histamine contraction. Indomethacin and methylene blue$(10^{-7}M)$ did not significantly alter the inhibitory effect of Radix Asteris. These results indicate that Radix Asteris can relax histamine induced contraction of guinea pig and rat tracheal smooth muscle, and that this inhibition involves sympathetic effects.

Airway Smooth Muscle에 미치는 자울(紫울)의 효과

나경상 ( Kyung Sang Na ),권의광 ( Eui Kwang Kwon ),소응향 ( Yeung Hyung Soo ),서은미 ( Eun Mi Suh ),한종현 ( Jong Hyun Han ) 대한경락경혈학회 2001 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.18 No.1

Radix Asteris has been used in Korea for many centuries as a treatment for respiratory disease. The effect of Radix Asteris on tracheal smooth muscle is not known. The purpose of the present study is to determine the effect of Radix Asteris on histamine induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction in rats and guinea pigs. Guinea pig(500g, male) and Sprague Dawley rats (250g, male) were killed by CO2 exposure and a segment (8-10mm) of the thoracic trachea from each rat and guinea pig was cut into equal segments and mounted `in pairs` in a tissue bath. Contractile force was measured with force displacement transducers under 0.5g loading tension. The dose of histamine (His) which evoked 50% of maximal response (ED50) was obtained from cumulative dose response curves for histamine (10(-7)~10(-4)M). Contractions evoked by His (ED50) were inhibited significantly by Radix Asteris. In guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of histamine induced contraction was 120.5% (p<0.01) after 100㎕/㎖Radix Asteris. In rat tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of histamine induced contraction was 135.4% (p<0.01) after 100㎕/㎖Radix Asteris. Propranolol (10(-7)M) slightly but significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Radix Asteris. Following treatment with propranolol, the mean percent inhibition caused by 100㎕/㎖Radix Asteris fell to 44.6% in guinea pig induced by histamine contraction and by 100㎕/㎖Radix Asteris fell to 18.7% (p<0.05) in rat induced by histamine contraction. Indomethacin and methylene blue(10(-7)M) did not significantly alter the inhibitory effect of Radix Asteris. These results indicate that Radix Asteris can relax histamine induced contraction of guinea pig and rat tracheal smooth muscle, and that this inhibition involves sympathetic effects.