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Educational Inequality in Korea: Recent Trends and Persistent Structure
방하남 한국학중앙연구원 한국학중앙연구원 2004 Korea Journal Vol.44 No.1
This paper analyzes how and to what extent inequalities in educationalopportunity in Korea have changed during the second half of the twen-tieth century. Educational inequality is defined by social class differen-tials in both the quantity (success) and quality (path) of school transi-tions made at the secondary (middle to high school) and tertiary (col-lege) levels of schooling. The extent of educational stratification asexamined by the probability of transition to a higher grade has notbeen visibly alleviated over multiple generations. We also find that theextent of educational stratification is stronger in the secondary levelsthan in the tertiary schooling transition. The results also show that thelong-term trend of stratification in the Korean educational system hasdecreased inequality in terms of scale, but increased the qualitativeinequality of educational achievement between social classes. Even dur-ing the period of educational expansion and rapid economic develop-ment, social inequality in educational opportunity has resisted change.Such inequalities tend to reproduce themselves between successivecohorts, especially when quantitative socioeconomic opportunityremains limited.
방하남,하윤숙 한국사회보장학회 2000 사회보장연구 Vol.16 No.1
This study tries to empirically analyze the effect of unemployment benefit on displaced workers reemployment path and probability. Reemployment path is defined into (1)stable employment, (2)unstable employment(temporary, contractual), (3)not employed. For the analysis of multiple path alternatives and their respective probabilities, multinomial logit model is used. The data used in this analysis comes from two sources: one is Employment Insurance DB which contains individual insuree's record on background characteristics and the other is a follow-up survey data that capture after-quit information on job search and labor market transition. The two data sources are merged by I.D. and into a combined data set that provides information on important explanatory variables. The data shows that beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries are characteristically different: beneficiaries are relatively older, have long term tenure, are displaced from large firms, and more likely not to have alternative income source in the family. This study finds that the beneficiaries of unemployment benefit are less likely to be reemployed than the non-beneficiaries by about 20% in probability. Even when reemployed, beneficiaries are more likely to be reemployed into unstable jobs. This attest to the often observed negative effect of unemployment benefit on reemployment. But, caution need to be exerted with regard to interpretation of the parameter estimate especially for benefit receiving. That is, the estimated parameter reflects the effect of voluntary v.s. non-voluntary quit or leaving as well as the effect of the benefit itself. Also should be mentioned the peculiar reemployment market structure: that is, the labor market for parallel transition (from one job to another) in Korea is relatively less developed than in advanced countries. That should have exerted a negative effect on the beneficiaries' reemployment path and probability. Also should be emphasized the long-term effect of unemployment benefit, which might have a positive effect on reemployment with regard to the quality of the job reemployed. That is, the job ultimately taken by the beneficiaries might be better in quality than that taken by the non-beneficiaries. This issue is left unanalyzed for another round of analysis.
방하남 한국보건사회연구원 2012 보건복지포럼 Vol.185 No.-
실업에 대한 사회안전망은 외부자에 대한 안전성을 높일 뿐만 아니라 내부자에 대한 유연화의 가능성을 높일 수 있다. 그러나 사회 안전망의 광범한 사각지대는 노동시장정책으로부터도 배제된 비공식 고용으로 이어져 개인이 사회적 위험을 온전히 감수해야 할 뿐만 아니라 우리 노동시장의 주요한 문제인 고용률의 정체, 노동시장 불안정성의 증대를 낳는 주요한 원인이 되고 있다. 이러한 측면에서 우리나라 고용보험제도는 제도의 보호범위에 있어서의 사각지대와 급여의 충족성에 있어서의 사각지대를 지속적으로 줄여나가는 구조개혁이 필요한 것으로 평가된다.