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박석두 ( Seok Doo Park ) 한국농업사학회 2008 농업사연구 Vol.7 No.2
Modernization in Korea was initiated from the top to bottom. It started from 1876, when Korea was forced to sign up the unfair Kangwha friendship treaty by Japan. Modernization with various system reform was continued until 1950, the end of colony period. The period, which covers more than 70years, can be divided by three significant historic facts. They are Gabo reform in 1894, Gwangmu reform in 1898 and 1905 when Japan colonized Korea. During the period, modernization scheme being made are as follows; 1)reform in administrative structure, law system 2)economic reform in tax, financing, and currency 3)reform in social ranking and abolition of slave 4)introducing new education system and science and 5)establishing social infra and companies related. In agriculture sector, modern land ownership and land tax system was established. Agriculture school and various agriculture research institutes were built. And it was encouraged to organize associations in the field of agriculture, finance and irrigation. Since 1920, having those as a foundation, Japan had strongly derived policies to reform production capacity in various agricultural products including crops, cotton, silkworm, and livestock in Korea. As a result of it, we experienced the increase of irrigated rice field, cultivation of superior kind, and usage of fertilizer. We became to produce more rice but at the same time more rice were drained out to Japan then cheap and low grade crops were brought back to Korea. Meanwhile, as farming land was more commercialized and rice only farming practice was generalized, as tenancy dispute increased. In the end, colony landownership structure was materialized. Economy of farmers except who owned land was deteriorated, which forced farmers to retire from agriculture and became either low income labor or immigrants to survive. The modernization made during the colony period could bring development of agriculture but only worsened poverty level of farmers.