國際 비즈니스 契約에서의 保證手段 및 類型에 관한 硏究

박석재(Park Suk Jae) 한국무역상무학회 2005 貿易商務硏究 Vol.26 No.-

Many international transactions involve the use of security devices, commonly referred to as “guarantees”, “bonds”, or “standby credits”, designed to protect one of the parties from a breach by its counter-party. These security mechanisms may be provided by banks, insurance companies, specialized surety companies, or other financial service firms. Although some legal systems distinguish between “guarantees”, “bonds”, and “indemnities”, these terms are often used as synonyms in the everyday language of international traders. It may therefore be necessary to examine the particular characteristics and nature of the guarantee obligation in order to properly classify the guarantee. Two main categories of guarantee are demand and suretyship. Under a demand guarantee, the guarantor must pay on first demand by the beneficiary. The beneficiary only has to demand payment under the guarantee - there is no need to prove that the principal has actually defaulted on a contractual obligation. Under a suretyship or conditional guarantee, the obligation of the guarantor is triggered by the actual default or contractual breach of the principal, as evidenced in a document such as a court judgement or arbitral award against the principal. Guarantees have been widely used in the international business transactions. Main uses of guarantees are as follows : Performance Bonds/Guarantees, Bid(or Tender) Bonds/Guarantees, Advance Payment or Repayment Bonds/Guarantees, Retention Bonds/Guarantees, Maintenance(or Warranty) Bonds/Guarantees etc.

AC PDP에서 2차원 수치해석을 이용한 Ramp Reset 구동파형에 따른 방전 특성 분석

朴奭栽(Suk-Jae Park),崔勳永(Hoon-Young Choi),徐正炫(Jeong-Hyun Seo),李晳賢(Seok-Hyun Lee) 대한전기학회 2004 전기학회논문지C Vol.53 No.12

250W HID 램프용 전자식 안정기의 손실 특성 분석

박종연(Chong-Yeon Park),정광현(Kwang-Hyun Jung),석경수(Kyung-Su Suk),박창열(Chang-Yeol Park) 한국조명·전기설비학회 2005 한국조명·전기설비학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2005 No.11월

We have studied the loss characteristics of the electronic ballast for the 250 watt HID lamps. The researched electronic ballast has a low loss, a low THD for input current and the other reliable characteristics. By the experimental results and the analytical method, we concluded that the switching devices loss is 33%, and the Inductances loss is 42.6% of the total losses.

타르스키의 논리적 귀결 정의의 역사적 배경

박우석 ( Woo Suk Park ) 한국논리학회 2014 論理硏究 Vol.17 No.1

그것이 지녀온 막강한 영향력에도 불구하고 우리는 타르스키류 논리적 귀결의 정의가 역사적/철학적으로 어떤 배경과 동기를 지닌 것인지를 알지 못하고 있다. 논리적 귀결 개념이 논리학과 논리철학의 핵심 개념이라는 점을 감안할 때, 이는 충격적이다. 그리고 이런 불만스러운 상황이 초래된 데에는 여러 가지 요인이 복합적으로 작용한 것으로 보인다. 분석철학과 현대 논리학의 역사에 관하여 최근 이루어진 성과는 고무적이다. 그러나 관련된 여러 논쟁들의 추이를 볼 때 불만을 해소하기까지는 상당한 세월이 요구되리라 예상된다. 이런 우울한 정황 속에서 극히 최근 더글라스 패터슨에 의해 수행된 타르스키의 언어철학 및 논리학 연구는 획기적인 업적으로 판명될 만한 잠재력을 지닌 것으로 여겨진다. [Patterson (2012)] 본 논문은 패터슨의 연구에서 미심쩍은 부분을 비판적으로 검토함으로써 이 문제 영역에서의 연구의 현주소와 후속 연구의 방향을 가늠해 보고자 한다. We still do not know against what histocial/philosophical background and motivation was Tarski`s definition of logical consequence introduced, even if it has had such a strong influence. In view of the centrality of the notion of logical consequence in logic and philosophy of logic, it is rather shocking. There must be various intertwined reasons to blame for this uncomfortable situation. There has been remarkable progress achieved recently on the history of analytic philosophy and modern logic. In view of the recent developments of the controversies involved, however, we will have to wait years to resolve all this uneasiness. In this gloomy situation, Douglas Patterson`s recent study of Tarski`s philosophy of language and logic seems to have the potential to turn out to be a ground breaking achievement. [Patterson (2012)] This article aims at reporting the state-of-the-art in this problem area, and fathoming the future directions of research by examining critically some unclear components of Patterson`s study.

Stomach Contents of Rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) in Artificially Illuminated Sea Cage

박철원(Chul-Won Park),김민석(Min-Suk Kim),조규희(Cindy K. Cho),박용주(Yong-Joo Park),김세화(Saywa Kim),김종만(Jong-Man Kim) 한국수산과학회 양식분과 2003 韓國養殖學會誌 Vol.16 No.2

조영제 사용 전 피부반응검사 후 발생한 조영제 과민반응의 발생 빈도와 임상 양상

박보배 ( Bo Bae Park ),박창한 ( Chang Han Park ),노인영 ( In Young Nho ),김해성 ( Hae Sung Kim ),강남규 ( Nam Kyu Kang ),장석일 ( Suk Il Chang ),김장민 ( Jang Min Kim ) 대한천식알레르기학회(구 대한알레르기학회) 2016 Allergy Asthma & Respiratory Disease Vol.4 No.6

Purpose: Hypersensitivity reactions to contrast media (CM) are one of the most common causes of drug adverse reactions. The overall prevalence of immediate hypersensitivity reaction (IHR) was 0.16%-7.7% to nonionic CM. Although IHR to CM has been traditionally considered nonallergic, there is growing evidence that the mechanism of IHR to CM is mediated by IgE. It can be severe, even fatal, and a legal problem. To reduce IHR, the prescreening skin test is on the rise. Methods: We reviewed cases of IHR to CM during enhanced computed tomography (CT) from 2008 to 2015 at a secondary hospital in South Korea. Patients who underwent enhanced CT were performed the 2-step prescreening skin test before nonionic CM-enhanced CT. If patients had adverse reactions to CM, the reactions were reported. IHR to CM was defined as an immediate reaction within 1 hour after CM administration. The Ring and Messmer system was used to classify the severity of reactions by grades I to IV, and we defined grades III and IV as severe reactions. Results: A total of 30,105 CM-enhanced CT cases were recruited from 2008 to 2015. A total 46 patients with CM adverse reactions were reported. The IHR were noted in 30 of the total patients (0.1%), of which 6 had severe reaction. Conclusion: The prevalences of IHR and severe IHR to CM were 0.1% and 0.02%, respectively. Further studies are needed to evaluate the usefulness of prescreening skin tests to prevent IHR to CM. (Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 2016:4:442-448)

종사자가 인식하는 그룹홈 정체성 - 탈시설과 관련하여 -

박숙경(Park Suk Kyung) 한국장애인복지학회 2018 한국장애인복지학 Vol.42 No.42

본 연구는 장애인복지현장의 논쟁적 이슈의 하나인 ‘탈시설과 관련하여 그룹홈의 정체성을 어떻게 볼 것인지’를 탐색하기 위해 실시되었다. 핵심적인연구질문은 종사자들이 그룹홈을 시설 또는 탈시설로 보는 이유가 무엇인지? 그리고 시설과 탈시설적 특성은 각각 무엇이고, 시설과 탈시설 사이의 혼란을 일으키는 특성이 무엇인지를 규명하는 것이었다. 이를 위해 개방형 질문지를 활용하여 수집된 그룹홈 종사자 58인의 의견을 분석하였다. 분석결과 35인은 시설, 23인은 탈시설로 보고 있었다. 시설로 보는 이유는 15개로 나타났고, 제도적 한계, 기관의 운영방식, 관련주체들의 인식 이상 3개로 범주화되었다. 탈시설로 보는 이유는 8개로 나타났고, 제도적 강점, 서비스 방식, 종사자의 탈시설과 그룹홈의 관련성 인식’ 이상 3개로 범주화되었다. 두 개의 특성을 비교분석한 결과 시설적 특성은 ‘훈련과보호중심의 운영목적, 1:4의 열악한 지원체계, 공동생활과 종사자 동거로 인한 자율성과 주도성 침해, 입주선택권 비(非)보장에 따른 장기입주, 대규모시설과 동일한 행정관리와 평가체계 및 예산지급방식, 이용자와 관련자들이 집으로 인식하지 않음’ 이상 6개로 압축되었다. 탈시설적 특성은 ‘가정과 같은 환경, 지역사회에서의 삶, 이용자가 일반수급자임’ 이상 3가지로 압축되었 다. 시설과 탈시설 사이에서 혼란을 일으키는 특성은 ‘행정관리체계의 비일관성, 운영기관의 철학과 운영방식, 인식주체의 탈시설 개념’ 3가지로 나타났다. This research has been executed to explore the issue of ‘how to understand the identity of the group home in relation with the deinstitutionalization’ which is causing controversy at welfare field of person with disabilities. The main questions of the research have been ‘What is the reason that worker regard group home as deinstitutionalization?’, ‘What is the characteristics of the institution and deinstitutionalization respectively?’ and ‘What are the specific characteristics which cause group home’s identity confusion between the institution and the deinstitutionalization?’ To find the answers for these questions, I analysed 58 group home workers’ answers by the open questionnaire. The result was that 35 workers regarded them as institution, 23 workers regarded them as deinstitutionalization. There found to be 15 reasons why they regard them as institution, which could be categorized into 1. innate limitation of the political system, 2. operational way of the group home 3. people’ conception on deinstitutionalisation. There found to be 8 reasons why they regard them as deinstitutionalization, which could be categorized into 1. the system’s merit itself, 2. different way of service, 3. workers’ understandings of group homes’ relation with deinstitutionalization. By comparison of two analysis results, the characteristics of the institution has been focused into: ‘1. training/protection oriented operation. 2. 1:4의 lousy support system, 3. infringement of self-regulation and initiative by communal life and living together with worker, 4. long-term living because of no choice, 5. the same management and estimation system and budget supply, 6. the fact that the users and related people don’t regard it as home.’ The characteristics of the deinstitutionalization has been focused into: ‘1. homely environment, 2. living in the community, 3. the users are general beneficinary. The characteristics that caused identity confusion between the institution and deinstitutionalization was 1. inconsistency in administry manegement system 2. philosophy and the way the operating agency is run, 3. persons’ understandings of deinstitutionalization

8~9세기 발해와 일본의 경제외교와 大宰府

박진숙(PARK Jin-suk) 고구려발해학회 2006 고구려발해연구 Vol.22 No.-

Palhae(渤海) made the first diplomatic relationship with Dazaihu(大宰府) around The plan to invade Shilla(新羅) in 759 by Konamshin(高南申). In my opinion it is thought that Palhae would like to identify the institution of trades of japan focusing on Dazaihu and pursued a diplomatic relationship emphasizing Dazaihu. At this point, it can be thought that Konamshin's Diazaihu visit in 759 changed Palhae's Japanese diplomacy from a political and military relationship to an economic one in 762. Additionally, the japanese request of Palhae's entrance to the Dazaihu ports around 770 showed that Palhae and Dazaihu went for trades and the diplomatic relationship between Palhae and Dazaihu was actively absorbed by japan, although it was based on the diplomatic policy of Unified Gate such as Dazaihu. However, it was difficult to expect Dazaihu diplomacy of Palhae to result in smooth trades because of the difficulties of large-scale human and material damages. Although Dazaihu diplomacy of Palhae was nor realized, we can find out the diplomatic meaning in thar the failure of this diplomatic policy promoted japanese policies to Palhae mainly driven by Northern Continent(北陸道). As a result of this, the Palhae Kaekwon(客院) be established in Nugtugguk(能登國). However, the diplomatic relationship between Palhae and Japan experienced dramatic change, when Dazaihu diplomatic policy was revived because of Chang Po-go(張寶高)'s advance to Japan in 824. The fact thar japan coordinated the term to tribute(聘期) of Palhae as 12 years and proposed an Act controlling the private trades with Palhae in 828 was rooted in the relationship with Dazaihu diplomacy of Chang Po-go. The influence of Chang Po-go in this trade attracted the attention of Tang-Shilla and finally he was appointed as ambassador of Chunghae-jin(淸海鎭). Tang-Shills planned to activate trades among Shilla, Tang and Japan and keep Palhae in check taking advantage of Chang Po-go and Shilla people in Tang who support Chang Po-go. As above, Chang Po-go's active Dazaihu diplomacy, which was done under the guidance of Shilla's diplomatic policies resulted in contracting Palhae's Japanese diplomacy. Accordingly, Palhae identified the situation that Japan paid great attention to the trades with Chohoko, a Shilla merchant and made efforts to establish a diplomatic relationship with Tang in 829 to secure Karamono(唐物) instead of disconnecting the relationship with Japan. Afterwards, Palhae's diplomatic approach to Japan was accelerated with the death of Chang Po-go because of the conflicts inside of Shilla in 841. In January, 842, Japan heard of the death of Chang Po-go and traded with Gahukuen(賀福延) who staled in Nagatonokuni(長門國) at that time. To Japan which placed much importance on the trade with Tang-Shilla, the death of Chang Po-go was a shock. Accordingly, Japan considered the relationship improvement with Palhae to cope with diplomatic change in East Asia. The death of Chang Po-go led to the precaution of Dazaihu against the Shilla people and Japan and Palhae refreshed their diplomatic relationship accordingly.

이동통신 환경에서 사용자의 위치정보를 보호하는 새로운 방법

박창설(Chang-Sul Park),김순석(Soon-Suk Kim),김성훈(Sung-Hoon Kim),박창윤(Chang-yun Park),김성권(Sung-Kwun Kim) 한국정보과학회 2002 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.29 No.1A

기존의 이동통신은 과거 몇 년간 이동성, 신속성, 광역성, 편리성 등으로 인하여 이용도가 크게 늘어났다. 제1세대 이동통신인 아날로그 이동전화 서비스가 시작된 이후 2세대 디지털 이동통신 기술인 CDMA 및 GSM을 거쳐 최근에 대두되고 있는 차세대 멀티미디어 이동통신인 IMT-2000 시대를 개막함으로써 이동통신에 대한 관심은 한층 증대되었으며, 또한 사용량 증가에 따라 보안문제에도 최근 많은 관심을 보이고 있다. 본 논문에서는 차세대 이동통신 환경에서 네트워크 제공자(Network Provider, 이하 줄여서 NP라 부른다)로부터 모바일 사용자의 프라이버시라 할 수 있는 위치정보를 보호하기 위한 새로운 시스템을 제안하고자 한다.

Microarray Analysis of Mutant Line Derived from T-DNA Insertion into Myrosinase Gene of Chinese Cabbage

Suk-Man Park(박석만),Mi-Kyung Lee(이미경),Gi-Ho Lee(이기호),Young-Doo Park(박영두) 한국원예학회 2007 한국원예학회 학술발표요지 Vol.2007 No.6