公司人权义务的国际规制:内容、问题与发展 —以《跨国公司和其他工商企业在人权方面的责任准则》为核心

劉萍,馮帥 제주대학교 법과정책연구원 2015 국제법무 Vol.7 No.1

In the traditional theory of international law, corporation was private actor, which should be only regulated by domestic law, having nothing to do with the international law, while the human rights protection should be the issue of the country, involving the international law. Therefore, there exists no intersection between corporation and human rights protection. However, in recent decades, a series of human rights violations have been caused by the corporations, and the human rights protection calls for the joint efforts of the world. Especially in the era of globalization of economy, the issue of human rights has been more sensitive, difficult and complex, and corporation can no longer escape the responsibility of human rights protection as it is not the subject in the international law. The Norms on the Responsibility of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights was the first international legal document that comprehensively and systematically described the corporation’s human rights protection, which involved human rights protection, humanitarian, international labor protection, environmental protection, and the consumers’ rights and interests protection, Because of the Norms’ universality of the scope, prevalence of the content, and the directness and mandatory of the validity, it was considered as one of the notable landmarks on the road of the corporation’s responsibility for human rights violation. But due to the Norms’ vague expression of the “international corporations”, “company conspiracy”, and “scope of the activity and influence”, and wide regulating object, undeveloped self-regulation of the corporation’s human rights obligation, ambiguous jurisdiction of the courts and other procedural matters, etc. it was failed to pass in the final vote when submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Committee. The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework has been passed in 2011, but with the significance of the Norms in the aspect of international regulation of the corporation’s human rights, it would continue having great effects on theoretical and practical study within a long period of time. Throughout the international development of the corporate social responsibility, it is not difficult to see that the international regulation of the corporation’s human rights obligations will apply itself to further clarify the scope of the “international corporations”, consult the classification of the “direct accomplice”, “indirect accomplice” and “silent accomplice” of the “company conspiracy” that suggested by the academic field, and interpret the expression of the “scope of the activity and influence”. Meanwhile, the corporation’s human rights obligations will regard the World Trade Organization as a main platform from indirect, negative regulation to direct and active regulation, set legal remedies on the basis of the original obligations, and protect the human rights at the international and domestic levels.

新兴宗教与“邪教”的比较研究 — 中国经验论

류평,이홍광 한국중국학회 2011 國際中國學硏究 Vol.0 No.14

In the past 100 years, “New Religion” has become an important component of the world’s religion circle. Because of the frequently cult events in the late 20th century,the concepts of “New Religion” and “Evil Cult” are usually mixed together. In China,people even regard the two concepts as the same. However, the relationship between the two concepts is far more complicated, we cannot simply distinguish them by integrity or evil, religious or non-religious. While comparing them, we discovered that “New Religion” and “Evil Cult” are two different concepts, with an essential distinction. So when we do research on them and discuss the relevant problems, we should treat them in different ways. In this paper, we preliminary discussed the living situation of the Chinese “New Religion”. We find out that the new religion such as Baha’ism has not been totally accepted in the mainl and, although it seems that it has already played an accepted organization role. Besides, Chinese “Underground Church” and “House Church” are also developing constantly. In the modern world, religion secularization and pluralism have made the traditional religion on the decline. Moreover, the special national conditions also stopped its religious function from going well. The beneficial values and moral principles, namely the functions of social stabilizers in the new religion, such as eleemosynary relief and spiritual comfort, are what truly in demand now. As the Chinese government is now advocating promoting greater cultural development and prosperity, as well as constructing a harmonious society, the coexistence of the diverse national culture and belief culture is becoming an inexorable trend.

新興宗敎與"邪敎"的比較硏究 -中國經驗論

류평 ( Ping Liu ),이홍광 ( Hong Guang Li ) 한국중국학회 2011 國際中國學硏究 Vol.14 No.-

In the past 100 years, "New Religion" has become an important component of the world``s religion circle. Because of the frequently cult events in the late 20th century, the concepts of "New Religion" and "Evil Cult" are usually mixed together. In China, people even regard the two concepts as the same. However, the relationship between the two concepts is far more complicated, we cannot simply distinguish them by integrity or evil, religious or non-religious. While comparing them, we discovered that "New Religion" and "Evil Cult" are two different concepts, with an essential distinction. So when we do research on them and discuss the relevant problems, we should treat them in different ways. In this paper, we preliminary discussed the living situation of the Chinese "New Religion". We find out that the new religion such as Baha``ism has not been totally accepted in the mainl and, although it seems that it has already played an accepted organization role. Besides, Chinese "Underground Church" and "House Church" are also developing constantly. In the modern world, religion secularization and pluralism have made the traditional religion on the decline. Moreover, the special national conditions also stopped its religious function from going well. The beneficial values and moral principles, namely the functions of social stabilizers in the new religion, such as eleemosynary relief and spiritual comfort, are what truly in demand now. As the Chinese government is now advocating promoting greater cultural development and prosperity, as well as constructing a harmonious society, the coexistence of the diverse national culture and belief culture is becoming an inexorable 226 國際中國學硏究 第14輯 trend.

公司人權義務的國際規制: 內容、問題與發展 -以 <跨國公司和其他工商企業在人權方面的責任準則> 爲核心

류평 ( Ping Liu ),풍수 ( Shuai Feng ) 제주대학교 법과정책연구소 2015 국제법무 Vol.7 No.1

국제법의 전통적 이론에 따라, 기업은 민간영역으로, 국내법에서만 감독을 받아야 하고 국제법과는 아무런 관련이 없지만 인권보호는 국제법을 포함하는 국가적인 문제가 되어야 한다. 따라서, 기업과 인권 보호 사이에 교차지점이 존재하지 않았다. 그러나 최근 수십년 동안, 일련의 인권 침해 문제는 기업에 의해 발생 되었으며, 따라서 언 권 보호단체는 세계의 공동 노력을 요구하고 있다. 특히 경제의 세계화의 시 대에서 인권문제는 더 민감하고, 어렵고 복장하게 되었으며, 이는 국제법의 대 상이 아니므로 기엽은 더 이상 인권 보호의 책임을 피할수 없다. 인권에 관한 다국적 기업 및 기타 비즈니스 기업의 책임 에 대한규범은 종 합이고 체계적으로 인권 보호, 인도주의, 국제 노동 보호, 환경 보호, 및 소비 자의 권리 및 이익 보호와 관련된 기업의 인권 보호를 설명한 최초의 국제법 적 문서이다. 범위의 규범적 보편성, 내용의 확산성 및 직접적 명령의 유효성 때문에, 이 문서는 인권위반에 대한 기업의 책임에 대한 주목할 만한 기념비적 지침서 중 하나로 간주되었다. 그러나 "국제 기업. "회사의 음모" 및 "활동과 영향력의 범위"의 규범의 모호한 표현과, 광범위한 규제의 반대, 기엽의 인권 의무에 대한 자기규제의 미숙성, 법원 관할에 관한 모호성과 다른 절차적 문제 때문에, 그것은 유엔 인권 위원회 에 제출되었을 때 최종 투표에서 부결 되었다 비즈니스와 인권 에 대한 기본원칙 · 유엔 "보호, 존중, 구제" 프레임 워크실행은 2011년에 통과 되었지만, 기업의 인권 의 국제 규제 의 측면에서 규범의 중요성 때문에, 그것은 오랜 기간 동안 이론과 실제 연구에 큰 영향을 끼치고 있다. 기업의 사회적 책임의 국제 개발을 통해서 기업의 인권 의무에 대한 국제 규제가 국제기업의 범위를 명확히 하고 학계에서 제기한 ``직접공범``, ``간점공 범``,``침묵공범``, 및 ``기업공모``의 분류를 상담하고, 활동과 영향의 표현을 해석 하데 적용되는 모습을 보는 것은 그리 어렵지 않을 것이다 반면, 기업의 인권 의무는 WTO를 간접적이고 부정적인 규정에서 직접적이고 적극적인 규정으로의 주요 플랫폼으로 간주할 것이고, 또한 원래 의무의 근간위에 법적구제장치를 마련하고, 인권을 국제적, 국가적 차원에서 보호할 것이다. In the traditional theory of international law, corporation was private actor, which should be only regulated by domestic law, having nothing to do with the international law, while the human rights protection should be the issue of the country, involving the international law. Therefore, there exists no intersection between corporation and human rights protection. However, in recent decades, a series of human rights violations have been caused by the corporations, and the human rights protection calls for the joint efforts of the world. Especially in the era of globalization of economy, the issue of human rights has been more sensitive, difficult and complex, and corporation can no longer escape the responsibility of human rights protection as it is not the subject in the international law. The Norms on the Responsibility of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights was the first international legal document that comprehensively and systematically described the corporation``s human rights protection, which involved human rights protection, humanitarian, international labor protection, environmental protection, and the consumers`` rights and interests protection, Because of the Norms`` universality of the scope, prevalence of the content, and the directness and mandatory of the validity, it was considered as one of the notable landmarks on the road of the corporation``s responsibility for human rights violation. But due to the Norms`` vague expression of the "international corporations", "company conspiracy", and "scope of the activity and influence", and wide regulating object, undeveloped self-regulation of the corporation``s human rights obligation, ambiguous jurisdiction of the courts and other procedural matters, etc. it was failed to pass in the final vote when submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Committee. The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations "Protect, Respect and Remedy" Framework has been passed in 2011, but with the significance of the Norms in the aspect of international regulation of the corporation``s human rights, it would continue having great effects on theoretical and practical study within a long period of time. Throughout the international development of the corporate social responsibility, it is not difficult to see that the international regulation of the corporation``s human rights obligations will apply itself to further clarify the scope of the "international corporations", consult the classification of the "direct accomplice", "indirect accomplice" and "silent accomplice" of the "company conspiracy" that suggested by the academic field, and interpret the expression of the "scope of the activity and influence". Meanwhile, the corporation``s human rights obligations will regard the World Trade Organization as a main platform from indirect, negative regulation to direct and active regulation, set legal remedies on the basis of the original obligations, and protect the human rights at the international and domestic levels.

구륜 이동 로봇의 위치추정을 위한 퍼지-유전자 제어기

한철웅,김종수,류평,오금곤,박세승 조선대학교 전자정보통신연구소 2000 電子情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.3 No.1

지능제어 기법중 하나인 퍼지-유전자 알고리즘은 매개변수 불확실성을 갖는 시스템을 제어하기 위한 새로운 제어 기법으로 사용되어지고 있다. 유전자 알고리즘에서, 돌연변이율은 국부적 최소화에 수렴하는 것을 방지하기 위하여 크게 설정하여야만 하지만, 전역 수렴 속도가 감소하는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 개선하기 위하여 퍼지 논리와 유전자 알고리즘을 사용하여 제어기를 설계한다. 본 논문에서는 구륜이동 로봇의 목적궤적을 추적할 수 있는 제어기 설계를 제안한다. 제안된 제어기의 유용성은 모의실험을 통하여 보인다. Genetic algorithms, one of intelligent control methods, is used as new control approach to control the system including the parameter uncertainties In the genetic algorithm, the mutation rate must be set to high to prevent the convergence to local minimum, but it has the problem that the global convergence speed is decreased To enhance this problem, we design the controller by using the fuzzy logic and the genetic algorithm In this paper, we propose the controller design to track to the desired trajectory of the wheeled-mobile robot The validity of the proposed controller is showed through the simulation.