O/W 에멀젼의 입자크기 및 상거동에 미치는 다양한 전상유화법의 효과

김철훈,박재길,허정림,유영태,박태욱,이치규 ( Cheol Hun Kim,Jae Kiel Park,Jung Rim Haw,Young Tai Yoo,Tae Wook Park,Chi Giu Lee ) 한국공업화학회 1995 공업화학 Vol.6 No.4

유화제는 polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitan monostearate와 sorbitan sesquioleate를 혼합 사용하고, 오일상으로는 liquid paraffin을 원료로 사용하여 다양한 전상유화 법으로 O/W 에멀젼을 제조하였다. 전상유화공정중에 오일상에 첨가되는 적량의 물은 가용화 되거나 유화되어 W/O 에멀젼으로 된다. 이 W/O 에멀젼은 분산상의 부피변화나(catastrophic inversion) 유화제의 오일과 물에 대한 친화도변화(transitional inversion)에 의해 O/W 에멀젼으로 전환된다. Direct 유화방법을 채택한 2단계 전상유화법의 공정에서는 잠정적인 (W/O)/W 이중에멀젼이 형성되었다 : 최종에멀젼이 W/O→(W/O)/W→O/W의 전환 단계를 거쳐서 생성되었다. 이 전환에서는 catastrophic inversion이 일어났다. 1단계 및 3단계 전상유화법은 W/O에서 pseudomicroemulsion gel상을 거쳐서 미세하고 균일한 O/W에멀젼입자가 얻어졌다 : W/O→pseudomicroem ulsion gel상→O/W. 이 전환에서는 연속상의 일정농도(5∼17wt%) 내에서 transitional inversion이 일어남을 알 수 있었고, 3단계 전상유화법이 2단계 전상유화법보다 더 미세하고 균일한 입자를 갖는 높은 점도의 에멀젼을 생성하였다. 본 연구에서 가장 미세하고 안정한 에멀젼입자가 형성되는 혼합유화제의 HLB 영역은 10.0∼10.8이었으며, 아울러 이 영역에서 오일상에 첨가되어 가용화되는 물의 양 또한 가장 많게 나타났다. O/W emulsions were prepared with the various phase inversion emulsification methods. The emulsifiers used were the polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitan monostearate and sorbitan sesquioleate, and the oil used was a liquid paraffin(dispersed phase). A portion of aqueous phase added during the phase inversion emulsification process is solubilized or emulsified into the oil phase to form a W/O primary emulsion. This primary emulsion eventually inverts to form an O/W final emulsion either by changing the dispersed phase volume(a catastrophic inversion) or by changing the surfactant`s affinity for the oil and water phases(a transitional inversion). A short-lived double emulsions of (W/O)/W type were formed in the process of the two-step phase inversion which adopted the direct emulsification method : O/W final emulsion was formed as follows, i.e., W/O→(W/O)/W double emulsion→O/W emulsion. Catastropic inversion occured in the two-step phase inversion emulsification method. In one-step phase inversion emulsification and three-step phase inversion emulsification, fine and homogeneous O/W emulsions were formed as follows, i.e., W/O→pseudomicroemulsion gel phase→O/W. In this method the transitional inversion occurred within constant concentration(5-17wt. %) of contineous phase. The more fine, homogeneous and viscous emulsion was prepared with the three-step phase inversion emulsification method than that of emulsions prepared with the two-step phase inversion emulsification method. The finest and most stable droplets were formed in 10.0∼10.8 HLB region of mixed surfactants and this HLB region had maximum amount of solubilizing water.

주류문화 1 - 막걸리 누보

김철훈,Kim, Cheol-Hun 한국주류산업협회 2009 주류산업 Vol.29 No.4

O/W 에멀젼 입자의 크기에 미치는 Direct 유화법과 Invert유화법의 효과

김철훈 ( Cheol-hun Kim ),박재길 ( Jae-kiel Park ),황정웅 ( Jeong-wung Hwang ),허정림 ( Jung-rim Haw ) 대한화장품학회 1994 대한화장품학회지 Vol.20 No.1

유화제로 polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan sesquioleate을 혼합 사용하고, 분산상으로 liquid paraffin, 연속상으로 deionized water를 원료로 사용하여 Direct유화법을 이용한 전상법과 Invert유화법을 3가지 단계의 제조방법으로 나누어서 O/W에멀젼을 제조하였고, 각 단계 전상유화법에서 첨가되는 물의 양에 따른 최종 O/W에멀젼의 입자크기변화를 관찰하였다. Direct유화법을 이용한 2단계 전상유화법을 사용하여 제조한 결과, 미세하고 균일한 입자를 갖는 O/W에멀젼은 W/O에서 (W/O)W 이중에멀젼으로의 전환 단계를 거쳐야만 생성됨을 알 수 있었다. Invert유화법을 사용한 3단계전상유화법은 W/O 에서 일종의 Pseudomicroemulsion gel상을 거쳐 미세하고 균일한 O/W유화 입자가 얻어졌다. 3단계 전상법이 2단계 전상법보다 더 미세하고 균일한 입자를 생성하였다. 실험에서 사용한 모든 유화법에서 혼합유화제의 HLB가 10.0 - 10.8 영역에서 가장 미세한 에멀젼입자가 형성되었다. 이 HLB영역에서 혼합유화제가 용해되어있는 오일상에 첨가되어 가용화되는 물의 양이 최대로 많았으며, 최대 가용화 물양을 갖는 유화제의 조성에서 가장 미세하고 균일한 입자가 얻어졌다. O/W emulsions with mixed nonionic surfactants(polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitan monostearate/sorbitan sesquioleate), liquid paraffin, water prepared by direct inversion emulisification method and continuous inversion emulsification Method. The one-step, two-step and three-step phase inversion emulsification method were used in experiments. Effect of added water on droplet size of final O/W emulsions which is prepared by phase inversion emulsification method were investigated. In direct inversion emulsification method(two-step emulsification method), fine and homogeneous droplets of OIW emulsions were formed after phase inversion steps i.e. ,W/O - (W/O) If double emulsion - O/W emulsion. In continuous inversion emulsification method(three-step emulsification method), fine and homogeneous O/W emulsion were formed after phase inversion steps i.e., W/O - pseudomicroemulsion - O/W. By latter method, more Fine and homogenuous droplets were formed than former method. 10-10, 8 HLB region of mixed non-ionic surfactants could produce most fine droplets. This HLB region had maximum values of solubilization water and This HLB value of mixed nonionic surfactants produced fine and homogenuous droplets.

DC옵셋 제거 기법을 이용한 페이저 추정 방법 비교 분석

김철훈(Cheol-Hun Kim),이원석(Won-Seok Lee),강상희(Sang-Hee Kang) 대한전기학회 2010 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.7

This paper analyzed strength and weakness of each algorithms through comparative analysis for phasor estimation methods using DC-offset removing technique. Used algorithms are Modified Fourier Algorithms, PS(Partial Sum) based method, mth harmonics method, even/odd DFT method.

IEC61850 기반 송전선 보호 IED 구현

김철훈(Cheol-Hun Kim),권영진(Young-Jin Kwon),이동규(Dong-Gyu Lee),류기찬(Ki-Chan Ryu),강상희(Sang-Hee Kang),남순열(Soon-Ryul Nam) 대한전기학회 2006 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2006 No.11

변전소 자동화 시스템에서 IED(Intelligent Electronic Device)들 간의 효과적인 통신을 위해 표준 프로토콜인 IEC-61850이 제시되면서 이를 구현하고 응용하기 위한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 본 논문은 IEC-61850 표준규격을 분석하여 제시된, 거리 계전 IED 모델을 이용해 송전선 보호 IED를 구현하였다. 통신기능 구현은 리눅스 커널 2.6 기반의 통신보드를 사용하였고 계전 알고리즘의 수행은 TMS320C32 기반의 DSP(Digital Signal Processor) 보드를 사용하였다. 보드간 통신은 CAN(Cont roller Area Network) 통신으로 이루어 졌으며 사례연구를 위해 RTDS(Real Time Digital Power System Simulator)를 이용하여 입력신호를 생성하였다. 구성된 시스템의 검증을 위해 거리계전기에서 후비보호 시 발생할 수 있는 문제점을 시뮬레이션 하였다.

네트워크 기반 보호계전기 시뮬레이터용 저전압 계전 알고리즘 모듈 구현

김철훈(Cheol-Hun Kim),민승기(Seung-Ki Min),최동성(Dong-Sung Choi),강상희(Sang-Hee Kang) 대한전기학회 2011 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2011 No.7

비정복성 관절원판 변위환자들에서 악관절세척술의 술후 예측 인자들에 관한 연구

김철훈(Cheol-Hun Kim),황희성(Hie-Seong Hwang),신상훈(Sang-Hun Sin) 대한구강악안면외과학회 2003 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.29 No.6

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to find the predictors for successful arthrocentesis for anterior disc displacement without reduction(ADD without Reduction) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Patients and Methods: Arthrocentesis and lavage was carried out in 25TMJs of 22patients whose MRI findings were all anterior disc displacement without reduction. The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated in terms of the postoperative range of maximal mouth opening (MMO) and the degree of postoperative pain score. Predectors which was analyzed were age, duration of painful locking, MMO, the degree of pain, perioperative clicking and the amounts of irrigation fluid. Results: 18cases (72%) was included to criteria for success. There were no significant differences in age, duration of locking, MMO and the degree of pain statistically. But In 15cases(83%) of successful cases, amouts of irrigated solution recovered to normal MMO were less than 150ml. And In 8cases (44%) of successful cases, perioperative clicking was appeared. Conclusion: Amounts of irrigated solution recovered to normal MMO and the appeareance of perioperative clkicking may be predictors of the successful results of arthrocenetesis of ADD without reduction of TMJ.

폐경후 골다공증 여성환자에 있어서 파노라마상 하악골 지표에 관한 비교연구

김철훈(Cheol Hun Kim),신상훈(Sang Hun Shin),양동규(Dong Kyu Yang) 대한구강악안면외과학회 2000 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.26 No.5

Osteoporosis has recently been recognized as a major health problem in the elderly population. The disorder is manifested as a loss of bone mass accompanied by structural alteration of bone and increased incidence of fracture. Mandible also may be affected. So, I evaluated panoramic views of 66 postmenopausal women for finding the possibility of useful diagnostic mandibular parmeters of osteoporosis. To know the correlationship between skeleton and mandible, the average of the bone mineral density of lumbar from 2nd to 4th by the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA, LUNAR DPZ. USA), and age and mandibular parameters, that is, the number of residual teeth, alveolar ridge resorption ratio, panoramic mandibular index (PMI), mandibular cortical width (MCW), angular cortical thickness (ACT), ramus cortical thickness (RCT), morphology of mandibular inferior cortical (MIC) were compared. And I divided the all tested women to the osteoporotic group and non-osteoporotic group by the use of T-score -2.0, which was derived from skeletal bone mineral density (BMD). To find the correlationship of the each group with mandibular parameters, t-test and discriminant analysis were done. The results of the t-test were that all parameters were highly related with 2 groups (p<0.05). Especially ACT, MIC, age have had even higher correlationship than others (p<0.001). The results of the discriminant analysis by the use of these ACT, MIC and age were that the discriminant function was Z = -2.973+(-1.447)×(ACT)+1.131×(MIC score)+(0.052)×(age), the cutting score was 0.257 and the classification accuracy was 84.8%. Therefore I suggest that the consideration of the angular cortical thickness (ACT), the age of patient and the morphology of mandibular inferior cortical(MIC) may help find the osteoporosis.

측두하악장애환자에서 악관절 세척술후 관절활액의 전구염증성 Cytokines의 발현

김철훈(Cheol-Hun Kim),황희성(Hie-Sung Hwang),신상훈(Sang-Hoon Shin),정인교(In-Kyo Chung),황태호(Tae-Ho Hwang) 대한구강악안면외과학회 2005 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.31 No.5

The purpose of this study is that evaluate the distribution and biological roles of TNF-a, interleukin-1β(IL-1β), interleukin-6(IL-6) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1) in the synovial fliud of patients with non-inflammatory chronic temporomandibular joint(TMJ) disorders in relation to pain during joint movements and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) findings. TMJ synovial fluids aspirates were obtained from 36 patients (36 joints) with chronic TMJ disorders and from 8 controls(8 joints). Patients were divided to four groups. The control group was from healthy volunteers(8 joints), group I(18 joints) was patients with anterior disc displacement with reduction, group II(5 joints) was patients with disc displacement without reduction and group III (5 joints) was osteoarthritis. The TNF-α, IL-1βand IL-6 levels in the aspirates were determined by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the TIMP-1 level was measured by an enzyme immunoassay. Following examinations for pain during joint movements and MRI observations, these cytokines’level and frequencies of detection were compared. The level of IL-1βwas not significant different in all groups. but the level of TNF-α, IL-6 and TIMP-1 were significant different among groups. The level of IL-6 and TIMP-1 were correlated to pain during movement(p〈0.01) and the level of TNF-a(p〈0.05). Also, the level of IL-6 was correlated to the level of TIMP-1(p〈0.01). Especially, The level of the TIMP-1 level was significantly correlated to the pain during movement and showed very high levle of Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r=0.833)(p〈0.001). The results indicated that the TNF-α, IL-6 and TIMP-1 levels in the TMJ aspirates of patients with chronic TMJ disorders have been raised. Especially, IL-6 and TIMP-1 were very high levels in the patients who were degraded in the TMJ. Also, TNF-α, IL-6 and TIMP-1 showed the significant correlation in the chronic temporomandibular joint disorders. Therefore I suggest that these cytokines were also correlated to the pain during movement in the chronic temporomandibular joint disorders

간세포성장인자가 골결손부의 치유에 미치는 영향

신상훈(Sang-Hun Shin),김창주(Chang-Ju Kim),김철훈(Cheol-Hun Kim),김용덕(Yong-Deok Kim),정인교(In-Kyo Chung) 대한구강악안면외과학회 2004 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.30 No.5

Bone healing plays an important role in orthognathic and craniofacial surgery. Bone tissue repair and regeneration are regulated by an array of growth and morphogenetic factors. Bone formation and remodeling require continuous generation of osteoprogenitor cells from bone marrow stromal cells, which generate and respond to a variety of growth factors with putative roles in hematopoiesis and mesenchymal differentiation. In this study, the efficacy of a single application of hepatocyte growth factor to promote bone regeneration in 5-mm experimental calvarial defects of adult male rats was assessed histologically and immunohistochemically. The result of the experimental site were compared with those of the contralateral contral side. None of the control and experimental bone defects demonstrated complete bone closure. Bone regeneration was found close th the margine and central part of the defects. At 1, 2 weeks, there were found much significant cellural mitotic activity and many inflammatory cells and osteoblasts on the experimental site than control site. At 4, 6 weeks, new bone apposition was founded in both site but, more apposition was seen at experimental site. At 8, 12 weeks, also, some differences was found that more apposition of new bone and collagen fiber was seen on experimental site. Our results have some possibility that HGF do a early positive role to repair the bone defect. More study will be needed.