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고성환 한국방송통신대학교 통합인문학연구소 2012 통합인문학연구 Vol.4 No.2
모든 동사가 명령문의 서술어가 될 수 있는 것도 아니고 모든 형 용사가 명령문의 서술어가 될 수 없는 것도 아니다. 피동사가 명령 문의 서술어가 되지 못하는 것은 피동사의 어휘 의미가 명령문의 의미•화용상의 조건에 위배되기 때문이다. 일부의 인지동사의 경우 부정명령이 되지 않는 것은 명령 수행 주체의 의도나 의지에 따른 행위가 상정될 수 없기 때문이다. 어떤 태도나 행동 양식과 관련되는 의미를 나타내는 형용사들은 명령문의 서술어로 쓰일 수 있다. 이들은 명령 수행 주체의 의도나 의지에 따라 태도나 행동 양식에 변화를 줄 수 있기 때문이다. 그러나 형용사가 서술어로 쓰인 명령 문에서는 화자가 청자에게 요구하는 행위가 문면에 드러나지 않는다는 점에서 동사가 서술어로 쓰인 명령문과 차이가 있다. 동사는 [+동작성]을 본질적인 어휘 특성으로 가지고 있고 형용사는 [+상태성]을 본질적인 어휘 특성으로 가지고 있기 때문에 동사-명령문에서는 동작 수행의 주체가 해야 할 행위가 문면에 드러나지만 형용사 명령문에서는 상태의 변화를 주기 위한 행위는 고정적이지 않으며 상황에 따라 얼마든지 달라질 수 있기 때문에 동작 수행의 주체가 해야 할 행위가 문면에 드러나지 않는 것이다. Department of Korean Language and Literature, KNOU All verbs cannot be used as a predicate in an imperative sentence, nor can all adjectives. The reason why a passive verb cannot become a predicate in an imperative sentence is that its vocabulary meaning is inconsistent with the semantic/pragmatic condition of an imperative sentence. It is because the types of behavior cannot be assumed based on the intention and will of an agent that negative imperatives do not allow certain cognitive verbs. Adjectives related to attitudes and modes of behavior can be used as a predicate in an imperative sentence for they can represent the changes of attitudes and modes of behavior based on the intention and will of an agent. However, the imperative sentence using an adjective as a predicate is different from the imperative sentence with a verb as a predicate, in that the former does not explicitly show the behavior types that the speaker asks the listener for.
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Streptomyces sp. 8321에 의한 석유 유상액의 탈유화
고성환,이득수,김상진,이홍금,Ko, Sung-Hwan,Lee, Deuk-Soo,Kim, Sang-Jin,Lee, Hong Kum 한국미생물학회 1998 미생물학회지 Vol.34 No.3
기름-물 유상액의 탈유화능이 있는 Streptomyces sp. 8321을 분리하여 이의 탈유화 특성을 조사하였다. 이 방선균의 탈유화능은 포자에 기인하였으며, 배양기간에 따라 포자표면의 소수성이 증가하였고, 이에 따라 탈유화능이 증가함을 보였다. 8일간 고체배지에서 배양한 Streptomyces sp. 8321의 포자용액이 kerosene-0.2% Triton X-100(2:1) 표준 유상액 3 ml을 완전 탈유화 시키는 농도는 $1.1{\times}10^8spores/ml$였다. 이 포자용액의 탈유화능을 유기상 종류 및 유화제 종류에 따라 조사해본 결과, 저점성의 유기상에서는 n-hexadecane 및 diesel 등 탄소수가 높은 것이 쉽게 탈유화 되었고, 고점성 유상액의 탈유화는 24시간 후에도 20-30%만이 일어났다. Corexit, Finalsol, BP series의 유화제와 kerosene으로 이루어진 O/W 유상액은 1분 이내에 완전 탈유화가 일어났으며, Corexit 7664, 8667, Triton X-100 및 Tween 80으로 이루어진 O/W 유상액은 이들 유화제의 농도가 증가함에 따라 탈유와 속도가 감소하였다. Seagreen으로 이루어진 W/O 유상액의 경우 $t_{1/2}$이 24시간 이상으로 나타나 이 균주의 탈유화능은 O/W 유상액에 효과적임을 보여주었다. The characteristics of demulsification of petroleum emulsion by Streptomyces sp. 8321 were investigated. Demulsification ability of Streptomyces sp. 8321 appeared to be confined within the spores. Spore surface hydrophobicity was increased with culture age stimulating the demulsification ability. Over $1.1{\times}10^8spores/ml$ completely demulsified kerosene-0.2% Triton X-100 (2:1) emulsion. Among the low viscosity hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons with longer chain such as n-hexadecane and diesel were more rapidly demulsified. However, only 20-30% of the emulsion with high viscosity hydrocarbons was demulsified after 24 hours. Oil-in-water emulsions made by Corexit, Finalsol and BP series surfactants were completely demulsified within one minute. Demulsification rate ($t_{1/2}$) of oil-in-water emulsions made by Corexit 7664, 8667, Triton X-100 and Tween 80 decreased as their concentration increased. In case of water-in-oil emulsion made by Seagreen, $t_{1/2}$ was over 24 hours. Therefore, demulsification ability of Streptomyces sp. 8321 was more effective on oil-in-water emulsions.
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Hydrocarbon Uptake Modes에 따른 유류분해 미생물 혼합체의 원유분해능
고성환,이홍금,김상진 한국생물공학회 1998 KSBB Journal Vol.13 No.5
In this study, biodegradation rate of Arabian light crude oil by mixed cultures of selected petroleum-degraders was determined. Their modes of hydrocarbon uptake were then observed to determine whether there are differences in biodegradation rate by the mixed cultures. By the mixed cultures of petroleum-degraders having same modes of hydrocarbon uptake, such as strain US1 and K1 (using pseudo-solubilized hydrocarbons by a biosurfactants), K2-2 and P1(using hydrocarbons by direct contact), CL 180 and IC-10 (mixed type of uptake modes), the biodegradation rates of aliphatics in the crude oil were increased more than those by their pure cultures, about 40%, 25% and 20%, respectively. Biodegradation rate of strain KH3-2 (using only water- dissolved hydrocarbons) was increased by mixed cultures with strain K1, CL180 or IC-10 possessing high emulsifying activity. However, the biodegradation rate of the crude oil was decreased about 20%-40% by the mixed cultures of petroleum-degraders having different mode of hydrocarbon uptake, such as addition of strain US1 or K1 in the cultures of K2-2 or P1. Biosurfactants produced by US1 or K1 seems to enhance the emulsification of crude oil in aqueous phase but inhibit the attachment of K2-2 or P1 to crude oil. As same phenomena, the addition to Triton X-100 into the culture of strain US1, K1, CL180, IC-10 or KH3-2 increased the biodegradation rate, but the addition in the culture of strain K2-2 or P1 decreased the biodegradation rate. The mixed culture made of CL180, IC-10 and KH3-2 degraded 61.5% of aliphatics and 69% of aromatics in 3% (v/v) of Arabian light crude oil added.
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高聖煥 연세대학교 인문과학연구소 1974 人文科學 Vol.32 No.-
Max Webe points out that the consciousness of citizens in modern western societies originates from the medieval cities centering in Northen Europe, and praises highly of the historical significance of the medieval cities in the West. They have been investigated by Western European scholars especially by German scholars since the beginning of the 19th century, eventually producing volumnous works. Concretly speaking, theories of formations of medieval cities from Eichhorn to Planitz indicate brilliant and various aspects of their research. It is worth while to note that the theories have been developed with emphasis on legal institutions in cities. This is due to the fact that the autonomy of cities in Germany was by far stronger than in any other nations. Needless to say, the theories should not be treated merely from the point of view of legal institutions, but they should be investigated from economical views, georaphical situations, or from the aspect of history of populations. Moreover, we must select a representative city of this type, and investigate it individually, thus allowing us to discover a new assignment for the theories concerning medieval cities.
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