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Constitutive property behavior of an ultra-high-performance concrete with and without steel fibers
E.M. Williams,S.S. Graham,S.A. Akers,P.A. Reed,T.S. Rushing 사단법인 한국계산역학회 2010 Computers and Concrete, An International Journal Vol.7 No.2
A laboratory investigation was conducted to characterize the constitutive property behavior of Cor-Tuf, an ultra-high-performance composite concrete. Mechanical property tests (hydrostatic compression, unconfined compression (UC), triaxial compression (TXC), unconfined direct pull (DP), uniaxial strain, and uniaxial-strain-load/constant-volumetric-strain tests) were performed on specimens prepared from concrete mixtures with and without steel fibers. From the UC and TXC test results, compression failure surfaces were developed for both sets of specimens. Both failure surfaces exhibited a continuous increase in maximum principal stress difference with increasing confining stress. The DP tests results determined the unconfined tensile strengths of the two mixtures. The tensile strength of each mixture was less than the generally assumed tensile strength for conventional strength concrete, which is 10 percent of the unconfined compressive strength. Both concretes behaved similarly, but Cor-Tuf with steel fibers exhibited slightly greater strength with increased confining pressure, and Cor-Tuf without steel fibers displayed slightly greater compressibility.
( Harshvardhan Singh ),( William R. Reed ),( Donald H. Lein ),( Shannon L. Mathis ),( Richard D. Davis ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2018 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.30 No.1
There is a lack of consensus on the effects of vibration therapy on bone outcome measures. Vibration is a mechanical stimulus and can produce mechanical loading on bone. Similar to site-specific effects of mechanical loading on bone, vibration therapy can also produce site-specific effects. Notably, skeletal effects of vibration therapy could depend on the degree of vibration signal that is received by respective skeletal sites. Thus, vibration transmissibility can dictate, in part, effects of vibration therapy on bone outcome measures. Factors at various levels such as the type of vibration, type of population receiving vibration, and their interaction could affect vibration transmission. In addition, vibration amplitude, vibration frequency, joint position, body posture, resonance frequency of skeletal sites, tissue composition of human body including bone geometry can affect vibration transmission across the human body. The main aim of this review is to summarize the published evidence of various factors that affect vibration transmission which will help to inform future evidence based vibration therapy protocols for skeletal rehabilitation in various populations.
The Spatial Diffusion of Suicide Attacks
( Kiyoung Chang ),( William Reed ) 한국국방연구원 2022 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.34 No.2
This paper studies the diffusion of suicide bombings as a tactic employed by terrorist groups from 1981 to 2008. The empirical strategy is motivated by the literature on the diffusion of innovation. Specifically, this paper builds on the literature on the diffusion of policies across states to develop hypotheses about the spread of suicide attacks across space and over time. We use data from the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) to evaluate hypotheses about the diffusion of suicide bombings. The results suggest a consistent and robust relationship between geography and the diffusion of suicide bombings. Successful suicide attacks appear to diffuse across borders and to increase over time.
REVIEW OF FAMILY ANAKRUSIDAE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO KOMETIA (PORIFERA: HEXACTINELLIDA)
Mun-Zu Won(원문주),William J. Iams,Katherine Reed,Raimond Below 한국고생물학회 2007 고생물학회지 Vol.23 No.1
방산충으로 알려진 Family Anakursidae에 속히는 규질 미화석이 캐나다 뉴파운드란드 Cow Head Group의 후기 Tremadocian에서 중기 Arenigian에 속하는 지층에서 해면 가시와 함께 발견되었다. Anakursids의 구형 골격 위에 방사상으로 뻗어나온 수많은 가시들 사이에 아주 미세한 hexactine spicule이 발견되었다. Hexactine spicule은 전형적인 해면가시 중의 하나다. 커다란 구형의 골격은 해면가시에 속하는 hexactine spicule의 하나가 변형된 것이다. 구형의 골격표면에서 방사상으로 분포되어 있는 가시 끝에는 미세한 umbellate terminal outgrowth가 달려있는 채로 보존된 것이 발견되었다. 이 장식은 일부 해면가시에서만 나타나는 특징적인 구조이다. 무엇보다 구형의 골격구조는 방산충과 달리 구형골격의 외부에 분포한 모든 가시들이 안쪽으로 연장되어 중심에서 만난다. Anakursa와 함께 발견된 Kometia에 속하는 해변가시는 구형의 골격대신 원추형이나 깔때기 모양으로 형태적 차이는 매우크지만 기본구조는 같다. 이 두 속(屬)은 호주 중기 캠브리안에서 발견된 해면가시 Protokometia incaensis n. gen. n. sp.로 부터 진화된 것이다. 이들 세 속(屬) 모두 Family Anakursidae에 속하며 이 Family는 방산충이 아니라 해면동물에 속한다. Anakrusids were recovered along with sponge spicules from middle Tremadocian to middle Arenigian strata of the Cow Head Group of the Great Northern Peninsula of the island of Newfoundland, Canada. Anakrusids have been described as consisting of a spherical shell with numerous hollow spines. Excellent preservation of the Cow Head specimens makes it clear that no previously reported anakrusids are perfectly preserved specimens and that they belong to the Porifera rather than the Radiolaria. The spherical shell of anakrusids has a small hexactine spicule among these numerous spines. This shell itself is actually a modification or enlarged extension of one ray of the six-rayed hexactine sponge spicule. Moreover, the spine tips are not pointed, but bear an umbellate terminal outgrowth consisting of a marginally denticulate, convex disc of recurved teeth. This type of terminal outgrowth occurs only in some sponge spicules. Most importantly, the spherical shell is occupied by the tightly packed proximal part of numerous accessory rays that are separated from the free distal part of these accessory rays by a distinct outer surface. Axial canal openings of all the rays meet at the inner cavity of the shell. A comparison of Anakrusa and co-occurring sponge spicules of Kometia florea n. sp. and Anakrusa? spp. from the Cow Head Group indicates that Anakrusa and Kometia are very closely related and that they belong to the same family, i.e., Anakrusidae. One new genus and species, Protokometia incaensis, from the Georgina Basin, Australia, is also assigned to Family Anakrusidae.
Perceived parenting behaviours predict young adolescents' nutritional intake and body fatness
Kim, Mi-Jeong,McIntosh, William A.,Anding, Jenna,Kubena, Karen S.,Reed, Debra B.,Moon, Gap-Soon Wiley (Blackwell Publishing) 2008 Maternal & child nutrition Vol.4 No.4
<P>This study investigated whether perceptions of parenting behaviours predict young adolescents' nutritional intake and body fatness. The randomly selected study sample consisted of 106 13-15 years olds from Houston Metropolitan Statistical Area. Parenting style variables were created by cluster analysis and factor analysis. A two-cluster solution for both maternal and paternal parenting style represented authoritative vs. non-authoritative parenting. Two parenting dimension factors derived were maternal/paternal nurturing and control. For adolescents' energy and nutrient intake, greater maternal nurturing appeared to be most beneficial given its association with lower consumption of total kilocalorie and lower saturated fat intake. Paternal nurturing was associated with lower sodium intake, whereas paternal control predicted lower percentage of kilocalories from carbohydrate and percentage Dietary Reference Intake for dietary fibre, and greater percentage of kilocalories from total fat. Maternal authoritative parenting and lower maternal control over their adolescents may have protective effects against having heavier and fatter adolescents given their associations with adolescents' body weight, sub-scapular skinfold, waist circumference, body mass index, and the tendencies of being at risk of overweight and being overweight. None of paternal parenting styles or dimensions appeared to be significantly related to adolescents' body fatness.</P>