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日本における初期鐵器文化の特質 -彌生時代の冶金なき金屬文化-
( Murakami Yasuyuki ) 단국사학회 2013 史學志 Vol.46 No.-
유라시아 대륙 동쪽 끝에 위치하는 일본열도에서는 야요이시대(彌生時代)전기부터 중기로의 이행기(기원전 3세기)에 철기를 사용하기 시작한다. 구주를 중심으로 하는 서일본으로 확산된 철기는 대부분이 중국 혹은 한반도로부터 들여온 주조철기 파편을 재생한 소형철기이다. 1단계의 철기는 소위 단야로에서 생산된 것이 아니고, 석기생산기술과 동일하게 마연하여 생산된 것이다. 단, 이 소형철기의 분포는 한정적이고, 마제석기의 보완적 존재에 지나지 않았다. 단야로에서 철기를 생산하기 시작한 것은 야요이시대 중기 말부터이다. 이후 단야공방은 구주북반부에 밀도 높게 분포하고, 서일본 각지에 점재한다. 다만, 일본열도를 동진할수록 재지생산 가능한 기종은 한정되어 소형철기가 많아지고, 공존하는 마제석기류도 많았다고 보여진다. 이기(利器)조성, 철기조성, 철기생산기술 등 지역 격차가 확인된다. 이러한 전체적인 경향 속에서 종종 집중적으로 대량의 철제품이 출토되는 유적이 동해연안지역, 동부 세토우치(세토우치)지역, 그리고 태평양연안지역에서 확인된다. 동해연안의 산인지방(山陰地方)에서는 아오야카미지치(靑谷上寺地)유적과 같이 대량의 철제품이 출토되었고, 철제품은 박재철기(舶載철器), 구주산 철기, 재래철기의 세 종류가 확인된다. 조잡한 제작방식을 보이는 재래철기는 지역 특산품인 정교한 목제품의 가공구로서 사용되었다고 보여지고, 지역 교역을 뒷받침해 왔다. 그러나 목제품생산에 종속된 철기생산은 그 발전에 한계가 있었다. 한편, 이러한 한계는 철기를 대량으로 생산하고 소비한 구주북부지역에서도 관찰된다. 쿠마모토현(熊本縣) 아소(阿蘇)지역은 일본에서도 철제품과 단야공방이 가장 밀집하는 지역이지만, 야요이시대 종말기에는 철기생산 흔적이 전혀 보이지 않고, 취락자체도 현저하게 쇠퇴한다. 철기를 대량으로 생산하고 소유하는 경제적 우위성이 차세대의 부와 번영을 보증하지 않았음을 보여주는 예이다. 이러한 야요이시대에는 철기와 철기 생산은 지역격차가 크고, 다음 단계로의 발전과 번영의 기초가 되지 않았음을 보여준다. In the Japanese Islands located in the east edge of the Eurasian Continent, use of iron implements started in the transition from the former stage to the middle stage of the Yayoi period (3rd centuries BC). These iron implements diffused on the western part of Japan centering on Kyushu were small tools which were made from the fragments of imported casted iron implements from China or the Korean Peninsula. They were reproduced by polish. The iron implements of this first phase were not produced using what is called blacksmith furnaces, and were produced by the same polish technique as the manufacturing of stone tools. However, this small ironware had deviation in distribution, and were only a complementary existence of the polished stone tools. The iron implements produced by a blacksmith started in the end of the middle stage of the Yayoi period (1st century BC). After the blacksmiths emerged at that time, they were densely distributed in northern Kyushu. In another places in western part of Japan, they were thinly distributed. However, there were regional gaps also in the productional capacity of such factories and the areas which can produce large-sized iron implements and iron farm implements were limited. In the eastern part of Japan, the varieties of iron implements produced in the local areas are limited and small iron implements increases in number. It is remarkable that also polished stone tools lived together with small amount of iron tools. The regional gaps were accepted in many respects, such as composition of sone tools and iron tools, iron implements composition and technique of iron tool making. In the Sea of Japan coastal area, an eastern part Setouchi area and a Pacific coast area are dotted with settlement sites which have a lot of iron implements often intensively in such an overall tendency. For example, Aoyakamijichi site located in San`in region, yield a lot of iron implements. They are classified into three claster, imported, made in Kyushu and local production. Although native iron tools were poor made, they were regarded as having been used as a processing implement of elaborate wooden goods which is a specialty of the area and supported trade of the area. However, the blacksmith section itself subordinate to wooden-goods production had a limit in the development. On the other hand, such a limit is observed also in the northen Kyushu where iron tools were produced and consumed in large quantities. Although the Aso area in Kumamoto Prefecture is an area where iron implements and factories of blacksmith are the most densely distributed in Japan. However, the number of iron implements and factories of blacksmith decreased after this stage and finally even settlement sites disappeared. The economic advantage of producing iron implements in large quantities and possession of them guaranteed neither wealth nor prosperity in this area. Thus, in the range of the Yayoi period, the regional gaps of iron implements and their making are still large. It is noticed that production and possession of iron implements did not guarantee the development and prosperity of the society.
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Isao Murakami,Hiroko Machida,Tohru Morisada,Yasuhisa Terao,Tsutomu Tabata,Mikio Mikami,Yasuyuki Hirashima,Yoichi Kobayashi,Tsukasa Baba,Satoru Nagase 대한부인종양학회 2023 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.34 No.4
Objective: To examine the effectiveness of progestin re-treatment for recurrent endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN), atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AH) and endometrial cancer (EC) following initial fertility-sparing treatment. Methods: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted by an Expert Panel of the Japan Society of Gynecologic Oncology Endometrial Cancer Committee. Multiple search engines, including PubMed/MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database, were searched in December 2021 using the keywords “Endometrial neoplasms,” “Endometrial hyperplasia,” “Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia,” “Fertility preservation,” “Progestins,” AND “Recurrence.” Cases describing progestin re-treatment for recurrent EIN, AH and EC were compared with cases that underwent conventional hysterectomy. The primary outcomes were survival and disease recurrence, and the secondary outcome was pregnancy. Results: After screening 238 studies, 32 with results for recurrent treatment were identified. These studies included 365 patients (270 received progestin re-treatment and 95 underwent hysterectomy). Most progestin re-treatment involved medroxyprogesterone acetate or megestrol acetate (94.5%). Complete remission (CR) following progestin re-treatment was achieved in 219 (81.1%) cases, with 3-, 6- and 9-month cumulative CR rates of 22.8%, 51.7% and 82.6%, respectively. Progestin re-treatment was associated with higher risk of disease recurrence than conventional hysterectomy was (odds ratio [OR]=6.78; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.99–23.10), and one patient (0.4%) died of disease. Fifty-one (14.0%) women became pregnant after recurrence, and progestin re-treatment demonstrated a possibility of pregnancy (OR=2.48; 95% CI=0.94–6.58). Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that repeat progestin therapy is an effective option for women with recurrent EIN, AH and EC, who wish to retain their fertility.
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( Yuniu Li ),( Chunyan Ma ),( Yasuyuki Murakami ),( Zhiqing Zhou ),( Yingdong Yang ),( Yingfu Li ) 성균관대학교 동아시아학술원 2019 Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.19 No.1
In this article, we introduce the excavation of an iron smelting site at Xuxiebian 許鞋匾, Pujiang 蒲江 County, Sichuan 四川 Province in the PRC. Two excavations were carried out in 2007 and 2011, and a total of four bowl-shaped furnaces, five pits, two trenches, and one posthole were excavated. The site is dated from the mid-late Eastern Han dynasty to the Jin dynasty (ca. AD 150-420) according to the local pottery assemblage. It is possible that the sole functions of the Xuxiebian site were the production of pig iron ingots and the conversion of pig iron to wrought iron. The iron ingots were likely transported to areas with stronger administrative control by the central government near the ancient city of Chengdu or even to the Central Plains, where they were then cast into different objects.
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