Multifunctional Hybrid Nanocarrier: Magnetic CNTs Ensheathed with Mesoporous Silica for Drug Delivery and Imaging System

Singh, Rajendra K.,Patel, Kapil D.,Kim, Jung-Ju,Kim, Tae-Hyun,Kim, Joong-Hyun,Shin, Ueon Sang,Lee, Eun-Jung,Knowles, Jonathan C.,Kim, Hae-Won American Chemical Society 2014 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.6 No.4

<P>Here we communicate the development of a novel multifunctional hybrid nanomaterial, magnetic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) ensheathed with mesoporous silica, for the simultaneous applications of drug delivery and imaging. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were first decorated onto the multiwalled CNTs, which was then layered with mesoporous silica (<I>m</I>SiO<SUB>2</SUB>) to facilitate the loading of bioactive molecules to a large quantity while exerting magnetic properties. The hybrid nanomaterial showed a high mesoporosity due to the surface-layered <I>m</I>SiO<SUB>2</SUB>, and excellent magnetic properties, including magnetic resonance imaging in vitro and in vivo. The mesoporous and magnetic hybrid nanocarriers showed high loading capacity for therapeutic molecules including drug gentamicin and protein cytochrome C. In particular, genetic molecule siRNA was effectively loaded and then released over a period of days to a week. Furthermore, the hybrid nanocarriers exhibited a high cell uptake rate through magnetism, while eliciting favorable biological efficacy within the cells. This novel hybrid multifunctional nanocarrier may be potentially applicable as drug delivery and imaging systems.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2014/aamick.2014.6.issue-4/am4056936/production/images/medium/am-2013-056936_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/am4056936'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Improvement in methanol production by regulating the composition of synthetic gas mixture and raw biogas

Patel, S.K.S.,Mardina, P.,Kim, D.,Kim, S.Y.,Kalia, V.C.,Kim, I.W.,Lee, J.K. Elsevier Applied Science 2016 Bioresource technology Vol.218 No.-

Raw biogas can be an alternative feedstock to pure methane (CH<SUB>4</SUB>) for methanol production. In this investigation, we evaluated the methanol production potential of Methylosinus sporium from raw biogas originated from an anaerobic digester. Furthermore, the roles of different gases in methanol production were investigated using synthetic gas mixtures of CH<SUB>4</SUB>, carbon dioxide (CO<SUB>2</SUB>), and hydrogen (H<SUB>2</SUB>). Maximum methanol production was 5.13, 4.35, 6.28, 7.16, 0.38, and 0.36mM from raw biogas, CH<SUB>4</SUB>:CO<SUB>2</SUB>, CH<SUB>4</SUB>:H<SUB>2</SUB>, CH<SUB>4</SUB>:CO<SUB>2</SUB>:H<SUB>2</SUB>, CO<SUB>2</SUB>, and CO<SUB>2</SUB>:H<SUB>2</SUB>, respectively. Supplementation of H<SUB>2</SUB> into raw biogas increased methanol production up to 3.5-fold. Additionally, covalent immobilization of M. sporium on chitosan resulted in higher methanol production from raw biogas. This study provides a suitable approach to improve methanol production using low cost raw biogas as a feed containing high concentrations of H<SUB>2</SUB>S (0.13%). To our knowledge, this is the first report on methanol production from raw biogas, using immobilized cells of methanotrophs.

Enhancement of methanol production from synthetic gas mixture by Methylosinus sporium through covalent immobilization

Patel, S.K.S.,Selvaraj, C.,Mardina, P.,Jeong, J.H.,Kalia, V.C.,Kang, Y.C.,Lee, J.K. Applied Science Publishers 2016 APPLIED ENERGY Vol.171 No.-

<P>Both methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are major greenhouse gases (GHGs); hence, effective processes are required for their conversion into useful products. CH4 is used by a few groups of methanotrophs to produce methanol. However, to achieve economical and sustainable CH4 reduction strategies, additional strains are needed that can exploit natural CH4 feed stocks. In this study, we evaluated methanol production by Methylosinus sporium from CH4 and synthetic gas. The optimum pH, temperature, incubation period, substrate, reaction volume to headspace ratio, and phosphate buffer concentration were determined to be 6.8, 30 C, 24 h, 50% CH4, 1:5, and 100 mM (with 20 mM MgC12 [a methanol dehydrogenase inhibitor]), respectively. Optimization of the production conditions and process parameters significantly improved methanol production from 0.86 mM to 5.80 mM. Covalent immobilization of M. sporium on Chitosan significantly improved the stability and reusability for up to 6 cycles of reuse under batch culture conditions. The immobilized cells utilized a synthetic gas mixture containing CH4, CO2, and hydrogen (at a ratio of 6:3:1) more efficiently than free cells, with a maximum methanol production of 6.12 mM. This is the first report of high methanol production by M. sporium covalently immobilized on a solid support from a synthetic gas mixture. Utilization of cost-effective feedstocks derived from natural resources will be an economical and environmentally friendly way to reduce the harmful effects of GHGs. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

Telecommunication Technology for Tomorrow ( 정보통신 기술 )

C. K. N. Patel 한국통신학회 1985 한국통신학회 학술대회 및 강연회 Vol.1985 No.-

Biological methanol production by immobilized <i>Methylocella tundrae</i> using simulated biohythane as a feed

Patel, Sanjay K.S.,Singh, Raushan K,Kumar, Ashok,Jeong, Jae-Hoon,Jeong, Seong Hun,Kalia, Vipin C.,Kim, In-Won,Lee, Jung-Kul Elsevier 2017 Bioresource technology Vol.241 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Biohythane may be used as an alternative feed for methanol production instead of costly pure methane. In this study, methanol production potential of <I>Methylocella tundrae</I> immobilized through covalent immobilization, adsorption, and encapsulation was evaluated. Cells covalently immobilized on groundnut shells and chitosan showed a relative methanol production potential of 83.9 and 91.6%, respectively, compared to that of free cells. The maximum methanol production by free cells and cells covalently immobilized on groundnut shells and chitosan was 6.73, 6.20, and 7.23mM, respectively, using simulated biohythane as a feed. Under repeated batch conditions of eight cycles, cells covalently immobilized on chitosan and groundnut shells, and cells encapsulated in sodium-alginate resulted in significantly higher cumulative methanol production of 37.76, 31.80, and 25.58mM, respectively, than free cells (18.57mM). This is the first report on immobilization of methanotrophs on groundnut shells and its application in methanol production using biohythane as a feed.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Biohythane is used as a feed to produce methanol by <I>Methylocella tundrae</I>. </LI> <LI> Compared to pure CH<SUB>4</SUB> as a feed, biohythane results in 1.9-fold higher methanol production. </LI> <LI> Covalently immobilized cells result in higher methanol production than free cells. </LI> <LI> Repeated use of the immobilized cells founds effective to improve methanol production. </LI> </UL> </P>

Integrative Approach for Producing Hydrogen and Polyhydroxyalkanoate from Mixed Wastes of Biological Origin

Patel, S. K.,Lee, J. K.,Kalia, V. C. Springer Science + Business Media 2016 Indian journal of microbiology Vol.56 No.3

<P>In this study, an integrative approach to produce biohydrogen (H-2) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from the wastes of biological origin was investigated. A defined set of mixed cultures was used for hydrolysis and the hydrolysates were used to produce H-2. The effluent from H-2 production stage was used for PHA production. Under batch culture, a maximum of 62 l H-2/kg of pure potato peels (Total solid, TS 2 %, w/v) and 54 l H-2/kg of mixed biowastes (MBW1) was recorded. Using effluent from the H-2 production stage of biowaste mixture (MBW1), Bacillus cereus EGU43 could produce 195 mg PHA/l and 15.6 % (w/w). Further, supplementation of GM-2 medium (0.1x) and glucose (0.5 %) in H-2 production stage effluents, resulted in significant improvements of up to 11 and 41.7 % of PHA contents, respectively. An improvement of 3.9- and 17-fold in PHA yields as compared to with and without integrative H-2 production from the MBW1 has been recorded. This integrative approach seems to be a suitable process to improve the yields of H-2 and PHA by mixing biowastes.</P>

Synthesis of cross-linked protein-metal hybrid nanoflowers and its application in repeated batch decolorization of synthetic dyes

Patel, Sanjay K.S.,Otari, Sachin V.,Li, Jinglin,Kim, Dong Rip,Kim, Sun Chang,Cho, Byung-Kwan,Kalia, Vipin C.,Kang, Yun Chan,Lee, Jung-Kul Elsevier 2018 Journal of hazardous materials Vol.347 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Herein, we report the preparation of a cross-linked protein-metal hybrid nanoflower (NF) system for laccase immobilization. The immobilized laccase showed effective encapsulation yield and activity recovery of 78.1% and 204%, respectively. The catalytic efficiency (<I>k</I> <SUB>cat</SUB> <I>V</I> <SUB>max</SUB> <SUP>−1</SUP>) of cross-linked NF (CL-NF) was 2.2-fold more than that of free laccase. The CL-NF also exhibited significantly higher stability towards pH and temperature changes. It exhibited excellent storage stability and tolerance towards solvents and inhibitors as compared with the free enzyme. After 10 cycles of reuses, the NF and CL-NF laccase showed 41.2% and 92.3% residual activity, respectively. The CL-NF showed high oxidation potential, 265% that of the free enzyme, towards phenolic compounds. The CL-NF laccase retained the residual decolorization efficiency of up to 84.6% for synthetic dyes under repeated batch conditions of 10 cycles. These results suggested that the preparation of CL-NF is an effective approach to enhance the enzymatic properties and has great potential in many industrial applications.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Cross-linked (CL) laccase-metal hybrid nanoflower (NF) was prepared. </LI> <LI> The catalytic efficiency of CL-NF laccase was 2.2-fold higher than that of free laccase. </LI> <LI> CL-NF laccase showed 2.6-fold higher oxidation potential than free laccase towards phenolic compounds. </LI> <LI> Under repeated batch conditions, it retained high decolorization efficiency for synthetic dyes. </LI> </UL> </P>

Dark-Fermentative Biological Hydrogen Production from Mixed Biowastes Using Defined Mixed Cultures

Patel, S. K.,Lee, J. K.,Kalia, V. C. Association of Microbiologists of India 2017 Indian journal of microbiology Vol.57 No.2

<P>Biological hydrogen (H-2) production from the biowastes is widely recognized as a suitable alternative approach to utilize low cost feed instead of costly individual sugars. In the present investigation, pure and mixed biowastes were fermented by defined sets of mixed cultures for hydrolysis and H-2 production. Under batch conditions, up to 65, 67 and 70 L H-2/kg total solids (2%, TS) were evolved from apple pomace (AP), onion peels (OP) and potato peels (PP) using a combination of hydrolytic mixed culture (MHC5) and mixed microbial cultures (MMC4 or MMC6), respectively. Among the different combinations of mixed biowastes including AP, OP, PP and pea-shells, the combination of OP and PP exhibited maximum H-2 production of 73 and 84 L/kg TS with MMC4 and MMC6, respectively. This study suggested that H-2 production can be effectively regulated by using defined sets of mixed cultures for hydrolysis and H-2 production from pure and mixed biowastes as feed even under unsterile conditions.</P>

Laccase Immobilization on Copper-Magnetic Nanoparticles for Efficient Bisphenol Degradation

Patel Sanjay K. S.,Kalia Vipin C.,Lee Jung-Kul 한국미생물·생명공학회 2023 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.33 No.1

Laccase activity is influenced by copper (Cu) as an inducer. In this study, laccase was immobilized on Cu and Cu-magnetic (Cu/Fe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) to improve enzyme stability and potential applications. The Cu/Fe2O4 NPs functionally activated by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and glutaraldehyde exhibited an immobilization yield and relative activity (RA) of 93.1 and 140%, respectively. Under optimized conditions, Cu/Fe2O4 NPs showed high loading of laccase up to 285 mg/g of support and maximum RA of 140% at a pH 5.0 after 24 h of incubation (4o C). Immobilized laccase, as Cu/Fe2O4-laccase, had a higher optimum pH (4.0) and temperature (45o C) than those of a free enzyme. The pH and temperature profiles were significantly improved through immobilization. Cu/Fe2O4-laccase exhibited 25-fold higher thermal stability at 65o C and retained residual activity of 91.8% after 10 cycles of reuse. The degradation of bisphenols was 3.9-fold higher with Cu/Fe2O4- laccase than that with the free enzyme. To the best of our knowledge, Rhus vernicifera laccase immobilization on Cu or Cu/Fe2O4 NPs has not yet been reported. This investigation revealed that laccase immobilization on Cu/Fe2O4 NPs is desirable for efficient enzyme loading and high relative activity, with remarkable bisphenol A degradation potential.

Enhancement in hydrogen production by co-cultures of Bacillus and Enterobacter

Patel, S.K.S.,Kumar, P.,Mehariya, S.,Purohit, H.J.,Lee, J.K.,Kalia, V.C. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2014 International journal of hydrogen energy Vol.39 No.27

Defined co-cultures of hydrogen (H<SUB>2</SUB>) producers belonging to Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Bacillus were used for enhancing the efficiency of biological H<SUB>2</SUB> production. Out of 11 co-cultures consisting of 2-4 strains, two co-cultures composed of Bacillus cereus EGU43, Enterobacter cloacae HPC123, and Klebsiella sp. HPC793 resulted in H<SUB>2</SUB> yield up to 3.0 mol mol<SUP>-1</SUP> of glucose. Up-scaling of the reactor by 16-fold resulted in a corresponding increase in H<SUB>2</SUB> production with an actual evolution of 7.44 L of H<SUB>2</SUB>. It constituted 58.2% of the total biogas. Continuous culture evolution of H<SUB>2</SUB> by co-cultures (B. cereus EGU43 and E. cloacae HPC123) immobilized on ligno-cellulosic materials resulted in 6.4-fold improvement in H<SUB>2</SUB> yield compared to free floating bacteria. This synergistic influence of B. cereus and E. cloacae can offer a better strategy for H<SUB>2</SUB> production than undefined or mixed cultures.