Feeding Value of Urea Treated Wheat Straw Ensiled with or without Acidified Molasses in Nili-Ravi Buffaloes

Khan, M. Ajmal,Sarwar, Muhammad,Nisa, M.,Khan, M.S.,Bhatti, S.A.,Iqbal, Z.,Lee, W.S.,Lee, H.J.,Kim, H.S.,Ki, K.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.5

Thirty early lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes, six animals in each group, were used in a completely randomized design to examine the feeding value of 4% urea treated wheat straw (UTWS) ensiled with 6% or without acidified molasses. Five experimental diets were formulated. The control ration was balanced to contain 30% DM from UTWS ensiled without acidified molasses. The other four diets were formulated to have 30, 40, 50 and 60% DM from UTWS ensiled with 6% acidified molasses, respectively. Dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes were higher in buffaloes fed diets containing UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses compared with those fed a diet containing UTWS ensiled without acidified molasses. Intake of DM was not significantly different in buffaloes fed diets containing varying levels of UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses. A similar trend was observed for crude protein (CP) intake. Apparent DM and NDF digestibilities were significantly higher in buffaloes fed diets containing UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses compared with those fed UTWS ensiled without acidified molasses. However, differences in DM and NDF digestibilities were non-significant across buffaloes fed diets containing varying levels of UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses. Milk yield (4% fat corrected) was significantly higher in buffaloes fed diets containing UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses than those fed a diet containing UTWS ensiled without acidified molasses. Milk yield was similar in buffaloes fed varying level of UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses. Milk CP, true protein, solid-not-fat and total solids were similar in buffaloes fed UTWS ensiled with or without acidified molasses. The UTWS ensiled with 6% acidified molasses can be included at up to 60% DM of lactating buffalo rations without any ill effect on productivity.

Feeding Value of Urea Treated Corncobs Ensiled with or without Enzose (Corn Dextrose) for Lactating Crossbred Cows

Khan, M. Ajmal,Sarwa, M.,Nisa, Mahr-Un,Khan, M. Sajjad Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.8

This study was aimed to establish the amount of enzose (corn dextrose) for optimum N fixation in urea treated corncobs (UTC) and their dietary effect on nutrient intake, digestibility and milk yield in crossbred cows. Corncobs were treated with 5% urea and ensiled in laboratory silos with 0, 2, 4 and 6% enzose for 15 days. Total nitrogen (N), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and neutral detergent insoluble N contents were increased in UTC with the level of enzose. Five early lactating crossbred cows (Sahiwal$\times$Holstein Frisian) were used in a 5$\times$5 Latin Square Design to see the influence of UTC ensiled with 6% enzose on nutrient intake, digestibility, milk yield and its composition. Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets were formulated. The UTC30 (control), UTC40, UTC50, UTC60 and UTC70 diets contained 30% UTC ensiled without enzose and 40, 50, 60, 70% UTC ensiled with 6% enzose, respectively. Dry matter, NDF and ADF intakes were increased with the increasing level of UTC ensiled with enzose in the diets of cows. Dry matter, NDF and ADF digestibilities were significantly higher with diets containing UTC ensiled with enzose. Milk yield was significantly higher in cows fed UTC70 compared to those fed on other diets. The milk crude protein percentage was significantly different across treatments. However, milk fat, total solids, solid not fat, true protein and non-protein nitrogen contents of milk remained similar across all diets. Ensilation of UTC with 6% enzose improved the nitrogen retention and thus enhanced the feeding value of UTC for lactating cows.

BL-CAST: Beacon-Less Broadcast Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

( Ajmal Khan ),( You-ze Cho ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2014 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.8 No.4

With the extension of wireless technology, vehicular ad hoc networks provide important services for the dissemination of general data and emergency warnings. However, since, the vehicle topology frequently changes from a dense to a sparse network depending on the speed of the moving vehicles and the time of day, vehicular ad hoc networks require a protocol that can facilitate the efficient and reliable dissemination of emergency messages in a highly mobile environment under dense or intermittent vehicular connectivity. Therefore, this paper proposes a new vehicular broadcast protocol, called BL-CAST, that can operate effectively in both dense and sparse network scenarios. As a low overhead multi-hop broadcast protocol, BL-CAST does not rely on the periodic exchange of beacons for updating location information. Instead, the location information of a vehicle is included in a broadcast message to identify the last rebroadcasting vehicle in an intermittently connected network. Simulation results show that BL-CAST outperforms the DV-CAST protocol in terms of the end-to-end delay, message delivery ratio and network overhead.

Chemical Composition, In situ Digestion Kinetics and Feeding Value of Oat Grass (Avena sativa) Ensiled with Molasses for Nili-Ravi Buffaloes

Khan, Muhammad Ajmal,Sarwar, M.,Nisa, M.,Iqbal, Z.,Khan, M.S.,Lee, W.S.,Lee, H.J.,Kim, H.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.8

This study examined the effect of cane molasses and fermentation time on chemical composition and characteristics of oat grass silage (OGS) and its in situ digestion kinetics, intake, digestibility, milk yield and composition in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Oat grass (OG) harvested at 50-days of age was ensiled in laboratory silos with cane molasses at the rate of 0, 2, 4 and 6% of OG dry matter (DM) for 30, 35 and 40 days. Silage pH was decreased while lactic acid content increased with increasing level of cane molasses and fermentation time. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and true protein (TP) content of OGS were (p<0.05) significantly higher with higher cane molasses levels. However, they were not affected by the fermentation time. Similar trends were observed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, acid detergent lignin and ash content of OGS. The OG ensiled for 30-days with 2% molasses was screened from laboratory study and used to determine comparative in situ DM and NDF digestion kinetics of OG and its silage. In situ DM and NDF digestibilities of OG were significantly (p<0.05) higher than OGS. Ruminal DM and NDF lag time, rate and extent of digestion of OG and its silage were similar. Two experimental diets of OG and OGS were formulated using 75:25 forage to concentrate ratio on a DM basis. Dry matter and CP intakes were similar in lactating buffaloes fed either OG- or OGS-based diets. However, NDF intake was higher in buffaloes fed the OG-compared with OGS-based diet. Apparent DM, CP and NDF digestibilities were similar in lactating buffaloes fed either OG- or OGS-based diets. Milk yield (4% FCM) was similar in buffaloes fed either OG-(10.3 kg/d) or OGS-(9.95 kg/d) based diets. Milk fat, total solids and true protein content were higher with OG compared with the OGS diet. Solids not fat and CP content were similar in milk of buffalo fed either OG or OGS. The results of this study indicate that OG ensiled with 2% molasses could safely replace 75% DM of green oat fodder in the diets of lactating buffaloes without negatively affecting intake, digestibility, milk yield and composition.

Women’s Participation in Politics: A Case Study of Balochistan

Ajmal Khan,Hussan Ara,Muhammad Kamran Taj 아시아사회과학학회 2023 Jornal of Asia Social Science Vol.10 No.3

This research examines the issue of women's participation in politics in Balochistan, with a focus on the barriers and challenges they face in actively engaging in political affairs. Balochistan, a province in Pakistan, presents a unique case where women's participation in politics is significantly lower compared to other democratic states. Despite constitutional guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women, their representation in political decision-making processes remains marginal. This study investigates the factors contributing to this under-representation, including illiteracy, traditional and patriarchal societal norms, cultural barriers, economic dependency, and the male-dominated structure of political parties. The research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing interviews and oral testimonies with key stakeholders, including female members of the Provincial Assembly, social activists, lawyers, councilors, and women organization administrators. Thematic analysis of the collected data reveals a lack of political activism among women and limited efforts by political parties to promote women's empowerment. The study recommends a multifaceted approach to address these challenges, including educational reforms, legal protections against discrimination, political reforms such as increasing reserved seats and promoting merit-based selection, social and cultural transformation through awareness campaigns, and economic empowerment of women. The findings of this research contribute to the existing body of knowledge on women's political participation and provide insights and recommendations to enhance women's empowerment and foster a more inclusive and democratic political environment in Balochistan.

ACK-CAST: ACK-Based Broadcast Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

KHAN, Ajmal,NAM, Jae-Choong,CHO, You-Ze 'Institute of Electronics, Information and Communi 2014 IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS - Vol.eb97 No.5

<P>In vehicular ad hoc networks, the efficient and reliable dissemination of emergency messages in a highly mobile environment under dense or sparse network is a significant challenge. This paper proposes a new vehicular broadcast protocol, called ACK-CAST, that can operate effectively in both dense and sparse network scenarios. ACK-CAST relies on acknowledgment messages from one-hop neighbors to select the next rebroadcasting vehicle. Simulation results show that ACK-CAST outperforms the SERVUS protocol in terms of the end-to-end delay, message delivery ratio and network overhead.</P>

An Application of Educational Data Mining (EDM) Technique for Scholarship Prediction

Irfan Ajmal Khan,Jin Tak Choi 보안공학연구지원센터 2014 International Journal of Software Engineering and Vol.8 No.12

Mining data in educational filed is an important and useful task for anybody related to educational institute. The useful information mined from the data can help with performance, guidance, teaching, planning and etc. for staff, students and instructors. Different educational data mining researches has been carried out on student data which includes the student’s basic achievements and educational background, academic scores and the amount of credit hours, but the relations between these are limited. Therefore in this paper we have described a system using data mining technologies such as decision tree. We have analyzed ID3 and J48 (C4.5) algorithms for predicting the scholarship winning chances on student data by translating the decision tree into “IF-THEN” rules and implementing these rules for prediction in our system called scholarship calculator. We have mined student data to calculate the chances of winning scholarship depending on their semester grades, position/rank of student in class, achievements, maximum and minimum amount of taken and allowed credit hours and extra curriculum activities. We found that ID3 works better even though J48 is faster in classifying data and creates a smaller tree than ID3. Because of ID3’s bigger tree it has more rule, more rules means more crosschecking and deeper decision, that’s why the predicted result was more accurate than J48. We have also described how our scholarship calculator works to predict and calculate the chances of winning scholarship. Performance evaluation is done and the results are also compared with already existing datasets. The developed system could be very useful in predicting student’s chances of winning scholarship from the first semester. It can help students to pinpoint the weak areas, which can be perfected with proper guidance from instructors and staff for better chances of winning scholarship.

Text Mining : Extraction of Interesting Association Rule with Frequent Itemsets Mining for Korean Language from Unstructured Data

Irfan Ajmal Khan,Junghyun Woo,Ji-Hoon Seo,Jin-Tak Choi 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Vol.10 No.11

Text mining is a specific method to extract knowledge from structured and unstructured data. This extracted knowledge from text mining process can be used for further usage and discovery. This paper presents the method for extraction information from unstructured text data and the importance of Association Rules Mining, specifically for of Korean language (text) and also, NLP (Natural Language Processing) tools are explained. Association Rules Mining (ARM) can also be used for mining association between itemsets from unstructured data with some modifications. Which can then, help for generating statistical thesaurus, to mine grammatical rules and to search large data efficiently. Although various association rules mining techniques have successfully used for market basket analysis but very few has applied on Korean text. A proposed Korean language mining method calculates and extracts meaningful patterns (association rules) between words and presents the hidden knowledge. First it cleans and integrates data, select relevant data then transform into transactional database. Then data mining techniques are used on data source to extract hidden patterns. These patterns are evaluated by specific rules until we get the valid and satisfactory result. We have tested on Korean news corpus and results have shown that it has worked well, and the results were adequate enough to research further.

한국이 준 교훈: 아프가니스탄에서 보내는 글

아지말 샴스(Ajmal Khan Shams) 국토연구원 2020 국토 : planning and policy Vol.470 No.-

Flow characteristics within the wall boundary layers of swirling steam flow in a pipe comprising horizontal and inclined sections

Afrasyab Khan,Mohd Sobri Takriff,Masli Irwan Rosli,Nur Tantiyani Ali Othman,Khairuddin Sanaullah,Andrew Ragai Henry Rigit,Ajmal Shah,Atta Ullah 한국화학공학회 2020 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.37 No.1

Handling and utilization of steam flow efficiently to obtain various tangible industrial outcomes relies mainly upon how to optimize various flow parameters like boundary layer thickness, skewness, shear stress, and turbulent dissipation for minimum losses such as pressure and heat. Swirling steam flow, driven by a propeller through a circular duct along horizontal and inclined surfaces presents an interesting flow regime that includes the boundary layer flows close to the wall of the pipe and weak and uniform flow that prevails across the inner region of the pipe. Such flow was investigated here with a specially designed experimental facility. Convective Instabilities were observed that propagate along the axial direction in a nonlinear fashion. It was observed that the operating conditions could be optimized for measuring the shear stresses based on the intersection of the profiles under the effect of variations in the inlet pressure of steam and the rotational speed of the propeller. We found that the flow transformed from positive to negative skewness when the rotational speed of the propeller was raised from 4-14 thousand per minute at 10 bars of constant inlet steam pressure. More area came under the effect of reduced skin friction when the rotational speed of the propeller was raised. More turbulent energy was found to be dissipated when the rotational speed of the propeller was raised. It was found that yet the dissipation of the turbulent energy takes place under the joint effect of inlet pressure of steam and the rotational speed of the propeller, but the exact effect of any one of these two operating parameters still needs to be determined and requires further investigation.