<해심밀경소> 티벳어역의 사료적 가치 : 최신 발견 자료의 소개를 겸해

장규언 불교학연구회 2013 불교학연구 Vol.35 No.-

In this paper, I illuminate the value of Ḥphags pa dgoṅs pa zabmo ṅes par ḥgrel paḥi mdo rgya cher ḥgrel pa (Skt. Ārya-gambhīrasaṃdhinirmocana-sūtra-ṭīkā ; henceforth SNST), the Tibetan version of theHaesimmilgyeong so (解深密經疏; Ch. Jieshenmijing shu , Commentaryon Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra ), written by Woncheuk (圓測 613-696; Ch.Yuance), in both the philological and philosophical aspects.First, I attest to its philological value, which shows thatsome extant texts in Haesimmilgyeong so can be revised andcomplemented by collation with SNST.I present some instances showing that basic textual problems,including erroneous, omitted, superfluous, reversed characters orphrases, can be revised by collation with SNST. Second, I havereconstruted missing passages in the Sautrāntikas' discourse onthe number of dharmas found in the section of Discourse on theEssence of Buddha's Teaching (敎體論) of “Seo pum” (序品; Ch.Xu pin , Introductory Chapter) based on SNST. Third, as a typicalexample of testing the authenticity of the extant Tripiṭaka texts,I critically examine quotations from the Foxing lun (佛性論) in“Mujaseongsang pum ” (無自性相品, Ch. Wuzixingxiang pin , Chapteron the Character of Non-Substance), point out both its textual andcontextual errors, and finally propose the possibility of revisingthe extant Tripiṭaka text of the Foxing lun that basically accordswith quotations in Haesimmilgyeong so based on SNST. Fourth,as an example of examining and revising texts in the lost works ofParamārtha (眞諦, 499- 569) preserved in Haesimmilgyeong so , Ipresent and revise a quotation from his Jiushi zhang (九識章, Treatiseon the Nine (Vi)jñāna) based on SNST.Next, for illuminating the value of SNST as a complementarysource for understanding the thought of Woncheuk, I present andinterpret sources only found in SNST in the section of Discourse onEssence of Buddha's Teaching mentioned above, which more clearlyand thoroughly expounds his interpretation on some topics found inhis other commentaries, i.e., Banyasimgyeong chan (般若心經贊, Ch.Boruoxinjing zan , Commentary on Prajñā-pāramitā-hṛdaya-sūtra )and Inwanggyeong so (仁王經疏, Ch. Renwangjing shu , Commentaryon Kāruṇikarāja-rāṣṭrapāla-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra ). 본 논문에서 필자는 문헌학적 측면과 원측(圓測, 613-696)의 불교 사상 이해 두 측면에서 ��해심밀경소(解深密經疏)��의 티벳어역(Ḥphags pa dgoṅs pa zab mo ṅes par ḥgrel paḥi mdo rgya cher ḥgrel pa ,이하 SNST로 약칭)이 지닌 사료적 가치를 구체적으로 예증하였다.먼저 문헌학적 자료 가치를 잘 드러낼 수 있는 예로 SNST을 통해 ��해심밀경소�� 한문본을 교정하고 또 보충할수 있다고 판단되는 몇 가지 사례를 소개하였다.첫째로 SNST를 통해 가장 기본적인 형태의 텍스트 오류인 오자(誤字), 탈자(脫字), 연자(衍字), 도치(倒置) 교정의 실례를 보여주었다. 둘째로 텍스트 복원의 실례로서 ｢서품(序品)｣ 교체론(敎體論)의법수(法數)에 대한 경량부(經量部)의 논의 부분 중의 결락을 SNST를 통해 실험적으로 복원해 보았다. 셋째로 현존 대장경 텍스트 검증 및 교정의 실례로서 SNST를 통해 ｢무자성상품(無自性相品)｣의 ��불성론(佛性論)�� 인용 부분을 검증한 뒤 그 오류를 지적하였으며 나아가 SNST에 의거한 현존 대장경본 ��불성론�� 자체의 교정 가능성을 제시하였다. 넷째로 진제(眞諦) 일문(逸文) 검증 및 교정의 실례로서 ��해심밀경소��에 보존되어 있는 진제 ��구식장(九識章)�� 인용문을 SNST를 통해 교정하고 보충할 수 있음을 보여주었다.다음으로 원측의 불교사상 이해에 있어 SNST가 지닌 자료 가치를예증하기 위해 SNST에만 보존된 ｢서품｣ 교체론 속 자료들 속에서 ��반야심경찬(般若心經贊)��과 ��인왕경소(仁王經疏)��의 일부 주제들에 대한 원측의 생각을 보다 명료하게 인식할 수 있는 보충 자료를 소개하고 해석하였다.첫째, ��반야심경찬��에서 청변(淸辨)과 호법(護法)의 논쟁에 대해 언급하면서 등장하는 ‘執我勝論甚違聖教佛自許為解脫菩薩’이라는 구절은 그 의미가 모호한데 뜻밖에도 SNST 속 공유 논쟁을 다루는 부분에서 이와 유사한 구절을 발견할 수 있어 비교적 설득력 있는 해석 가능성을 제시할 수 있었다. 둘째, SNST에만 보존된 자료들 속에서 호법의 ��대승광백론석론(大乘廣百論釋論)��을 통해 소개되는 공유(空有) 논쟁 부분이 공유 논쟁의 문제의식, 구체적 대론(對論) 과정, 결론 등에 있어 동일한 텍스트를 다루고 있는 ��인왕경소��와 유사하면서도 미묘하게 다른 해석을 포함하고 있는 점을 발견하고 양 텍스트의 비교를통해 공유 논쟁에 대한 원측 이해의 전모를 보여줄 수 있었다.맺음말에서 필자는 이상의 예증을 통해 SNST는 원측의 불교 사상을이해하는데 있어 반드시 참고 되어야 할 귀중한 자료라고 결론 내렸다.

Structural and Optical Properties of Cd<SUB>1-x</SUB>Co<SUB>x</SUB>Ga₂Se₄ (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) Mixed Crystals

Chang-Dae Kim 한국진공학회(ASCT) 2019 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.28 No.2

The structural and optical properties of Cd1-xCoxGa₂Se₄ mixed crystals were investigated in the range 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 by measuring the X-ray diffraction and optical absorption. The X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that Cd1-xCoxGa₂Se₄ crystalized into a tetragonal structure for 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0. The tetragonal lattice constants were a = 5.744 Å and c = 10.784 Å for CdGa₂Se₄ (x = 0.0), and a = 5.611 Å and c = 10.913 Å for CoGa₂Se₄ (x = 1.0), which are the end members of the Cd1-xCoxGa₂Se₄ system, exhibiting a composition dependence that varied linearly with composition x. The tetragonal structural properties of Cd1-xCoxGa₂Se₄ were investigated by taking into account the compositional dependence of the tetragonal distortion, 2-(c/a), and bonding distances RCd(Co)-Se and RGa-Se. The optical absorption spectra exhibited triplet absorption bands in the range 650 - 900 nm corresponding to the ⁴A2(⁴F) → ⁴ T₁(⁴P) transition of the Co<SUP>2+</SUP> ions with Td symmetry sites, and a broad band in the range 1100 - 2200 nm corresponding to the ⁴A₂(⁴F) → ⁴T₁(⁴F) transition, for all investigated compositions. The composition dependencies of the crystal-field parameter, Dq, and Racah parameter, B, are discussed on the basis of a tetrahedral crystal-field approximation and composition dependent tetragonal structure.

400℃ 열처리한 삼원화합물 ZnxCd1-xS 박막의 분광학적 특성 연구

강광용(Kwang-Yong Kang),이승환(Seung-Hwan Lee),이남권(Nam-Kwon Lee),이정주(Jeong-Ju Lee),유윤식(Yun-Sik Yu) 한국전자파학회 2015 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.26 No.1

II~VI족 화합물 반도체 ZnxCd1-xS 박막을 Indium-tin-oxide(ITO)가 도포된 유리기판 상에 열증발법을 사용하여 증착하였다. 박막의 합성비(molar ratio) x(0≤x≤1)는 CdS(x=0) 박막과 ZnS(x=1) 박막을 포함하여, 삼원화합물 ZnxCd1-xS 박막을 제조하기 위하여 변화시켰다. 또한, 증착한 박막의 결정성을 높이기 위하여 진공전기로에서 열처리 하였으며, 분광학적 특성조사를 위해서는 400℃에서 열처리한 ZnxCd1-xS 박막이 최적임을 알았다. ZnxCd1-xS 박막의 합성비(x)와 전자적 구조를 조사하기 위하여 X-선 광전자 분광법(XPS)을 사용하였고, 박막시료의 광학적 에너지 띠 간격 Eg는 자외선-가시광-근접 적외선(UV-Vis-NIR) 분광법으로 측정하였으며, 합성비(x)값이 0에서 1까지 변화함에 따라 2.44~3.98 eV 범위의 값을 보여주었다. 끝으로, THz-TDS(Time Domain Spectroscopy) 시스템을 사용하고 ZnxCd1-xS 박막의 THz파 특성을 측정하여 테라헤르츠(THz) 영역용 전자 및 광학 소자로서 응용가능성을 확인하였다. II~VI compound semiconductors, ZnxCd1-xS thin films have been synthesized onto indium-tin-oxide(ITO) coated glass substrates using thermal evaporation technique. The composition ratio x(0≤x≤1) was varied to fabricate different kinds of ZnxCd1-xS thin films including CdS(x=0) and ZnS(x=1) thin films. Then, the deposited thin films were thermally annealed at 400℃ to enhance their crystallinity. The chemical composition and electronic structure of films were investigated by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The optical energy gaps of the samples were determined by ultra violet-visible-near infrared(UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy and were found to vary in the range of 2.44 to 3.98 eV when x changes from 0 to 1. Finally, we measured the THz characteristics of the ZnxCd1-xS thin films using THz-TDS(time domain spectroscopy) system to identify the capability for electronic and optical devices in THz region.

Photoreflectance 측정에 의한 InxGal-xP의 특성 연구

김동렬(D. L. Kim),유재인(J. I. Yu) 한국레이저가공학회 2005 한국레이저가공학회지 Vol.8 No.3

  InxGa<SUB>1-X</SUB>P/GaAs structures were grown by chemical beam epitaxy(CBE). Pure phosphine (PH₃) gases were used as group V sources. For the group Ⅲ sources, TEGa, TmIn were used. InxGa<SUB>1-X</SUB>P epilayer was grown on SI­GaAs substrate and has a 1­㎛ thick. We have investigated the characteristics of InxGa<SUB>1-X</SUB>P by the photoreflectance(PR) spectroscopy. The PR spectrum of InxGa<SUB>1-X</SUB>P shows third derivative feature whose peaks provide energy gap. The energy gap of InxGa<SUB>1-X</SUB>P has deduced composition x. From temperature dependance of PR spectra, temperature coefficient is dEg/dT=-3.773×10?⁴ eV/K, and Varshni coefficients a and β values obtained 4×10?⁴ eV/K and 267 K respectively. Also, interaction αB was 19.4 meV using the Bose­Einstein temperature relation, and Θ value related the average phonon frequency were 101.4 K. In particular, shoulder peak related to defects observed in PR signal that measured in temperature 82 K.

재활시스템 구동을 위한 수소저장합금의 제조 특성 분석

신미연,권대규,유창호 제어로봇시스템학회 2019 제어로봇시스템학회 각 지부별 자료집 Vol.2019 No.1

In this paper, Zr0.9Ti0.1Cr0.6Fe1.4 and Zr0.9Ti0.1Cr0.7Fe1.3 were selected as Metal-Hydride(MH) alloys for driving the rehabilitative system. The MH alloys were fabricated by Arc-melting and the compositions of its were analyzed by Field Emission Scaning Electron Microscope(FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy(EDS), X-Ray Diffractometry(XRD) and Inductively Coupled Plasma(ICP). As a result of the analysis, the alloys were nonuniform in composition although it was prepared as a single phase of hexagonal structure. In the future, the hydrogen storage capacity of the MH alloys will be evaluated by producing P-C-T diagram of each MH alloys. And MH alloys will be used at driving actuation system for confirming its actual performance.

Monoethanolamine을 함침한 ZSM5와 MS13X의 CO<SUB>2</SUB> 흡착특성 비교

최성우(Sung-Woo Choi) 大韓環境工學會 2017 대한환경공학회지 Vol.39 No.6

Monoethanolamine (MEA)으로 함침한 ZSM5와 Molecular Sieve 13X (MS13X)에 대한 이산화탄소 흡착실험을 실시하였다. 이산화탄소 흡착효율은 U자관 컬럼 반응기를 사용하였으며 GC/TCD로 분석을 하였다. 흡착제별 흡착온도는 30~80℃에서 흡착능을 평가하였다. 개질화된 흡착제의 표면특성을 알기 위해 BET분석, N2 흡·탈착, XRD, FT-IR분석을 실시하였다. 표면분석결과 함침된 아민은 흡착제 내 결정의 형성에 영향을 주지 않으며 아민으로 함침된 MS13X의 BET표면적은 718.335 m<SUP>2</SUP>/g에 19.945 m<SUP>2</SUP>/g으로 감소하였다. 이 결과는 MS13X의 기공부피에 아민 분자가 채워짐으로써 질소흡착을 제한하는 것으로 보인다. MS13X-MEA는 ZSM5-MEA비해 이산화탄소 흡착능의 개선효과가 있었으며 이는 물리적 흡착과 화학적 흡착에 의한 것으로 사료된다. 또한 MS13X-MEA의 이산화탄소 흡착능은 MS13X에 비해 60~80℃의 온도에서도 증가됨을 보여주었다. Adsorption experiments of carbon dioxide were performed on ZSM5 and Molecular Sieve 13X (MS13X) impregnated with Monoethanol Amine (MEA). Adsorption efficiency of CO2 was investigated in a U type packed column with GC/TCD. The adsorption capacities of adsorbents are estimated in the temperature range of 30-80℃. The modified adsorbents was characterized by BET surface area, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction and FT-IR. Surface analysis results showed that the impregnation method did not affect the crystallinity of any adsorbents. BET surface area of the MS13X impregnated amine decreased to 19.945 m<SUP>2</SUP>/g from 718.335 m<SUP>2</SUP>/g. These reults showed that amine molecules were filled with the pore volume in MS13X, as a results restricting access of nitrogen into the pores. The MEA modified MS13X showed improvement in CO2 adsorption capacity over the ZSM5 impregnated with MEA. The MS13X-MEA showed the highest adsorption capacity due to physical adsorption and chemical adsorption by amino-group content. This results also showed that adsorption capacity of MS13X-MEA increases with the temperature range of 60-80℃ compared with pristine MS13X.

마이너스 자화 스피넬 산화물의 연 X선 방사광 분광 연구

양민영(Min Young Yang),성승호(Seungho Seong),이은숙(Eunsook Lee),강정수(J.-S. Kang) 한국자기학회 2020 韓國磁氣學會誌 Vol.30 No.2

By employing soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and soft X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), the electronic structures of Li<SUB>0.5</SUB>FeCr<SUB>1.5</SUB>O₄ spinel ferrite have been investigated, which exhibits the negative magnetization phenomenon. It is found that that both Fe and Cr ions are trivalent, that most of Fe3+ ions occupy the A (T<SUB>d</SUB>) sites while Cr<SUP>3+</SUP> ions occupy the B (O<SUB>h</SUB>) sites, and that the magnetic moments of Fe ions and those of Cr ions are coupled antiferromagnetically to each other. Hence Li<SUB>0.5</SUB>FeCr<SUB>1.5</SUB>O₄ can be represented as (Fe)<SUB>A</SUB>[Li<SUB>0.5</SUB>Cr<SUB>1.5</SUB>]<SUB>B</SUB>O₄.

방사광을 이용한 FeV<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> 스피넬 산화물의 덩치상태와 분말상태의 전자구조 차이 연구

황지훈(Jihoon Hwang),김대현(D. H. Kim),이은숙(Eunsook Lee),강정수(J.-S. Kang),김우철(W. C. Kim),김철성(C. S. Kim),한상욱(S. W. Han),홍순철(S. C. Hong),박병규(B.-G. Park),김재영(J.-Y. Kim) 한국자기학회 2011 韓國磁氣學會誌 Vol.21 No.6

The electronic structure of ferrimagnetic spinel oxide of FeV<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> has been investigated by employing soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). The Fe 2p and V 2p XAS spectra show that the valence states of Fe and V ions are ~Fe^2.3+ mixed-valent states and ~V3+ states, respectively. In Fe 2p XMCD spectra, finite XMCD signals are observed for divalent Fe²⁺ states only, but not for Fe³⁺ states. This finding indicates that the magnetic moments of Fe²⁺ ions are ordered ferromagnetically but that those of Fe<SUP>3+</SUP> ions are cancelled, implying that Fe²⁺ ions play an important role in determining magnetic properties of FeV<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>.

Spatially Resolved Ni L<SUB>3-</SUB>, Co L<SUB>3-</SUB>, Mn L<SUB>3-</SUB>, and O K-edge Spectra Obtained from Pristine and Charged-State Li<SUB>1.0</SUB>Ni<SUB>0.88</SUB>Co<SUB>0.08</SUB>Mn<SUB>0.04</SUB>O₂ Cathode Materials Prepared by Focused-Ion-Beam Method

HyunJoon Shin,Mikang Kim,Namdong Kim,Hyeong-Do Kim,Changhoon Jung,JaeGwan Chung,KiHong Kim,Woo Sung Jeon 한국진공학회(ASCT) 2020 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.29 No.4

Pristine and 4.35 V charged-state particles of the Li1.0Ni0.88Co0.08Mn0.04O₂ lithium–ion battery (LIB) cathode material were cross-sectioned by the focused-ion-beam method to allow the acquisition of spatially resolved Ni L₃-edge, Co L₃-edge, Mn L₃-edge, and O K-edge X-ray absorption spectra by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy with a spatial resolution of ~30 ㎚. The Co L₃-edge and the Mn L₃-edge spectra, respectively, displayed almost the same features throughout the particles for both the pristine-state and charged-state samples. The average oxidation states of the Co and Mn ions were estimated to be ~3+ and ~4+, respectively. The Ni L₃-edge and O K-edge spectra included different features, depending on the charge state and intra-particle location. The estimated average oxidation state of the Ni ions ranged from ~2.7+ to ~3.0+ for the pristine-state sample (space-averaged value: ~2.9+) and from ~2.7+ to ~3.5+ for the charged-state sample (space-averaged value: ~3.3+). A correlation was observed between the changes in the features of the O K-edge and Ni L₃-edge. These results would provide important implications for the development of high-performance LIBs.

Magnetic Properties of Sn<SUB>1-x</SUB>Fe<SUB>x</SUB>O₂ Thin Films and Powders Grown by Chemical Solution Method

Yong Hui Li,In-Bo Shim,Chul Sung Kim 한국자기학회 2009 Journal of Magnetics Vol.14 No.4

Iron-doped Sn1-xFexO₂ (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.33) thin films on Si(100) substrates and powders were prepared by a chemical solution process. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the Sn1-xFexO₂ thin films and powders showed a polycrystalline rutile tetragonal structure. Thermo gravimetric (TG) - differential thermal analysis (DTA) showed the final weight loss above 430 ℃ for all powder samples. According to XRD Rietveld refinement of the powders, the lattice parameters and unit cell volume decreased with increasing Fe content. The magnetic properties were characterized using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The thin film samples with x = 0.1 and 0.2 showed paramagnetic properties but thin films with x = 0.33 exhibited ferromagnetic properties at room temperature. Mossbauer studies revealed the Fe<SUP>3+</SUP> valence state in the samples. The ferromagnetism in the samples can be interpreted in terms of the direct ferromagnetic coupling of ferric ions via an electron trapped in a bridging oxygen deficiency, which can be explained using the Fcenter exchange model.