Stack Effect Guidelines for Tall, Mega Tall and Super Tall Buildings

Simmonds, Peter,Zhu, Rui Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2013 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.2 No.4

The ASHRAE Technical Committee for Tall Buildings, TC 9.12, has defined a tall building as one whose height is greater than 300 feet (91m). Since the publication of the HVAC Design Guide for Tall Commercial Buildings in 2004, there were only about 300 buildings taller than 200 meters; this number has risen to 600 in 2010 and the prediction 765 buildings taller than 200 meters in 2012. There has also been an introduction of two new classes of tall buildings: ${\bullet}$ Mega tall, which are buildings taller than 300 m, and ${\bullet}$ Super tall, which are buildings taller than 600 m. The effect of ambient air temperature over the height of buildings, especially Mega tall and Super tall buildings. The ambient climatic conditions vary with altitude and these changes in ambient conditions can seriously affect load calculations and performance of super and mega tall buildings. This paper presents revised calculations for stack effect for Tall, Mega Tall and Super tall Buildings.

The Core Urban Design Strategies of Tall Building - Low Carbon Community

Liu, Enfang,Fan, Wenli,Pan, Jianing,Li, Jianqiang Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2013 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.2 No.2

Tall building has some controversial aspects with low carbon city, but it is still a sensible choice for the metropolitan city. This paper aims to develop holistic urban design strategies to minimize impacts on the environment, increase energy efficiency and improve the quality of living in tall building communities by utilizing tall building characteristics. It puts forward the concept of integrated tall building-low carbon community design from the perspective of urban design, and summarizes five core strategies: Temporal state based on energy use, Complementary energy use state based on functions, Spatial state based on regional environment features, Transportation state based on low-carbon lifestyle and Waste utilization state based on tall building characteristics. It also applies the strategies to a practical project. The results show that the proposed urban design strategies are available approaches to mitigate the side effects of tall building on low carbon city.

초고층빌딩 형태디자인을 위한 디지털 설계도구의 개발과 적용에 관한 연구

박상민(Park Sang-Min) 대한건축학회 2007 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.23 No.11

Historically, the development of the tall building has been dependent on technological advancements. As the continuous advancements of technology impacted tall building design and planning, the architectural profession also changed to keep up with the rapid technological progress. One of the recent remarkable technologies is the use of the computer to analyze complex structural systems and its ability to produce construction documents. However, digital tools to assist in architectural design to generate innovative tall building forms have not progressed at a comparable rate. This research will discuss the generative concepts of a tall building forms and an innovative design process using digital tools that are based on a parametric design approach. The research will discuss a series of transformations based on architectural as well as geometrical properties that can be used to define tall building forms and the development of a process to generate representations needed for visualization and study model making. The intention of the research is to inspire continued interest in new concepts of tall building forms and to investigate a design process that integrates architecture with digital methods. The suggested forms and design process of creative and innovative tall building will be of great interest in the tall building design field. This research will contribute to the Form Development of Tall Buildings.

Direction of FIRE Response in Super Tall Buildings

Ryu Sang-il,Lee Ju-ho J-INSTITUTE 2017 International Journal of Human & Disaster Vol.2 No.1

Not long ago, a fire in high‐rise buildings in London, England, killed 58 people and caused enormous damage, which is the worst fire incident in the UK since World War II. In Korea, high‐rise buildings and super tall buildings have a tendency to continue to increase, but they are more vulnerable to fire response. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss prevention and countermeasures against super tall buildings in the future. As such, super tall buildings have been increasing more and more, but super tall buildings have not been able to cope with the fire countermeasures. Thus, this article examines the fire vulnerability of super tall buildings and the difficulty of fire suppression of super tall buildings, and suggests ways to prevent and quickly cope with fire in super tall buildings in the future. Super tall buildings are more vulnerable to fire. Of course, super tall buildings are strictly regulated with firefighting facilities such as sprinklers, evacuation facilities, and firewalls rather than general buildings. However, if fire breaks out due to the failure of fire suppression in the early stage of the fire, the firefighting authority is more vulnerable to fire because the firefighting must be accompanied by considerable difficulty. In particular, firefighting and rescue operations using helicopters are also difficult to access due to the rapidly changing currents around high‐rise buildings. And as a result, firefighters must enter the super tall build-ings themselves to quell the fire, which is not easy. Therefore super tall buildings fires are more vulnerable. There-fore, in case of fire in super tall buildings, fire suppression is very difficult, so more attention should be paid to fire prevention. Super tall buildings in many countries overseas, the emphasis is on expanding fire protection and fire evacuation facilities by applying very strict regulations. In Korea, it is also necessary to strengthen regulations for fire‐fighting facilities such as fire detectors and sprinklers for each building, and to strengthen the inspection in advance. The introduction of mid‐sized to large‐sized helicopters that can extinguish the fire of super tall build-ings seems to be urgent. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the initial fire detection system. In addition, it would be a good way to reduce the damage by conducting evacuation drills in advance for residents.

복합용도 초고층건물의 용도조합별 형태적 특성 분석

박상민 대한건축학회지회연합회 2011 대한건축학회연합논문집 Vol.13 No.4

수직도시(Vertical City), 도시 속의 도시(Town in Town)로 표현되는 초고층건물은 일반 건축물과는 달리 랜드마크(Landmark)로서 그 도시의 상징성을 극대화하고, 복잡한 도시 환경을 해결하는 하나의 방안이다. 따라서 초고층건물은 도시전체의 교통, 환경 및 경제적 파급효과가 매우 크다. 최근 국내에도 서울에 Lotte Super Tower(555m), 상암 DMC Landmark Tower(640m), Archipelago21(665m), 인천에 Incheon 151 Tower(610m), 부산에 World Business Center(550m) 등 100층이 넘는 초고층건물 개발이 활발히 진행되고 있다. 복합용도 초고층건물은 1964년 시카고에 Marina City에서부터 시작되었다. 1960년대 후반 미국에서 도시 생활의 질과 에너지 자원의 효율적 이용에 대한 관심은 복합용도 초고층건물을 실현시켰고 다양한 형태로 점진적으로 발전되어 왔다. 2000년대 이후 전 세계에 걸쳐서 건립된 초고층건물 중 복합용도 초고층건물의 비율은 2000~2004년에 10.5%, 2005~2010년에 17.8%로 증가하고 있다. 2000년 이전 10% 미만 이였던 것을 감안한다면 그 비율이 급증하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 최근 제안되는 초고층건물은 대부분 복합용도로서 이는 초고층건물의 경향 중 중요한 요소임을 반증한다. 하지만 국내 복합용도 초고층건물의 설계는 경험과 기술력 부족으로 인하여 대부분 해외 설계사에 의존해 있는 실정이다. 특히 복합용도 초고층건물의 계획은 용도별 리스스팬, 층고 등 계획요소들이 서로 다르고, 수직 동선체계에 의한 코어계획이 복잡하며, 이러한 계획요소들 간의 상호 연관관계를 다루면서 적절히 조화된 건물 형태를 디자인하는 데는 많은 경험과 기술력을 필요로 한다. 따라서 본 논문은 복합용도 초고층건물의 현황을 파악하고, 용도조합별 계획요소에 의한 형태적 특성을 분석하는데 목적이 있으며, 본 논문의 결과는 복합용도 초고층건물 설계에 대한 정확한 이해와 함께 향후 국내 설계사들의 국제적 경쟁력 강화에도 도움이 될 것이다 The tall building represented as a vertical city and a town in town maximizes the symbolism of its city as a landmark of a city and a plan to solve the environment of a complicate city. As the years go by, the tall building construction market has been expanding and the demand for multi-use tall building has been increasing. In addition, the lately suggested tall building are mostly multi-use purpose so that it disproves that one of the tall building tendency is multi-use development. The object of this paper is to understand the status of the multi-use tall building and analyze the characteristics of types by planning factors by functional configuration and the contents of this paper are as following. 1) Arrangement of main planning factors influencing the types when planning the multi-use tall building. 2) Analysis of the types by use composition through case study. 3) Analysis of the characteristics of types as a method to maintain the appropriate lease span by use and space efficiency. This paper is expected to help experts in the multi-use tall building related development, design, structure and construction understand the multi-use tall building accurately.

Beehive (Hexagrid), New Innovated Structural System for Tall Buildings

Nejad, Peyman Askari Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2016 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.5 No.4

Tall Buildings have been one of the most prominent symbols of economic growth for nearly a century. Yet, in the aftermath of the tragedies of September 11, "signature" Tall buildings have become the focus of much debate. The structural systems today are undergoing a major evolution to address the ability of providing flexibility in the design and use of the building together with sustainability (Green) and cost-effective system. This paper describes a new invented structural system, evolutionary structural analysis and design of Tall buildings, which involves the entire analysis process, including conceptual and design stages and comparison with the existing Tall building. This study presents an new innovative structural system, Beehive (Hexagrid), for Tall buildings. The final results are achieved by modeling an 80 story Tall building with the optimized angle and topology of hexagon members by using a computer analysis, ETABS finite element analysis. The objective function of this system is to use one structural system in order to both maximize Eigen frequency for resisting dynamic responses and minimize mean compliance for static responses. Finite element analysis is carried out by using standardized materials. Optimal Hexagrid topologies with the highest stiffness are finally determined to resist both static and dynamic behaviors. Holistic design integration approaches between structures and facades to save energy for environmental control are studied. Innovative design ideas to control structural motion as well as to utilize that motion to harness energy are discussed. Considering abundant emergence of tall buildings all over the world in recent years, the importance of the studies presented in this paper cannot be overemphasized for constructing more sustainable built environments.

초고층빌딩의 BIPV 적용성 검토를 위한 선진 사례 조사

이종민(Lee Jong-Min),석호태(Seok Ho-Tae),양정훈(Yang Jeong-Hoon) 한국태양에너지학회 2009 한국태양에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.11월

The increasingly high prices for oil, the exhaustion of fossil fuels as well as concern about global warming are driving rapid growth of alternative sources of energy in the world. The active solution for global environment and exhaustion of energy sources is to develop and popularize the technologies to use natural energy such as sunlight, wind, and water. PV(Photovoltaic) modules are efficient devices that has been considered a logical material for use in buildings. Recent advanced BIPV(Building Integrated PV) technology have rapidly made PVs suitable for direct integration into construction in the world. Recently, building has been higher and higher. Tall buildings have many advantages for BIPV such as wide facade area and no shading effect by the surrounding buildings. However. BIPV has not been applied for tall building facade yet. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to develop suitable BIPV for tall buildings and to put these technologies to practical use. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to investigate unification of BIPV to curtain wall to apply BIPV on tall building through research into advanced application of overseas BIPV cases.

Why Tall Buildings? The Potential of Sustainable Technologies in Tall Buildings

Elbakheit, Abdel Rahman Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2012 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.1 No.2

This paper discusses major strengths of tall buildings that distinguish them as sustainable solutions for the built environment. It sheds light on some of the key attributes of tall buildings as well as materials and technologies that could boost their performance environmentally, economically and technically as well as the natural habitats containing them. Tall buildings are portrait as major successful options for accommodating the ever increasing urban world population, with little negative impact on ecologies and environmental habitats worldwide. The role of tall buildings as 'vertical garden sub-cities' mitigating modern city problems of 'urban heat islands' and sprawling cities is explored. A few building examples as well as city developments are presented which represent the new generation of sustainable tall buildings that are setting trends for future projects incorporating innovations in materials and building systems and designs.

Aerodynamic and Flow Characteristics of Tall Buildings with Various Unconventional Configurations

Tanaka, Hideyuki,Tamura, Yukio,Ohtake, Kazuo,Nakai, Masayoshi,Kim, Yong Chul,Bandi, Eswara Kumar Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2013 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.2 No.3

Tall buildings have been traditionally designed to be symmetric rectangular, triangular or circular in plan, in order to avoid excessive seismic-induced torsional vibrations due to eccentricity, especially in seismic-prone regions like Japan. However, recent tall building design has been released from the spell of compulsory symmetric shape design, and free-style design is increasing. This is mainly due to architects' and structural designers' challenging demands for novel and unconventional expressions. Another important aspect is that rather complicated sectional shapes are basically good with regard to aerodynamic properties for crosswind excitations, which are a key issue in tall-building wind-resistant design. A series of wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulation have been carried out to determine aerodynamic forces and wind pressures acting on tall building models with various configurations: corner cut, setbacks, helical and so on. Dynamic wind-induced response analyses of these models have also been conducted. The results of these experiments have led to comprehensive understanding of the aerodynamic characteristics of tall buildings with various configurations.

Numerical Simulation on Disproportionate Collapse of the Tall Glulam Building under Fire Conditions

Zhao, Xuan,Zhang, Binsheng,Kilpatrick, Tony,Sanderson, Iain Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2021 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.10 No.4

Perception of the public to structural fires is very important because there are only a number of tall timber buildings constructed in the world. People are hesitating to accept tall timber buildings, so it is essential to ensure the first generation of tall timber buildings to a very high standard, especially fire safety. Right now, there are no specific design standards or regulations for fire design of tall timber buildings in Europe. Even though heavy timber members have better fire resistance than steel components, many conditions still need to be verified before considering the use of timber materials, e.g. fire spread, post-fire collapse, etc. This research numerically explores the structural behaviours of a tall Glulam building when one of its internal Glulam (Glued laminated timber) columns fails after sustaining a full 120-min standard fire and is removed from the established finite element building model created in SAP2000. The numerical results demonstrate that the failure and removal of the selected internal Glulam column may lead to the local failure of the adjacent CLT (Cross laminated timber) floor slabs, but will not lead to large disproportionate damage and collapse of the whole building. Here, the building is assumed to be located in Glasgow, Scotland, UK.