Spreading rate, opening time, and kinematic history of the Ayu Trough

최학겸,김승섭,박숭현,이상묵 한국지질과학협의회 2023 Geosciences Journal Vol.27 No.5

The Ayu Trough, located in the equatorial western Pacific, is the only divergent boundary surrounding the Philippine Sea Plate. A mid-ocean ridge spreading in the N-S direction near low-latitude regions presents low geomagnetic anomalies, thereby complicating the constraining of the trough’s spreading rate based on the geomagnetic signal from the magnetized seafloor. According to previous studies, the Ayu Trough has been open since ~25 Ma, with a half-spreading rate of 4.1–8.1 mm/yr. This implies that the trough belongs to the ultraslow-spreading mid-ocean ridge category with a full-spreading rate below 20 mm/yr. However, the geochemical signatures of the rock samples from the Ayu Trough do not exhibit the unique characteristics of ultraslow-spreading ridges, including the enriched mid-ocean ridge basalts (E-MORB) with high rare earth element (REE) concentrations and abundant light rare earth elements (LREE). Rather, the sampled rocks from the entire trough-axis exhibit the typical features of the normal mid-ocean ridge basalts (N-MORB) with low REE concentrations. The contradictory inferences made from geochemical results suggest that theAyu Trough did not undergo an ultraslow-spreading but rather a considerably rapid spreading over a short period compared to the estimates made by previous studies. The modified interpretation for the spreading rate of the Ayu Trough can be associated with the global plate reconstruction model, considering the major plate reorganization in East Asia. Around 15 Ma, a series of significant tectonic events occurred in East Asia and the western Pacific. The global models for East Asia imply that the spreading of the Ayu Trough could have been initiated afterwards. Based on our geochemical analysis of the MORB on the Ayu Trough and the global plate model, we argue that the spreading of the Ayu Trough was initiated after ~15 Ma during the major plate reorganization in East Asia, and not in ~25 Ma as reported by previous studies. Therefore, the spreading occurred only for a period of about 10 Myr at a relatively rapid full-spreading rate of > 20 mm/yr. The massive sediments with a thickness of approximately 50–70 m on the spreading-axis of the Ayu Trough reinforce the estimated cessation time of the trough. In addition, the V-shaped seafloor of the Ayu Trough and the unclear transform fault may be interpreted as topography formed by a propagation of rift or mantle melting. Therefore, the trough does not have to be simultaneously opened throughout the axis, and its spreading rate could be higher than previously estimated.

OFDMA 상향 링크 시스템에서 PAPR 저감을 위한 선택적 DFT Spreading 기법의 설계와 성능 평가

김상우,유흥균,Kim, Sang-Woo,Ryu, Heung-Gyoon 한국전자파학회 2007 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.18 No.3

본 논문에서는 OFDMA(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) 상향 링크 시스템에서 발생하는 높은 PAPR(Peak to Average Power Ratio) 문제를 해결하기 위한 방법으로 선택적 DFT(Discrete Fourier Transform) spreading 기법을 새롭게 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 기존의 DFT spreading 기법에 선택적 특성을 추가한 것으로, SLM(Selective Mapping) 기법과 DFT spreading 기법이 혼합된 형태를 갖는다. 그러나 제안된 기법은 copy branch를 사용함에 있어 그 복잡도의 증가를 최소화하기 위해 하나의 DFT만을 사용하고, DFT출력 신호에 여러 개의 각기 다른 matrix를 곱함으로써 여러 개의 copy branch를 생성한다. 여기서 사용된 matrix는 DFT 앞에서의 입력 데이터 위상 회전을 선형 변환함으로써 얻어진 것으로, 각각의 matrix는 그 복잡도가 하나의 DFT보다 매우 낮게 설계된다. 성능 분석을 위해 QPSK 변조 및 512 point IFFT의 사용을 가정하고 한 사용자에게 할당된 sub-carrier 수는 각각 75, 100인 두 가지 경우를 고려하였다. 성능 분석 결과에서, 제안된 선택적 DFT spreading 기법은 copy branch 수가 4일 때 약 5.2 dB 이상의 PAPR 저감 효과를 가지며, 이는 기존의 DFT spreading만을 사용하는 경우 보다 약 1.8 dB 이상, 그리고 32 copy branch를 사용하는 SLM보다도 약 0.95 dB 이상의 뛰어난 PAPR 저감 성능이다. 또한 복잡도의 비교에서도 사용자에게 할당된 sub-carrier의 수가 100일 때, 제안된 기법은 기존의 DFT spreading 기법 보다는 증가되었으나 제안된 기법의 성능에 가장 근접하는 32 copy branch의 SLM보다 약 91.79 % 저감된 곱셈 량을 갖는다. 제안된 기법의 효율성을 확인할 수 있으며, 사용자에게 할당된 sub-carrier의 수가 증가되어 단일 사용자가 모든 sub-carrier를 사용하는 경우, 즉 일반적인 OFDM과 같은 상황에서도 유사한 성능적 이득을 예상할 수 있다. In this paper, we propose a selective DFT spreading method to solve a high PAPR problem in uplink OFDMA system. A selective characteristic is added to the DFT spreading, so the DFT spreading method is mixed with SLM method. However, to minimize increment of computational complexity, differently with common SLM method, our proposed method uses only one DFT spreading block. After DFT, several copy branches are generated by multiplying with each different matrix. This matrix is obtained by linear transforming the each phase rotation in front of DFT block. And it has very lower computational complexity than one DFT process. For simulation, we suppose that the 512 point IFFT is used, the number of effective sub-carrier is 300, the number of allowed sub-carrier to each user's is 1/4 and 1/3 and QPSK modulation is used. From the simulation result, when the number of copy branch is 4, our proposed method has more than about 5.2 dB PAPR reduction effect. It is about 1.8 dB better than common DFT spreading method and 0.95 dB better than common SLM which uses 32 copy branches. And also, when the number of copy branch is 2, it is better than SLM using 32 copy branches. From the comparison, the proposed method has 91.79 % lower complexity than SLM using 32 copy branches in similar PAPR reduction performance. So, we can find a very good performance of our proposed method. Also, we can expect the similar performance when all number of sub-carrier is allocated to one user like the OFDM.

안쪽 분절과 바깥 분절의 변형 및 추가가 네온 색 확산에 미치는 효과

정우현,이일우 한국인지및생물심리학회 2010 한국심리학회지 인지 및 생물 Vol.22 No.1

Five experiments were performed to compare the effects of inner and outer segments on the neon color spreading using the modified Redies-Spillmann figure. Experiment 1 examined the effect of collinearity of inner and outer segments on neon color spreading and experiment 2 compared the effect of continuity. Experiment 3-1 and 3-2, investigated the effects of same space and length of colored segments and outer segments on neon color spreading. Experiment 4 tested how the degree of neon color spreading changed when inner and outer segments were added. The result showed that the impact of outer segments was stronger than inner segments on neon color spreading in collineartity and continuity. However, the effects of identical spaces and lengths were less important than collinearity and continuity on color spreading. In contrast with addition of inner segments, when outer segments were added color spreading were reduced significantly. These results suggest that the centrifugal color spreading is stronger than centripetal spreading and that the subjective contours and the color spreading are caused by separate mechanisms. 변형된 Redies-Spillmann 도형을 자극으로 사용하여 색 분절의 바깥쪽에 있는 분절과 안쪽에 있는 분절이 네온 색 확산에 미치는 효과를 비교해 보았다. 실험 1에서는 안쪽 분절과 바깥쪽 분절의 공선성이 네온 색 확산에 미치는 효과를 살펴보았고 실험 2에서는 연결성의 효과를 비교해 보았다. 실험 3-1과 3-2에서는 바깥쪽 분절과 색 분절의 간격의 동일성과 길이의 동일성이 네온 색 확산에 미치는 효과를 살펴보았다. 실험 4에서는 안쪽 분절과 바깥쪽 분절이 추가되었을 때 네온 색 확산의 정도가 어떻게 달라지는지 알아보았다. 실험 결과 안쪽 분절의 공선성과 연결성의 영향보다는 바깥쪽 분절의 영향이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 간격의 동일성과 길이의 동일성은 공선성이나 연결성에 비해 네온 색 확산에 미치는 효과가 미미했다. 안쪽 분절이 추가되었을 때는 네온 색 확산이 거의 영향을 받지 않았으나 바깥쪽 분절이 추가될 경우 네온 색 확산이 감소되는 경향이 나타났다. 이런 결과는 색 확산이 안쪽 윤곽과 바깥쪽 윤곽의 내부로 일어날 때 그 진행 방향이 동일하지 않으며 주관적 윤곽과 네온 색 확산은 별개의 기제에 의해서 만들어짐을 시사한다.

Exploring the Influence of Vehicle Mobility on Information Spreading in VANETs

( Zhigang Li ),( Xin Wang ),( Xinan Yue ),( Yingli Ji ),( Hua Wang ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2021 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.15 No.2

With the advent of 5G communications, internet of vehicles technology has been widely used in vehicles. Then the dynamic spread of information between vehicles began to come into focus with more research. It is well known that the identification of nodes with great spread influence has always been a hot topic in the field of information spreading. Most of the existing work measures the propagation influence by degree centrality, betweenness centrality and closeness centrality. In this paper, we will identify influential vehicle nodes based on the mobility characteristics of vehicles to explore the information spreading between vehicles in VANETs. Different from the above methods, we mainly explore the influence of the radius of gyration and vehicle kilometers of travel on information spreading. We use a real vehicle trajectory data to simulate the information transmission process between vehicles based on the susceptible-infected-recovered SIR model. The experimental results show that the influence of information spreading does not enhance with increasing radius of gyration and vehicle kilometers of travel. The fact is that both the radius of gyration and the distance travelled have a significant influence on information spreading when they are close to the median. When the value of both is large or small, it has little influence on information spreading. In view of this results, we can use the radius of gyration and vehicle kilometers of travel to better facilitate the transmission of information between vehicles.

Numerical simulations of capillary spreading of a particle-laden droplet on a solid surface

Jeong, Hyun Jun,Hwang, Wook Ryol,Kim, Chongyoup,Kim, See Jo Elsevier 2010 Journal of materials processing technology Vol.210 No.2

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>We present a direct numerical simulation technique and some results for the capillary spreading of a particulate droplet on a solid surface which is of great importance in the industrial inkjet printing technology as an alternative to the conventional lithography process for precise particle delivery. Since the spreading of particulate droplets is quite complicated in nature, the present work focuses on 2D capillary spreading behavior with full consideration of hydrodynamic interactions as a preliminary study for the particle effect on spreading. To understand the micro-structural phenomena underlying the process, we present a finite-element based computational scheme by combining the level-set method for an accurate interface description with the interfacial tension and the equilibrium contact angle, and the fictitious-domain method for suspended particles with implicit treatment of the hydrodynamic interactions. We investigated droplet spreading by capillary force in a Newtonian fluid and discussed effects of the presence of particles on the spreading behavior along with the particle movement. The amount of spread of a particulate droplet appears smaller than that of a homogeneous fluid droplet during the spread process and this reduced rate of spreading has been interpreted the results in conjunction with the distribution of the shear rate, the angular velocity of particles, and the kinetic energy.</P>

공기에 의한 탄소섬유 스프레딩 공정 변수에 따른 프로세스 성능 및 기계적 물성 평가

노정우 ( Jeong-u Roh ),백운경 ( Un-gyeong Baek ),노재승 ( Jae-seung Roh ),남기법 ( Gibeop Nam ) 한국복합재료학회 2020 Composites research Vol.33 No.6

탄소섬유 스프레드 토우를 제조하는 과정에서 섬유 손상이 발생하며, 이는 스프레딩 과정에서 장비와 섬유 사이 혹은 섬유 간의 마찰로 발생한다. 이로 인해, 재료 및 장비조건에 따라 프로세스 성능에 차이가 발생하고, 제품 물성이 하락한다. 섬유 손상을 최소화하는 것은 스프레드 토우를 제조하는 공정에서 반드시 고려되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 공기를 이용한 탄소섬유 스프레딩 공정에서 탄소섬유의 필라멘트 수와 사이징 함량, 탄소섬유토우 스프레딩 장비의 공정 변수(초기섬유장력, 열풍온도, 진공압력)를 달리하여 스프레드 토우의 공정성능 변화를 관찰하였다. 탄소섬유 품종에 따른 조건 별 최적조건에서 제조된 샘플을 이용해 인장강도를 평가하여, 탄소섬유의 손상에 따른 기계적 물성 감소를 확인하였다. The carbon fiber has been damaged via tow spreading process for carbon fiber spread tow. The fiber damage is caused by friction between equipment and fibers or between fibers and fibers in the process of spreading. As a result, mechanical properties are decreased due to differences in process via material and equipment condition. Therefore, minimizing fiber damage have to be considered in the process. In this study, the change in carbon fiber pneumatic spreading process was observed by according to the filament count, sizing content of carbon fiber and process variables in spreading equipment (fiber tension at the beginning, air temperature in spreading zone, vacuum pressure in spreading zone). Tensile strength was evaluated using samples prepared under optimal conditions for each of the carbon fiber varieties, and mechanical properties were reduced due to damage on the carbon fiber.

布氣治療에 관한 考察

최문석(Moon Seok Choi),김연섭(Youn Sub Kim) 대한의료기공학회 2001 醫療氣功 Vol.5 No.1

氣治療가운데 外氣를 發放하여 질병을 치료하는 ‘布氣’가 여러 문헌에 나타나 있으며, 그에 따른 여러 관련 실험 연구가 있으나, ‘布氣’를 시술하는 이가 몸을 닦는 법, ‘布氣’시술방법 및 ‘布氣’시술영역 등에 대한 보고가 없어 이에 대해 살펴본 바, 다음과 같은 내용을 알 수 있었다. 1. ‘布氣’를 시술하려는 이는 몸을 미리 잘 닦아야 하는데, 먼저 앉아서, 서서, 누워서하는 靜功練氣로써 築基와 大小周天을 닦아야 하고, 氣를 이끌어 내기 위한 動功練氣를 익히는 여러 방법이 있다. 2. ‘布氣’시술방법은 意念으로 下丹田에 氣를 모은 다음, 들숨이나 날숨을 써서 任督脈을 따라 손끝이나 손바닥으로 이끌어 내 환자와 일정한 거리를 두거나 직접 환부에 맞대고 ‘布氣’한다. 또한, 여러 가지 기구를 이용해 ‘布氣’한다. 3. ‘布氣’시술영역은 일부 감염성 질환과 급성 열성 질환 및 원인불명 출혈성 질환을 뺀 거의 모든 질환에 응용할 수 있다. 4. 서양에서 ‘Healing', ‘Hands of light'로 불리는 시술은 마음을 모아 손으로 energy를 보냄이 ‘布氣’와 비슷함을 알 수 있다. 氣治療가운데 ‘布氣’는 옛날부터 질병치료를 위해 쓰여 왔음을 알 수 있고, 치료효능이 있다는 글들을 살펴 볼 수 있으며, ‘布氣’시술을 하려면 시술하는 이가 몸을 잘 닦아야 하며 주로 마음으로 손에 氣를 보내고, 몸밖으로 氣를 내보내 여러 질환을 치료할 수 있음을 알 수 있다. The Spreading-Qi recorded curative effect with a long history. I studied the Qi-therapy through train of the Qi-sender, methods of the Spreading-Qi and clinical application of the Spreading-Qi. 1. Train of the Qi-sender, Sitting, standing and ling postures can all be applied as training postures for training Qi. Qi grows in Lower Dan(elixir field) and circulates in heavenly circuits by static Qi. Training Qi by dynamic Qi is a fundamental exercise for the maneuvers to conduct Qi. 2. Methods of the Spreading-Qi, Breathe naturally, concentrate the mind on Lower Dan(elixir field), When exhaling, Mindwill accompanies Qi to go to the Conception Vessel(CV) and Governor Vessel(GV), conduct Qi to the palms or fingers and emit Qi, with the emitting site touching or leaving the treated region. 3. Clinical application of the Spreading-Qi, its wide range of indications. 4. The Spreading-Qi is similar to Western ‘Healing' and ‘Hands of light', Mind will accompanies energy to go to hand and emit energy to the treated region.

인터넷 환경에 따른 인터넷 웜 확산 방식 연구

신원,Shin, Weon 한국정보통신학회 2008 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.12 No.1

최근 빠른 속도로 확산되는 Code Red Worm, Slammer Worm과 같은 인터넷웜은 인터넷에 서 주요한 위협이 되고 있다. 이러한 인터넷 웜을 막기 위해서는 웜의 확산 방식과 웜 확산에 영향을 끼치는 인터넷 환경을 이해하는 것이 필수적이다. 본 논문은 인터넷 환경에 따른 웜 확산의 정확한 모델링을 그 목표로 한다. 이를 위하여 다양한 실험을 통하여 주소 체계와 인터넷 속도에 따른 웜 확산의 양상을 분석한다. Fast spreading Internet worms, such as Code Red and Slammer, have become one of the new major throne of the Internet recently. In order to defend against theses worms, it is essential to understand how Internet worms propagate and how different Internet factors affect worm spreading. In this paper, we intend to describe the spread of worms on Internet environments accurately. Therefore we model and analyze the spreading effects by various simulations considering Internet addressing and speed. The results lead to a better prediction of the worm spreading on current and future Internet environments.

Selective regulation of osteoclast adhesion and spreading by PLCγ/PKCα-PKCδ/RhoA-Rac1 signaling

( Jin-man Kim ),( Kyunghee Lee ),( Daewon Jeong ) 생화학분자생물학회(구 한국생화학분자생물학회) 2018 BMB Reports Vol.51 No.5

Bone resorption by multinucleated osteoclasts is a multistep process involving adhesion to the bone matrix, migration to resorption sites, and formation of sealing zones and ruffled borders. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and osteopontin (OPN) have been shown to be involved in the bone resorption process by respective activation of integrin αvβ3 via “inside-out” and “outside-in” signaling. In this study, we investigated the link between signal modulators known to M-CSF- and OPN-induced osteoclast adhesion and spreading. M-CSF- and OPN-induced osteoclast adhesion was achieved via activation of stepwise signals, including integrin αvβ, PLCγ, PKCα, and Rac1. Osteoclast spreading induced by M-CSF and OPN was shown to be controlled via sequential activation, consistent with the osteoclast adhesion processes. In contrast to osteoclast adhesion, osteoclast spreading induced by M-CSF and OPN was blocked via activation of PLCγ/PKCα/RhoA signaling. The combined results indicate that osteoclast adhesion and spreading are selectively regulated via PLCγ/PKCα-PKCδ/RhoA-Rac1 signaling. [BMB Reports 2018; 51(5): 230-235]

Long-distance Assimilation in Optimality Theory

Chang-beom Park 한국중앙영어영문학회 2011 영어영문학연구 Vol.53 No.4

The purpose of this study is two-fold: (i) to review various approaches to ‘long-distance assimilation’ (namely, harmony) within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993), and (ii) to examine which approach is the most successful to the process. In autosegmental phonology (Goldsmith 1976), the process is mainly accounted for by feature spreading, formalized by association lines between features and segments. However, the Optimality Theoretic approach requires a different perspective: it needs to involve, not rules forcing the harmonic features to spread, but constraint interaction filtering wrong candidates that are under- or over-harmonized. Various approaches have been introduced in this connection. This study classifies them into two main streams: (i) the autosegmental spreading approach, and (ii) the agree-based approach. Through the examination, this study shows that the agree-based approach, especially no-disagreement, is more successful than others to account for harmonic process. The approach without autosegmental representation does not require any specific pro- spreading constraint or representational modification for harmony, and does not induce any problems others have, such as wrong typological prediction and ‘sour-grapes property’. In conclusion, this study verifies that harmonic process can be accounted for without autosegmental spreading.