Analysis of the Mediating Effect of Perceive Value in the Relationship between Service Quality and Intention of Participation Adherence of SCUBA Diving Participants

( Keun Hyuk Hong ),( Ki Joo Lee ),( Hye Kyung Baek ) 대한무도학회 2019 대한무도학회 학술대회자료집 Vol.2019 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of scuba diving participants' service quality on intention of participation adherence and to verify how their perceived values mediate these relationships. Methods: In order to achieve the purpose of the research, questionnaires on Service quality(equipment, staff, transportation, facilities), intention of participation adherence, and perceived values(acquisition, emotional, social and monetary) were collected from 245 divers who visited Jeju Island to participate in scuba diving from July to September 2019. Using SPSS 18.0 and SPSS PROCESS Macro statistical program, frequency analysis, reliability verification, exploratory factor analysis, descriptive statistics, and Pearson's product-moment correlation analysis were executed. In addition, in order to analyze the mediating effects of perceived value in the relationship between service quality satisfaction and intention of participation adherence, its mediation effect verification was performed using SPSS PROCESS Macro. Results: First, the equipment which was a sub-factor of service quality, had a non-significant positive effect on the intention of participation adherence, and their relationship was completely mediated by acquisition factors and financial factors, which were sub-factors of perceived value. Second, employees had non-significant positive effect on the intention of participation adherence, and their relationship was completely mediated by acquisition factors, emotional factors, and financial factors which are sub-factors of perceived value. Third, traffic had a significant positive effect on the continuing sevice using intention, but their relationship did not have an indirect effect by sub-factors of perceived value. Fourth, facilities did not have a direct effect on sustained intentions, and their relationships did not appear to have any indirect effects by sub-factors of perceived value. Conclusion: It was shown that the traffic factor among service qualities that scuba diving participants had experienced had a direct effect on the intention of participation adherence. In addition, it was shown that the service qualities of equipment and staff had a positive effect on the intention of participation adherence passing through acquisition factor, emotional factor and monetary factor. This can be interpreted to mean that the participants happen to have the intention to continuously participate in the service and perceive higher value for the activity when various and safe equipment and friendly staff are available. Therefore, in order to revitalize and expand the scuba diving market, the exploration of the prerequisites for participants to perceive higher value of activities should be supported.

생활체육으로써 태권체조에 대한 인식과 참여의도에 관한 연구

이미연(Lee, Mi-Yeon),강지현(Kang, Ji-Hyun) 경희대학교 스포츠과학연구원 2010 태권도과학 Vol.3 No.2

본 연구는 태권체조에 대한 성인들의 인식과 참여의도를 알아보고 생활체육으로써 태권체조의 대중화를 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2010년 현재 생활체육프로그램에 참여하고 있는 성인남녀를 모집단으로 편의표본추출법을 이용, 213부의 설문지를 사용하여 태권체조의 인식과 참여의도의 차이검증을 실시하였다. 본 연구에 이용된 통계기법은 SPSS 17.0을 사용하였고, 탐색적 요인분석, 빈도분석, 신뢰도분석, t검정, 일원변량분석, Scheffe test, 상관관계분석, 회귀분석을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 인구통계학적 특성에 따른 태권체조 인식요인 및 참여의도 차이에서 성별에 따른 태권체조 인식의 차이에서는 인식요인 모두 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않았고, 참여의도 차이에서는 남자보다 여자그룹의 참여의도가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 연령에 따른 태권체조 인식요인 및 참여의도에서는 사회적 인식과 참여의도에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 학력에 따른 인식에서는 신체적, 심리적 인식요인에서 유의한 차이가 나타났고, 참여의도에서는 고학력일수록 참여의도가 크게 나타났다. 직업에 따른 인식에서는 심리적인 인식과 사회적 인식에서 유의한 차이가 나타났으며 참여의도에서는 학생, 주부, 회사원 그룹이 자영업 그룹보다 높게 나타났다. 결혼여부에 따른 인식에서는 사회적 인식에서 유의한 차이가 나타났고, 참여의도에서는 미혼그룹보다 기혼그룹의 참여의도가 크게 나타났다. 둘째, 태권체조 인식에 따른 참여의도의 관계를 살펴보면, 태권체조의 인식 중 심리적 인식과 사회적 인식이 높을수록 참여의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study is to find out the recognition and participation intention of adults in regards to Taekwon aerobics and to provide the basic data to popularize it as a daily sport. For this purpose, using the convenience sampling method, the researcher verified the difference in recognition and intention of participation by selecting adults of both gender who have participated in a daily sports programs in 2010. For the study, statistical technique SPSS 17.0 was adopted and exploratory factor analysis, frequency analysis, reliance analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe test, correlation analysis and regression analysis were performed. The results are as follows: first, it was found that the recognition of Taekwon aerobics depending on demographic characteristics did not show significant difference and that for the difference in participation intention, the female group had higher intention than the male group. The recognition and participation intention of Taekwon aerobics depending on age showed significant difference in social recognition and participation intention. For the difference in Taekwon aerobics depending on academic background, physical and social recognition factors showed significant difference and for participation intention, the people with higher backgrounds showed higher participation intention. For the recognition depending on marital status, social recognition showed significant difference and for participation intention, the married group showed higher participation intention than the unmarred group. Second, when considering the relationship between the recognition of Taekwon aerobics and participation intention, recognition of Taekwon aerobics, physical and social recognition gave positive effects to participation intention.

해양레저스포츠 참여관여도와 충성도 및 행동의도에 관한 연구

함도웅 한국스포츠학회 2022 한국스포츠학회지 Vol.20 No.2

The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate research on participation in marine leisure sports, loyalty, and behavioral intention, and a survey was conducted on 384 marine leisure sports participants aged 20 or older. The sub-variables of participation involvement consisted of participation playability, participation importance, and participation interest. Loyalty consisted of attitude loyalty and behavioral loyalty, and behavioral intention was composed of re-participation intention and positive sphere. The collected data were subjected to frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis to obtain the following results. First, participation involvement of marine leisure sports participants showed a positive correlation with all loyalty, and behavioral intention partially showed a positive correlation. Second, all sub-variables of participation involvement had statistically significant positive influences on attitude loyalty and behavioral loyalty. Third, among the sub-variables of participation involvement, participation playfulness had a positive influence on re-participation intention, and participation interest had a positive influence on positive word of mouth. The conclusion obtained from these results showed that participation in marine leisure sports participants was an important variable influencing loyalty and behavioral intention, and participation was found to be an important variable closely related to loyalty and behavioral intention. 본 연구는 해양레저스포츠 참여 관여도와 충성도 및 행동의도에 관한 연구를 실증적으로 규명하는데 목적을 두고 만20세이상 해양레저스포츠 참여자 384명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 참여관여도의 하위변인은 참여유희성, 참여중요도, 참여관심도로 구성되었다. 충성도는 태도충성도와 행동충성도로 구성되었으며, 행동의도는 재참여의도와 긍정적구면으로 구성되었다. 수집된 자료는 빈도분석, 탐색적요인분석, 신뢰도분석, 상관관게분석, 다중회귀분석을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 해양레저스포츠 참여자의 참여관여도는 충성도 모두와 정적 상관관계가 나타났으며, 행동의도는 부분적으로 정적 상관관계가 나타났다. 둘째, 참여관여도의 하위변인 모두는 태도충성도와 행동충성도에 통계적으로 유의미한 정적 영향력을 미쳤다. 셋째, 참여관여도의 하위변인 중 참여유희성은 재참여의도에 정적 영향력을 미쳤으며, 참여관심도는 긍정적구전에 정적 영향력을 미쳤다. 이같은 결과로부터 얻은 결론은 해양레저스포츠 참여자의 참여관여도는 충성도 및 행동의도에 영향력을 미치는 중요한 변인임을 알 수 있으며, 참여관여도는 충성도와 행동의도와 밀접한 관련성이 있는 중요한 변인임이 규명되었다.

생활체육 배드민턴 이벤트 참가만족과 재 참가의도에 관한 연구

이민경 ( Lee Minkyeong ),이성희 ( Lee Sunghee ),홍진배 ( Hong Jinbae ) 인천대학교 스포츠과학연구소 2015 스포츠科學硏究誌 Vol.28 No.0

본 연구는 생활체육 배드민턴 이벤트 참가만족이 재 참가의도에 관한 연구를 해봄으로써 향후 생활체육 배드민턴 이벤트의 중요성을 인식하고, 이벤트 계획 및 활성화에 기여하는데 연구 목적이 있다. 강원도 화천 산천어 배 오픈 배드민턴 대회에 참가한 동호인들을 모집단으로 선정하였다. 참가클럽 중 편의표본추출방법으로 동호인들을 표본을 추출하여 총 300명을 대상으로 연구자와 조사원들이 연구의 취지를 설명하여 조사 참여 동의를 얻은 후, 설문지를 배포하여 응답자가 직접 기입하는 자기평가 기입법(self-administration method)을 사용하고, 회수된 설문지 중 무응답과 이중기입된 자료를 13부를 제외시킴으로 최종 연구대상은 287명의 자료가 실제 분석에 사용되었다. 자료분석은 SPSS WIN ver. 21.0 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도분석(frequency analysis), 요인분석(Fator Analysis), 신뢰도분석(Reliability Analysis), t-검증(Independent t-test), F-검증(F-test), 다중회귀분석(standard multiple regression analysis)방법을 실시하였으며, Scheffè의 방법을 사용하여 사후검증을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 배드민턴 동호인들의 개인적 특성의 성별에 따른 스포츠 이벤트 참가만족의 하위요인 준비만족도와 시설만족도는 유의한 차이가나타나지 않았으나 운영체제만족도 진행만족도와 프로그램만족도에서는 유의한 수준에서 차이가 나타났다. 재 참가의도에서 유의한 수준에서 차이가 나타났다. 둘째, 개인적 특성의 경력에 따른 스포츠 이벤트 참가만족의 하위요인 준비만족도, 진행만족도, 프로그램만족도, 시설만족도, 운영체제만족도 모든 하위요인에서 유의한 수준에서 차이가 나타났다. 재 참가의도에서는 유의한 수준에서 차이가 나타났다. 셋째, 개인적 특성의 실력에 따른 스포츠 이벤트 참가만족의 하위요인 준비만족도, 진행만족도, 프로그램만족도, 시설만족도에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 운영체제만족도에서만 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 재 참가의도에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 넷째, 개인적 특성의 참여시간에 따른 스포츠 이벤트 참가만족의 하위요인 준비만족도, 진행만족도, 프로그램만족도, 시설만족도, 운영체제만족도와 재 참가의도서 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 다섯째, 배드민턴 동호인들의 스포츠 이벤트 참가만족에 대한 재 참가의도와의 상관관계 분석을 실시한 결과 스포츠 이벤트 참가만족의 하위요인 준비만족도, 진행만족도, 프로그램만족도, 시설만족도, 운영체제만족도와 재 참가의도 하위요인 재 참가의도간에 정적상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 진행함으로써 보완되어야 할 점과 향후 후속 연구에 필요한 것을 제언하고자 한다. 첫째, 본 연구는 강원도 화천 산천어 생활체육 배드민턴대회를 중심으로 이루어졌으며, 다른 지역의 대회 참여에 따라 종합적인 결론을 해석하기에는 한계가 있으며, 차후 연구에서는 일부 대회가 아니라 모든 생활체육 배드민턴대회를 모두 조사한다면 더 많은 연구자료로 인해 보다 정확한 만족도와 재 참가의도에 대해 알 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 시간과 경제적인 부담이 높을 것이다. 둘째, 스포츠 이벤트 참가만족의 하위요인을 선행 연구를 토대로 구성되어졌으며 현장에 실질적인 변수보다는 한정된 변수들로 구성이 되었다. 그러므로 향후 후속연구에서는 실제 현장에 대한 전문가와 스포츠 심리측정 교수, 전문가와 충분한 협조를 통해 현장에 필요한 요인들을 유추하여 연구가 진행된다면, 보다 깊이있는 연구와 현장에 실질적으로 적용 가능한 연구결과가 나타날 것으로 판단된다. The purpose of This study was to participated in this event participated in athletics and badminton life satisfaction and intent by analyzing the impact on future life recognize the importance of physical education Badminton events, event planning, and to contribute to the active research. Open badminton tournament in hwacheon, Gangwon-do contents times participated in the fraternity, was chosen as the population. Join the Club of convenience sampling methods to extract the specimen to the fraternity in a total of 300 researchers and researchers for the purpose of this study was to describe the participation in the investigation after obtaining consent, the respondent directly by distributing questionnaire to fill in self-assessment, using legislative self-administration method, fill out the questionnaire during their recalled no response and with the exception of the materials Department of a double as the final destination for study in 13 287 of the material was used for the actual analysis. Data analysis was SPSS WIN ver. use an 21.0 frequency analysis, Fator Analysis, Reliability Analysis, Independent t-test, F-test, Multiple Regression Analysis Standard, method using the method of Scheffè, carried out after-the-fact verification. The results of the study are as follows. First, the gender of demographic characteristics of the Badminton link based attend sport events satisfaction how satisfied are you with the sub factors in the preparation of the satisfaction and facilities did not appear significant difference satisfaction with progress in the operating system that the program satisfaction satisfaction level difference. Jae Jae of the sub factors of participation intended to participate in significant differences in the level appeared did not appear aware of the unwritten intentions difference. Secondly, due to the age of the sporting event badminton fraternity participation satisfaction, satisfaction, satisfaction with the preparation of the sub factors, program satisfaction, satisfaction, keep in mind that the operating system did not show differences in satisfaction. Jae Jae-sub factors intended to compete with the intention of participating in the unwritten intentions did not show statistically significant differences. Third, the Badminton fraternity participated in a sports event in accordance with the satisfaction of a career of sub factors proceeded to prepare the satisfaction, satisfaction, program satisfaction, satisfaction, Note that all of the sub factors of satisfaction from the operating system at one level the difference appeared. Jae Jae-sub factor of intention of participating exhibitors to help keep even the unwritten intentions showed a difference in level. Fourth, the Badminton fraternity participated in a sports event in accordance with proficiency in satisfaction of the sub factors proceeded to prepare the satisfaction, satisfaction, program satisfaction, keep in mind that differences in satisfaction, but no facility operating system Note that the only difference of satisfaction. Jae Jae-sub factor of intent participation participation of intentions did not appear aware that differences in the unwritten intentions. Fifth, the badminton competition of the fraternity participated in sporting events based on the number of factors of satisfaction, satisfaction, satisfaction, program satisfaction, preparing facilities for satisfaction, OS satisfaction and intention of sub factors intended to re-re-participation participation did not appear aware that differences in the unwritten intentions. In the sixth, with the participation of the Badminton fraternity participated in sporting events over time, lower factors ready satisfaction, satisfaction, satisfaction, program progress, satisfaction, satisfaction, satisfaction and intention of participating subordinate factors intended to re-re-participated in the oral notice differences in intentions did not appear. The seventh, Participated in the sport of badminton fraternity event competed for the satisfaction of the results of correlation analysis of tile participated in sporting events to continue preparation of the sub factors of satisfaction satisfaction, satisfaction, program satisfaction, satisfaction, satisfaction and intention of re-re-participated in the sub factors intended to participate in the unwritten intentions revealed that static correlation between. This study should be complemented by proceeding with future follow-up studies will be needed for the proposal. Sheesh, this study, hwacheon contents life centred on the badminton competition were, and other physical areas with a comprehensive conclusions, depending on the interpretation of the Convention and to participate in the study, some of the future Convention, and there is a limit, but if you search for both tournaments, all life physical education badminton more due to more accurate research material satisfaction and participation in order to be able to know about intent. However, the time will be an economic burden. Secondly, participated in a sports event on the leading factors of customer satisfaction research to practical field consists of a variable has been filled with a limited rather than variables. Therefore, in the future, a follow-up study, an expert on the physical scene and sports psychological measurement, a professor and expert in the field through co-ordinated enough to infer the necessary factors to research, more in-depth research and studies in the field will appear practically applicable.

학교스포츠클럽 활동 활성화를 위한 참가제약 관계요인의 인식 및 영향관계 분석

전정선(Jeon Jeong-Seon),윤양진(Yoon Yang-Jin) 한국체육과학회 2011 한국체육과학회지 Vol.20 No.3

This study was conducted on students participating in school sports clubs and aimed to provide basic data for an attempt seeking ways to keep the activities of school sports clubs going, identifying students’ perceptions of participation constraints, negotiation strategies on participation constraints and continuous participation intention and their impact relations. 395 of teenagers who take part in school sports clubs in Ulsan were selected and in order to identify their perceptions of participation constraints, negotiation strategies on participation constraints and continuous participation intention and their relations, description, factor analysis, reliability analysis, t-test, Duncan post-hoc test and multiple regression analysis were carried out, which led to the conclusion as follows. First, the results have shown that high school girls who have been participating in leisure activities for less than a year realized great participation constraints and middle school boys who have been taking part in competitive activities for more than a year perceived high levels of negotiation strategies on participation constraints and continuous participation intention. Second, every factor of participation constraints significantly has negative effects on continuous participation intention and constraints of consciousness of surroundings and time and financial constraints negatively affect negotiation strategies on participation constraints. Meanwhile, negotiation strategies such as exploring partners, skill acquisition, changing desires and controlling a level of intensity significantly have positive effects on continuous participation intention. In other words, the high level of perception of participation constraints found in students taking part in school sports clubs negatively affects continuous participation intention and the high level perception of negotiation strategies to overcome participation constraints has positive effects on continuous participation intention. Third, it has been shown that negotiation strategies on participation constraints perform a role to relax participation constraints between participation constraints and continuous participation intention.

중요타자의 참가지지가 시니어 남자 골프선수의 자아존중감, 참가노력 및 지속참가의사에 미치는 영향

곽규훈(Kwak, Kyu-Hoon),정구영(Jung, Goo-Young),성용석(Sung, Yong-Suk) 한국체육과학회 2019 한국체육과학회지 Vol.28 No.2

This study aims to define the effects of important others` participation support on senior male golf players` self-esteem, their efforts for participation, their continuous participation intention. To that end, this study analyzed the survey data of 1 02 participants in KPGA Champions Tour held in April 2018. The following conclusion thus was reached. First, family support had positive effects on the self-pride of self-esteem, on all sub-factors of efforts for participation, and on continuous participation intention. Further, friends and colleagues` support had positive effects only on a change to passion for efforts for participation and on partner search factors, thus suggesting that, in important others` participation support, the family support factor is the most important for senior male golf players. Second, in senior male golf players` self-esteem, the self-pride factor had positive effects on all sub-factors of continuous participation intention and efforts for participation, and the self-satisfaction factor of self-esteem had positive effects only on the partner search factor of efforts for participation, suggesting that the self-pride of self-esteem worked importantly for senior male golf players. Third, in senior male golf players` efforts for participation, partner search and monetary factors had positive effects on continuous participation intention, suggesting that the stronger the inclination of homogeneous group is and yet the more effective the economic help is, positive effects are created to bring on continuous participation in competitions. Hence, it is concluded that, for senior male golf players to continue to participate in competitions, family support and self-esteem improvement are important, and this makes it possible to reactivate the player`s life and to seek the individual`s happiness.

사이클 참여 동호인의 참여동기가 흥미요인 및 참여지속의도에 미치는 영향

이재정 한국사회체육학회 2023 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.- No.92

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of participation motivation among cycling club participants on interest factors and their intention to continue participating. Method: 449 participants in a cycling club were recruited to investigate the factors that influence the interest of cycling club participants and their impact on their intention to continue participating. A questionnaire was used as a survey tool, and exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted to verify the validity and reliability. A correlation analysis was conducted to find the correlation between each variable, and a multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between variables. Results: First, after analyzing the effect of participation motivation among cycling club members on interest factors, it was found that pleasure, socialization, and technology participation motivation had a significant effect on physical and mental health interest factors, as well as achievement interest factors. Second, as a result of analyzing the effect of participation motivation of cycling club members on their intention to continue participating, it was found that pleasure, socializing, and technology participation motivation had a significant effect on their intention to continue participating. Third, as a result of analyzing the effect of the interest factors of the cycling club members on the intention to continue participating, it was found that the physical and mental health interest factors, as well as the achievement interest factors, had a significant effect on the intention to continue participating. Conclusion: In summary, the motivations and interest of club members suggest an important role in starting lifelong sports.

에어로빅 프로그램에 참여하는 성인여성들의 참여지속의도에 영향을 미치는 요인

정찬교(Jeong, Chan-Kyo),정계문(Jeong, Kye-Moon),김규호(Kim, Kyu-Ho),박승한(Park, Sung-Han) 한국체육과학회 2013 한국체육과학회지 Vol.22 No.4

The purpose of this study was to analyze factors associated with continued participation intention. A total of 484 women in aerobic programs participated in this study voluntarily. Each participant completed a survey packet including demographic, participation motivation, leader’s image, participation satisfaction, continued participation intention questionnaires. The main finding in this study were as follows: Based on the results from t or F test, demographic variables(marriage status and age), and program characteristics variables are significantly associated with continued participation intention. Stepwise multiple regression analysis shows that practice times per week is most significant predictor among demographic and program related variables while condition/achievement, leader’s ability, and psychological satisfaction are the key predictors among participation motivation, leader’s image, leisure satisfaction variables. Also, stepwise multiple regression analysis using all independent variables shows that 6 variables(condition, physical fitness, practice times per week, relaxation satisfaction, leader’s ability, skill development) are significant predictors for continued participation intention. These results indicate that aerobic programs could be activated by means of leisure activities by analyzing the factors which influence continued participation intention, even though the predictors associated with the intention could be complicated. Leaders and participants in aerobic programs should be aware of the factors to increase continued participation intention so that drop-out rates of participants in aerobic programs could be reduced.

한국 사회인 검도대회의 이벤트 품질과 참가만족, 재참가의도, 구전의도 및 운동지속의도의 구조적 관계

양재근(Yang, Jae-Keun),이동준(Lee, Dong-Jun) 한국체육과학회 2016 한국체육과학회지 Vol.25 No.6

This study has a main purpose that closely examines the structural relationship among event quality, participation satisfaction, re-participation intention, word-of-mouth intention, and exercise adherence intention on korea kumdo championship for social members. In order to achieve it, the sample from participants were accumulated by using convenience sampling that chose korea kumdo championship for social members. The samples were 300 people. and we excluded unsuitable sheet like that were decided as untrustful one and an omission and unclear. So the final samples were 270 people. On the basis of that, The statistical techniques, spss 21.0 and amos 21.0 program have been used for the analysis as per research purpose. The research has drawn the following conclusions, based on the above mentioned research method and its procedures: First, The event quality influences participation satisfaction. Second, The participation satisfaction influences re-participation intention. Third, The participation satisfaction influences word-of-mouth intention. Fourth, The participation satisfaction influences exercise adherence intention.

대학교양 골프수업 참여동기가 운동지속의사에 미치는 영향

김주희(Kim Ju-Hee) 한국체육과학회 2009 한국체육과학회지 Vol.18 No.2

The purpose of this research is to expedite voluntary participation of university student in general golf class and extend to lifetime physical activities and to improve quality of general physical education including diversion to affirmative recognition on physical exercise activities. Corresponding results are as followings. The analysis result of difference in participation motivation and constant intention of exercise participation per sex distinction shows statistically significant difference in pleasure, exercise technique, social relationship, health promotion and self-display. And there is no statistically significant difference in constant intention of exercise participation. The analysis result of difference in participation motivation and constant intention of exercise participation per grade shows statistically significant difference in pleasure, exercise technique, social relationship, health promotion and self-display. And there is no statistically significant difference in constant intention of exercise participation. The analysis result of effect on constant intention of exercise participation of participation motivation of university general golf class shows significant effect on pleasure, exercise technique, social relationship, health promotion and exercise continuance intention. But it shows no significant effect on constant intention of exercise participation to self-display.