A Survey on RF Energy Harvesting System with High Efficiency RF-DC Converters

Khan, Danial,Basim, Muhammad,Ali, Imran,Pu, YoungGun,Hwang, Keum Cheol,Yang, Youngoo,Kim, Dong In,Lee, Kang-Yoon The Institute of Semiconductor Engineers 2020 Journal of semiconductor engineering Vol.1 No.1

Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting technology have become a reliable and promising alternative to extend the lifetime of power-constrained wireless networks by eliminating the need for batteries. This emerging technology enables the low-power wireless devices to be self-sustaining and eco-friendly by scavenging RF energy from ambient environment or dedicated energy sources. These attributes make RF energy harvesting technology feasible and attractive to an extended range of applications. However, despite being the most reliable energy harvesting technology, there are several challenges (especially power conversion efficiency, output DC voltage and sensitivity) poised for the implementation of RF energy harvesting systems. In this article, a detailed literature on RF energy harvesting technology has been surveyed to provide guidance for RF energy harvesters design. Since signal strength of the received RF power is limited and weak, high efficiency state-of-the-art RF energy harvesters are required to design for providing sufficient DC supply voltage to wireless networks. Therefore, various designs and their trade-offs with comprehensive analysis for RF energy harvesters have been discussed. This paper can serve as a good reference for the researchers to catch new research topics in the field of RF energy harvesting.

An Energy Harvesting Aware Routing Algorithm for Hierarchical Clustering Wireless Sensor Networks

( Chaowei Tang ),( Qian Tan ),( Yanni Han ),( Wei An ),( Haibo Li ),( Hui Tang ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2016 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.10 No.2

Recently, energy harvesting technology has been integrated into wireless sensor networks to ameliorate the nodes` energy limitation problem. In theory, the wireless sensor node equipped with an energy harvesting module can work permanently until hardware failures happen. However, due to the change of power supply, the traditional hierarchical network routing protocol can not be effectively adopted in energy harvesting wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we improve the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol to make it suitable for the energy harvesting wireless sensor networks. Specifically, the cluster heads are selected according to the estimation of nodes` harvested energy and consumed energy. Preference is given to the nodes with high harvested energy while taking the energy consumption rate into account. The utilization of harvested energy is mathematically formulated as a max-min optimization problem which maximizes the minimum energy conservation of each node. We have proved that maximizing the minimum energy conservation is an NP-hard problem theoretically. Thus, a polynomial time algorithm has been proposed to derive the near-optimal performance. Extensive simulation results show that our proposed routing scheme outperforms previous works in terms of energy conservation and balanced distribution.

EH-WSN에서 에너지 효율 향상 및 전송지연 축소를 위한 MAC 프로토콜 설계

박석우(Seok Woo Park),나인호(In-Ho Ra) 한국스마트미디어학회 2019 스마트미디어저널 Vol.8 No.2

최근의 에너지 하베스팅 무선 센서 네트워크에 대한 연구는 제한된 에너지 자원 문제를 해결하여 네트워크 수명을 효율적으로 연장시킬 수 있는 기술 개발에 집중되고 있다. 에너지 하베스팅 기술은 무선신호에 포함된 에너지를 이용하여 배터리를 충전 시킴으로써 네트워크 수명을 지속적으로 연장시킬 수 있는 장점을 지니고 있으나 에너지를 수확하는 시간 동안에는 데이터를 전송할 수 없기 때문에 에너지 수확양이 증가할수록 데이터 전송지연도 증가하는 문제점을 지니고 있다. 이에 따라 에너지 하베스팅 무선 센서 네트워크를 설계할 때에는 네트워크 수명 연장뿐만 아니라 전송지연 축소 문제를 모두 고려하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 네트워크에 유입되는 트래픽 양과 수확되는 에너지양에 따라 데이터 전송에 필요한 에너지를 계산하고 패킷 데이터의 전송 시간을 조절함으로써 종단간 네트워크 지연을 최소화하는 MAC 프로토콜을 제안한다. 이를 위해 에너지 수확 시간을 측정하여 네트워크의 수면 시간을 조절하는 에너지 관리 메커니즘을 설계한다. 또한, 시뮬레이션을 이용한 성능평가를 통하여 기존의 MAC 프로토콜보다 에너지 소비량과 종단간 지연 측면에서 성능이 향상됨을 보인다. Recent research on energy harvesting wireless sensor networks is focused on the development of techniques to solve the limited energy resource problem and to extend the whole network life efficiently. Energy harvesting technology can increase the lifetime of a network, but data transmission is not available when it harvests energy from radio frequency which results in longer network delay due to increased time in energy harvesting. Therefore the energy harvesting wireless sensor network should be designed considering the network delay as well as the network lifetime problem. In this paper, we propose a new MAC protocol that minimizes end-to-end network delay by adjusting the data transmission time for a packet based on the estimating the energy for data transmission along with the amount of traffic flowing into the network and harvested energy. For this goal, it proposes an energy management mechanism that adjusts the sleep time of the network by measuring energy harvesting time. In addition, with simulation results it shows that the proposed MAC protocol improves the performance in terms of energy consumption and end-to-end delay compared to the existing MAC protocols.

Large Scale Energy Harvesting and Transfer Networks

Kaibin Huang 에스케이텔레콤 (주) 2015 Telecommunications Review Vol.25 No.4

Allowing wireless networks to harvest energy from renewable sources provides a solution for rapidly growing energy consumption by the networks. However, the temporal and spatial variations of the energy field can lead to fluctuations in power supplied to the network and thereby degrade the network performance. This has motivated recent research on modeling large scale energy harvesting networks and quantifying the effects of energy randomness on network performance. This paper reviews a series of recent works that apply stochastic geometry as the primary tool to model and analyze such networks and shows that this branch of mathematics provides a power and versatile tool for designing large scale energy harvesting networks. Furthermore, the paper presents the new concept of connecting the networks to the grid for supplying residual harvested energy to the grid and quantifies the expected amount.

A Simple Energy Harvesting Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Encarnacion, Nico N.,Yang, Hyunho The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2012 Journal of information and communication convergen Vol.10 No.4

Harvesting energy from the environment is essential for many applications to slow down the deterioration of energy of the devices in sensor networks and in general, the network itself. Energy from the environment is an inexhaustible supply which, if properly managed and harvested from the sources, can allow the system to last for a longer period - more than the expected lifetime at the time of deployment, or even last indefinitely. The goal of this study is to develop a simple algorithm for ns-2 to simulate energy harvesting in wireless sensor network simulations. The algorithm is implemented in the energy module of the simulator. Energy harvesting algorithms have not yet been developed for ns-2. This study will greatly contribute to the existing knowledge of simulating wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting capabilities in ns-2. This paper will also serve as a basis for future research papers that make use of energy harvesting.

원격 에너지 저장소를 가진 이동 센서 네트워크를 위한 에너지 수확 체계

김성우(Seong-Woo Kim),이종민(Jong Min Lee),권순각(Sun Gak Kwon) 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어·로봇·시스템학회 논문지 Vol.15 No.12

Energy harvesting from environment can make the energy constrained systems such as sensor networks to sustain their lifetimes. However, environmental energy is highly variable with time, location, and other factors. Unlike the existing solutions, we solved this problem by allowing the sensor nodes with mobilizer to move in search of energy and recharge from remote energy station. In this paper we present and analyze a new harvesting aware framework for mobile sensor networks with remote energy station. The framework consists of energy model, motion control system and data transfer protocol. Among them, the objective of our data transfer protocol is to route a data packet geographically towards the target region and at the same time balance the residual energy and the link connectivity on nodes with energy harvesting. Our results along with simulation can be used for further studies and provide certain guideline for realistic development of such systems.

에너지 수집형 노드를 사용한 무선 센서 네트워크에서의 적응형 데이터 병합 및 압축 기법

정세미(Semi Jeong),김혁(Hyeok Kim),노동건(Dong Kun Noh),윤익준(Ikjune Yoon) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2017 韓國컴퓨터情報學會論文誌 Vol.22 No.3

In this paper, we propose an adaptive data aggregation and compression scheme for wireless sensor networks with energy-harvesting nodes, which increases the amount of data arrived at the sink node by efficient use of the harvested energy. In energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes can have more than necessary energy because they harvest energy from environments continuously. In the proposed scheme, when a node judges that there is surplus energy by estimating its residual energy, the node compresses and transmits the aggregated data so far. Conversely, if the residual energy is estimated to be depleted, the node turns off its transceiver and collects only its own sensory data to reduce its energy consumption. As a result, this scheme increases the amount of data collected at the sink node by preventing the blackout of relay nodes and facilitating data transmission. Through simulation, we show that the proposed scheme suppresses the occurrence of blackout nodes and collect the largest amount of data at the sink node compared to previous schemes.

에너지 수집형 무선 센서 네트워크를 위한 에너지 적응형 데이터 압축 및 전송 범위 결정 기법

이준민,오엄지,노동건,윤익준,Yi, Jun Min,Oh, Eomji,Noh, Dong Kun,Yoon, Ikjune 대한임베디드공학회 2016 대한임베디드공학회논문지 Vol.11 No.4

Energy-harvesting nodes in wireless sensor networks(WSNs) can be exhausted due to a heavy workload even though they can harvest energy from their environment. On contrast, they can sometimes fully charged, thus waste the harvested energy due to the limited battery-capacity. In order to utilize the harvested energy efficiently, we introduce a selective data compression and transmission range control scheme for energy-harvesting nodes. In this scheme, if the residual energy of a node is expected to run over the battery capacity, the node spends the surplus energy to exploit the data compression or the transmission range expansion; these operations can reduce the burden of intermediate nodes at the expanse of its own energy. Otherwise, the node performs only basic operations such as sensing or transmitting so as to avoid its blackout time. Simulation result verifies that the proposed scheme gathers more data with fewer number of blackout nodes than other schemes by consuming energy efficiently.

에너지 하베스팅이 적용된 스펙트럼 감지 방안

김태욱,공형윤 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2015 한국인터넷방송통신학회 논문지 Vol.15 No.3

본 논문에서는 인지 통신의 스펙트럼 감지 기법에 에너지 하베스팅 기법을 적용하여 2차 송신단의 전력 소모 없이 스펙트럼을 감지할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 전력을 저장할 수 있는 방안을 제안하였다. 에너지 하베스팅 방법을 통 해 수집된 전력과 임계값을 비교하여 1차 네트워크의 스펙트럼 사용 유무를 판단한다. 2차 송신단이 메시지를 전송하 려는 경우, 1차 네트워크가 사용 중이라면 주파수를 변경하여 스펙트럼의 사용 유무를 판단하게 된다. 또한 전송하려는 메시지를 가지지 않는 경우, 지속적으로 전력을 수집하게 된다. 따라서 2차 네트워크의 지속적인 스펙트럼 감지로 인한 전력 낭비를 제거할 수 있으므로 인지 기술의 활용도 및 효율성을 증가시킬 수 있다. In this paper, we propose energy harvesting apply to spectrum sensing. In this case, we can be spectrum sensing without consume energy. Algorithms of sensing and harvesting are determine active or idle of primary network, Compares with the threshold energy and the amount of energy that is harvested by energy harvesting scheme. If the secondary network want to send a message while the primary network is active, secondary users will change frequency to use the spectrum. Further, if the secondary network has not message, it will continues harvest energy. Therefore, spectrum sensing applied the energy harvesting method, energy of secondary network is remove waste and charge energy. So, efficiency and utilization of cognitive network can be increase.

에너지 하베스팅 무선 센서네트워크에서 에너지균형을 위한 라우팅프로토콜

Kang, Min-Seung,Park, Hyung-Kun 한국정보통신학회 2020 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.24 No.5

Energy harvesting sensor networks have the ability to collect energy from the environment to overcome the power limitations of traditional sensor networks. The sensor network, which has a limited transmission range, delivers data to the destination node through a multi-hop method. The routing protocol should consider the power situation of nodes, which is determined by the residual power and energy harvesting rate. At this time, if only considering the magnitude of the power, power imbalance can occur among nodes and it can induce instantaneous power shortages and reduction of network lifetime. In this paper, we designed a routing protocol that considers the balance of power as well as the residual power and energy harvesting rate.