Calculating carbon mass balance from unsaturated soil columns treated with CaSO₄-minerals: Test of soil carbon sequestration

Han, Young-Soo,Tokunaga, Tetsu K. Elsevier 2014 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.117 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Renewed interest in managing C balance in soils is motivated by increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO<SUB>2</SUB> and consequent climate change. Here, experiments were conducted in soil columns to determine C mass balances with and without addition of CaSO<SUB>4</SUB>-minerals (anhydrite and gypsum), which were hypothesized to promote soil organic carbon (SOC) retention and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) precipitation as calcite under slightly alkaline conditions. Changes in C contents in three phases (gas, liquid and solid) were measured in unsaturated soil columns tested for one year and comprehensive C mass balances were determined. The tested soil columns had no C inputs, and only C utilization by microbial activity and C transformations were assumed in the C chemistry. The measurements showed that changes in C inventories occurred through two processes, SOC loss and SIC gain. However, the measured SOC losses in the treated columns were lower than their corresponding control columns, indicating that the amendments promoted SOC retention. The SOC losses resulted mostly from microbial respiration and loss of CO<SUB>2</SUB> to the atmosphere rather than from chemical leaching. Microbial oxidation of SOC appears to have been suppressed by increased Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> and SO<SUB>4</SUB> <SUP>2</SUP> <SUP>−</SUP> from dissolution of CaSO<SUB>4</SUB> minerals. For the conditions tested, SIC accumulation per m<SUP>2</SUP> soil area under CaSO<SUB>4</SUB>-treatment ranged from 130 to 260gCm<SUP>−1</SUP> infiltrated water (20–120gCm<SUP>−1</SUP> infiltrated water as net C benefit). These results demonstrate the potential for increasing C sequestration in slightly alkaline soils via CaSO<SUB>4</SUB>-treatment.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Soil carbon mass balance was calculated in an unsaturated soil column. </LI> <LI> Soil amendment with CaSO<SUB>4</SUB>-minerals works for carbon sequestration. </LI> <LI> Main carbon sequestration resulted from organic carbon retention. </LI> <LI> Precipitated calcite can be considered as a carbon sink in this study. </LI> <LI> CaSO<SUB>4</SUB>-soil amendment is proved as a effective carbon sequestration method. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Carbon sequestrating fertilizers as a tool for carbon sequestration in agriculture under aridisols

Tahir Mukkram Ali,Hamza Ameer,Noor-us-Sabah,Hussain Sajad,Xie Zuoming,Brestic Marian,Rastogi Anshu,Allakhverdiev Suleyman I.,Sarwar Ghulam 한국탄소학회 2022 Carbon Letters Vol.32 No.7

Carbon is a part of all living creatures and it is the chief constructing block for life on this planet carbon occurs in several appearances, mainly as plant biomass, organic matter in soil, as gas CO2 in the air and dissipated in seawater. Soil carbon exhausts when production of carbon increases than carbon contribution. Soil comprises nearly 75% of total carbon existing on land, more than the quantity stockpiled in living animals and plants. So, soil plays a major part in maintaining a stable carbon cycle. Over the previous 150-year-period, the quantity of carbon present in the air has amplified by 30%. Majority of scientists thought that there is a straight relationship amongst amplified levels of CO2 in the air and increasing global warming. One anticipated technique to diminish atmospheric CO2 is to escalate the global packing of carbon in soils. Therefore, there is a necessity to manage soils because soil comprises more inorganic carbon as compared to the atmosphere and more organic carbon as compared to the biosphere. Soil is also thought to be a lively and important constituent in global carbon discharge and potential of sequestration. Carbon sequestration, known commonly as C-storage, can be acquired by different controlling practices, and the size of various management techniques, to enhance C-storage of soil and offer a key basin for atmospheric CO2, can be assessed most persuasively from studies conducted over long time that underwrite exclusive data on soil C accumulation, losses and storage. Sequestration happens when input of carbon enhances as compared to output of carbon. Soil carbon sequestration is the method of relocating CO2 from the air in to the soil with crop leftover and additional organic solids and in a configuration that is not instantly emitted back to the atmosphere. This review focused on beneficial role of carbon sequestrating fertilizers (press mud, boiler ash and compost) in carbon sequestration and soil properties.

Carbon Sequestration in the Plantations of Chittagong Hilly Areas of Bangladesh

( Danesh Miah ),( M. Farid Uddin ),( M. Kalimuddin Bhuiyan ),( Man Yong Shin ) 한국산림과학회 2004 한국산림과학회지 Vol.93 No.4

N/A The study was conducted in the plantations of 13 tree species of Chittagong hilly areas, Bangladesh, with the objective of quantifying carbon sequestration. It was revealed that there was a gross 191 ton/ha carbon stock in the studied plantations. The highest soil(including humus) carbon content(113 ton/ha) was found in the Jarul(Lagerstroemia speciosa) plantation and the lowest(83 ton/ha) was found in the Pine(Pinus caribaea) plantation. Most of the plantations were found to possess the litter carbon contents as 3 ton/ha except Mehegoni(Swietenia mahagoni), Pine(Pinus caribaea) and Dhakijam(Syzygium grande) plantation, which possessed only 2 ton/ha carbon. The results represented that 3.13 ton/ha/year for fuelwood collection and 1.24 ton/ha/year for litter collection by the surrounding people, carbon were lost from the plantations. The net increment of carbon in the plantations was 3.86 ton/ha/year. The study revealed a promising result of carbon sequestration by the plantation species in the Chittagong hilly areas, which shows a potential of plantation species to participate in the international carbon trading.

Carbon Sequestration in the Plantations of Chittagong Hilly Areas of Bangladesh

Md. Danesh Miah,M. Kalimuddin Bhuiyan,신만용,M. Farid Uddin 한국산림과학회 2004 한국산림과학회지 Vol.93 No.4

The study was conducted in the plantations of 13 tree species of Chittagong hilly areas, Bangladesh, with the objective of quantifying carbon sequestration. It was revealed that there was a gross 191 ton/ha carbon stock in the studied plantations. The highest soil(including humus) carbon content(113 ton/ha) was found in the Jarul(Lagerstroemia speciosa) plantation and the lowest(83 ton/ha) was found in the Pine(Pinus caribaea) plantation. Most of the plantations were found to possess the litter carbon contents as 3 ton/ha except Mehegoni(Swietenia mahagoni), Pine(Pinus caribaea) and Dhakijam(Syzygium grande) plantation, which possessed only 2 ton/ha carbon. The results represented that 3.13 ton/ha/year for fuelwood collection and 1.24 ton/ha/year for litter collection by the surrounding people, carbon were lost from the plantations. The net increment of carbon in the plantations was 3.86 ton/ha/year. The study revealed a promising result of carbon sequestration by the plantation species in the Chittagong hilly areas, which shows a potential of plantation species to participate in the international carbon trading.

Effect of Tillage and Green Manuring on Long- and Short-term Carbon Stability in Arable Soil

Ju-Mi Lim(임주미),Chang Oh Hong(홍창오) 한국토양비료학회 2021 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2021 No.11

Green manuring (GM) and no-till (NT) are known as the practical soil managements to increase soil carbon sequestration. Stable soil organic carbon (SOC) content could be an important factor affecting long- and short-term carbon sequestration. However, the effect of GM and tillage practice on long- and short-term SOC stability in arable soil has not been clearly determined, so far. The objectives of this study was to determine the effect of tillage practice and GM on long- and short-term carbon stability in arable soil by evaluating net eco-system carbon budget (NECB) and aggregate size distribution. This study was conducted in upland soil supporting for maize with GM including fallow (F) and hairy vetch (HV) under different tillage practices including NT and conventional till (CT) for 3 years from 2018 through 2020. Hairy vetch (HV) was cultivated and maize were cultivated as green manure and subsequent crop during winter season (November- April) and summer season (May-October) for 3 years, respectively. Green manuring significantly affected NECB, but tillage practice did not. The value of NECB was highest with HV under CT, because the amount of carbon input to the soil was greatest. Tillage practice significantly affected aggregate size distribution, but GM did not. Small macro-aggregate (SM) increased with CT and decreased with NT whereas, large macro-aggregate (LM) and micro-aggregate (MI) decreased with CT and increased with NT. The ratio of fine intra particulate carbon (IPC) to coarse IPC in SM was higher with NT than CT. The SOC concentrations in all aggregate size were higher with HV than F. However, there was no significant difference of SOC concentrati on in all aggregate size between CT and NT. Even if the SOC concentration in all aggregate size was greater with HV than F, the high SOC concentrations in MI and s+c sizes benefits for long-term carbon sequestration. Therefore, we suggest that HV under CT may be optimum agricultural practice for short-term carbon sequestration in upland soil, whereas HV under NT for long-term carbon sequestration.

에디 공분산 및 자동화 토양챔버 시스템을 이용한 탄소 플럭스 관측 기반 태화산 57년생 잣나무조림지의 탄소흡수능력 평가

이호진 ( Hojin Lee ),주형준 ( Hyungjun Ju ),전지현 ( Jihyeon Jeon ),이민수 ( Minsu Lee ),서상욱 ( Sang-uk Suh ),김현석 ( Hyun Seok Kim ) 한국산림과학회 2021 한국산림과학회지 Vol.110 No.4

산림은 육상생태계에서 가장 큰 탄소흡수원으로 기후변화 대응에 있어 산림의 대기 중 이산화탄소 농도 저감 역할은 중요하다. 최근 ‘2050 탄소중립 계획’에 산림의 탄소흡수 기능의 강화가 기본 방향으로 제시되면서 정확한 산림의 탄소흡수량 산정이 강조되고 있다. 산림부문의 탄소흡수량은 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 지침을 따라 산림 내 생물량, 고사목, 임상 유기물층, 토양층, 수확된 목재제품 등 여러 탄소 저장고 내 탄소축적 변화량으로부터 산정한다. 그러나 국내 산림의 경우 하층 식생을 제외한 주요 수종의 임목 재적 증가로부터 추정한 생물량 증가량만을 산림의 탄소흡수량으로 산정하고 있어 실제 산림의 탄소흡수량과 큰 차이가 발생할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 경기도 광주시 태화산에 위치한 57년생 잣나무 조림지에서 에디 공분산 시스템과 자동화 토양챔버 시스템을 이용한 탄소 플럭스 관측을 통해 산림의 탄소 교환량 및 순 탄소흡수량을 정량화하고, 이를 현재 산림의 탄소흡수량 산정 방법에 따라 법정림 임분수확표 내 연평균 생장량과 국가 고유계수를 이용하여 계산한 잣나무 조림지 임목의 생물량 증가량과 비교하였다. 또한 탄소 플럭스 관측 기반의 순 탄소흡수량과 잣나무 조림지의 생물량 증가량 및 임상 유기물층의 탄소저장 변화량 등의 차이로부터 나머지 탄소 저장고에서 연간 탄소저장 변화량을 추정하였다. 그 결과 탄소 플럭스로부터 계산한 잣나무 조림지의 연간 순 탄소흡수량은 5.96 MgC ha^-1으로 생물량 증가로부터 계산한 임목의 연간 탄소흡수량 2.77 MgC ha^-1보다 약 2.2배 많았다. 연간 임상 유기물층의 탄소저장 변화량은 0.75 MgC ha^-1로 추정되어, 연간 하층 식생, 고사목, 토양층 등의 탄소 저장고로 유입되는 탄소의 양이 2.45 MgC ha^-1으로 추정되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 국내 산림이 현재 평가 수준보다 더 큰 탄소흡수원임을 보여주며, 탄소 플럭스 관측과 더불어 하층 식생, 고사목, 토양층 등의 탄소 저장고에서 탄소축적 변화량의 정량화를 통해 더욱 정확한 산림부문 탄소흡수량 산정이 필요함을 시사한다. Forests are the largest carbon (C) sinks in terrestrial ecosystems. Recently, as enhancing forest C sequestration capacity has been proposed as a basic direction of the Republic of Korea’s “2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy,” accurate estimation of forest C sequestration has been emphasized. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines, sequestration quantity is calculated from changes in C stocks in forest C pools, such as biomass, deadwood, litter and soil layer, and harvested wood products. However, in Korea, only the overstory biomass increase is now considered the amount of sequestration quantity, so there can be a significant difference from the actual forest C sequestration. In this study, we quantified forest C exchange through C flux measurement using an eddy covariance system and an automated soil chamber system in a 57-year-old Korean pine plantation located in Mt. Taehwa, Gwangju-si, Gyeonggi-do. Then, the net amount of C sequestration was compared with the amount of the overstory biomass increase. We estimated the annual C stock change in the remaining C pools by comparing the net sequestration amount from the C flux measurement with the overstory biomass increase and C stock change in the litter layer. Therefore, the net C sequestration of the Korean pine plantation estimated from the flux measurement was 5.96 MgC ha^-1, which was about 2.2 times greater than 2.77 MgC ha^-1 of the overstory biomass increase. The annual C stock increase in the litter layer was estimated to be 0.75 MgC ha^-1, resulting in a total annual C stock increase of 2.45 MgC ha^-1 in the remaining C pools. Our results indicate that the domestic forest is a larger C sink than the current methods, implying that more accurate calculations of the C sequestration capacity are necessary to quantify C stock changes in C pools along with the C flux measurement.

CKD를 이용한 간접광물탄산화에서 이산화탄소 제거 특성

이상민,김연진,최충연,이지연 한국도시환경학회 2018 한국도시환경학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Since the Paris agreement of 2015, Korea has also been obliged to reduce its CO2 emissions by 30% compared to BAU by 2020, and actively should pursue CO2 reduction efforts. This is a study of indirect carbonation which can remove carbon dioxide through indirect mineral carbonation and utilize precipitated carbon carbonate (PCC) with calcium carbonate as industrial material. Calcium eluate obtained from CKD instead of natural mineral as carbonation material and HCl as solvent was used for sequestration of carbon dioxide. As a result of XRF and SEM-EDS analysis to investigate the physi-chemical characteristic of CKD, the calcium content was found to be 46.38%, which is suitable for mineral carbonation. As a result of the calcium ion extraction test by pH of CKD, 18,820 mg Ca2+/L calcium ion was extracted at pH 12 for carbonation reaction. The effect of ‘extraction pH by CKD’ and ‘the mixed gas flow rate including CO2’ on the mineral carbonation reaction were investigated and the removal ratio of CO2 was found to be 40.5% at a flow rate of 13.33 cm3/s of CO2 mixed gas flow rate at pH 12, And the highest PCC production ratio over removed CO2 gas was 73%. 2015년 파리협약이후 우리나라 역시 2020년 CO2 발생량을 30% 감축의무를 부과받아 이산화탄소 감축노력을 적극적으로 수행해야할 상황이 되었다. 본 연구는 간접광물탄산화를 통해 이산화탄소를 제거하고 탄산칼슘성분을 가진 PCC를산업용 재료로 활용할 수 있는 간접탄산화에 대한 연구이다. 탄산화 재료로서 천연광물 대신 Cement Kiln Dust(CKD)를이용한 간접광물탄산화 공정에서 HCl을 용매로 이용하여 CKD로부터 얻은 칼슘 용출액을 이산화탄소를 고정화를 위한간접탄산화 공정을 이용하였다. CKD의 물리화학적 특성을 알기 위해 XRF, SEM-EDS 분석을 진행한 결과 칼슘함량이46.38%로 광물탄산화를 위한 재료로서 적합하다고 분석되었다. CKD의 pH별 칼슘이온 용출실험을 진행한 결과 pH 12에서 18,820 mg Ca2+/L로 탄산화 반응에 충분한 칼슘이 용출되었다. 광물탄산화 반응에서 CKD 용출액의 pH와 이산화탄소 혼합가스 유입유량이 이산화탄소 제거에 어떤 특성을 갖는지 실험한 결과 pH 12의 CKD 용출액과 이산화탄소 혼합가스 유입유량 13.33 cm3/s에서 CO2 제거율이 40.5%를 나타내고 CO2 제거량 당 PCC생성율이 73%로서 가장 높은 결과를 보였다.

시멘트 풀을 이용한 CO₂ 포집과 탄산염광물의 생성에 관한 연구

최영훈 ( Young Hun Choi ),황진연 ( Jin Yeon Hwang ),이효민 ( Hyo Min Lee ),오지호 ( Ji Ho Oh ),이진현 ( Jin Hyun Lee ) 한국광물학회 2014 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.27 No.1

폐콘크리트 처리 시 발생하는 시멘트 미분은 CO₂ 포집을 위한 광물탄산화 재료로 활용할 수 있다. 이번 연구에서는 폐콘크리트를 활용한 CO2 포집을 위한 기초연구로 수화시멘트의 수성탄산화 방안과 탄산염광물 형성 특성에 대한 자료를 확보하고자 하였다. 실험을 위해 물 : 시멘트 비를 6 : 4로 하여 28일간 수중 경화하여 시멘트 풀을 제작하고, 첨가제(NaCl과 MgCl₂)를 활용한 용출실험과 두 종류의 수성탄산화(직접수성탄산화와 간접수성탄산화)실험을 수행하였다. 용출실험 결과, Ca₂+ 이온의 용출은 시험된 최대 농도에서 보다 0.1 M NaCl과 0.5 M MgCl₂에서 최대로 나타났으며, MgCl₂는 NaCl에 비해 10배 이상의 Ca₂+ 이온을 용출력을 보였다. 미분(< 0.15 mm)의 시멘트 풀은 직접수성탄산화에 의해 1시간 이내에 탄산화에 의해 포트랜다이트가 거의 모두 탄산염 광물로 변화하고, CSH(calcium silicate hydrate)의 분해에 의한 탄산화도 진행되는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 직접수성탄산화에는 NaCl과 MgCl₂와 같은 첨가제가 크게 효율적이지 못하였다. NaCl과 MgCl₂를 첨가제로 사용한 용출액에 대한 간접수성탄산화로 100% 순수한 방해석을 생성되었다. MgCl₂에 의한 용출액의 경우 탄산화를 위해 알칼리용액 의한 pH의 조절이 필요하였으며, Mg²+ 이온의 영향으로 탄산화가 느리게 진행되었다. 수성탄산화 방법과 첨가제의 종류가 생성되는 탄산칼슘광물의 종류와 결정도 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. Waste cement generated from recycling processes of waste concrete is a potential raw material for mineral carbonation. For the CO2 sequestration utilizing waste cement, this study was conducted to obtain basic information on the aqueous carbonation methods and the characteristics of carbonate mineral formation. Cement paste was made with W:C= 6:4 and stored for 28 days in water bath. Leaching tests using two additives (NaCl and MgCl2) and two aqueous carbonation experiments (direct and indirect aqueous carbonation) were conducted. The maximum leaching of Ca2+ ion was occurred at 1.0 M NaCl and 0.5 M MgCl2 solution rather than higher tested concentration. The concentration of extracted Ca2+ ion in MgCl2 solution was more than 10 times greater than in NaCl solution. Portlandite (Ca(OH)2) was completely changed to carbonate minerals in the fine cement paste (< 0.15 mm) within one hour and the carbonation of CSH (calcium silicate hydrate) was also progressed by direct aqueous carbonation method. The both additives, however, were not highly effective in direct aqueous carbonation method. 100% pure calcite minerals were formed by indirect carbonation method with NaCl and MgCl2 additives. pH control using alkaline solution was important for the carbonation in the leaching solution produced from MgCl2 additive and carbonation rate was slow due to the effect of Mg2+ ions in solution. The type and crystallinity of calcium carbonate mineral were affected by aqueous carbonation method and additive type.

농업부산물 바이오차 시비를 통한 방울토마토의 생육 변화 및 탄소격리 효과 분석

박선용 ( Sunyong Park ),김석준 ( Seok Jun Kim ),조아영 ( A Young Cho ),김연미 ( Yeonmi Kim ),이동현 ( Doung Hyun Lee ),오광철 ( Kwang Cheol Oh ),장철성 ( Cheol Seong Jang ),김대현 ( Dae Hyun Kim ) 강원대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2022 강원 농업생명환경연구 Vol.34 No.0

In the face of global environment problems, the mitigation or sequestration of greenhouse gases have been extensively studied. In particular, biochar has garnered much attention as a means to reduce carbon dioxide through carbon sequestration. Therefore, the present study sought to improve plant growth and enhance economic feasibility in terms of the price of carbon credits due to carbon sequestration by converting agro-byproducts to biochar and applying it as a fertilizer. Pepper stem, perilla stem, and chaff were selected as the agro-byproducts. Pepper and perilla stems were pelletized and converted to biochar. Unamended culture soil was used as the negative control and culture soil supplemented with commercial biochar as the positive control. Cherry tomato was cultivated. Each type of biochar was applied by mixing with culture soil at 0.5% (w/w) or 1% (w/w). More cherry tomatoes were produced in biochar-amended soils, although the differences between the biochar-treated and negative control groups were not significant. Plant height significantly differed between the biochar-treated and negative control groups, except in the pepper stem biochar-treated group. Total carbon sequestered was respectively 13.26% and 15.27%-26.44% in the negative control and biochar-treated groups. In terms of carbon credits, a profit of ₩3,976,906-40,130,253 ha-1 was estimated with biochar amendment. Although there was no significant difference in the number of cherry tomatoes using culture soil, a significant difference may appear if field soil is used. Moreover, profits from carbon credits due to carbon sequestration are expected to fluctuate.

Volumetric equation development and carbon storage estimation of urban forest in Daejeon, Korea

박정호,백생글,권민영,제선미,우수영 한국산림과학회 2018 Forest Science And Technology Vol.14 No.2

This study was performed to develop equations which are suitable for estimating carbon storage of urban forest in Daejeon, Korea and to evaluate carbon storage and sequestration of urban forest using developed equations. Among the urban forest, we only concern about the major street tree species (Platanus occidentalis, Ginko biloba, Zelkova serrata, Chionanthus retusa, and Acer pseudosieboldianum) which are planted alongside a road for vehicles as well as pedestrian in urban area. Developed equations showed R2 of 0.93 (Z. serrata), 0.67 (P. occidentalis), 0.96 (G. biloba), 0.93 (C. retusa), and 0.88 (A. pseudo-sieboldianum) when they were derived from diameter at breath height (DBH). Using the DBH-volume equation, the five street tree species (P. occidentalis, G. biloba, Z. serrata, C. retusa, and A. pseudo-sieboldianum), which account for 70% of total street trees in the Daejeon, stored about 4290 tons of carbon. Among the five street tree species, P. occidentalis constituted more than 50% of total stored carbon and followed by G. biloba. Based on the carbon storage, five street tree species can sequestrate 216 tons of carbon annually which means that 793 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) removal from the air every year.