Advances from Conventional to Modern Plant Breeding Methodologies

Sashi Lamichhane,Sapana Thapa 한국육종학회 2022 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.10 No.1

First initiation of breeding started thousands of years ago when human practiced selection based in visually appealing traits. Further, domestication of wild plants eased adaptation of plant breeding. With increase in population the demand for food also increased which resulted in development of various breeding methodologies. Conventional breeding is a selective breeding methodology where crops are selected based on superior performances. Pure-line selections, mass selection, back cross breeding, recurrent selection, hybridization were most famous traditional breeding methods. It is a longer breeding method and is over-dependent on phenotype of plants. However, phenotypes of a plant are affected by various externalities. So, selection based on phenotypic expression is not accurate. As a result, breeder started integrating various branches of biology in plant breeding and developed modern breeding practices. After Mendelian theory and identification of DNA and RNA, plant breeding diverted to molecular era. People started breeding based on less environmentally susceptible parameters like genotypes, visual and genetic markers, image analysis and loci mapping. Some of the most common modern breeding practices include genomic selection, markers assisted breeding, high throughput phenotyping and CRISPR-Cas9. Despite these, plant breeding has fired up the problems of gene erosion due to loss of local landraces and wild-type plants.

천연기념물 무인도서(칠발도, 사수도, 난도, 홍도)의 번식실태에 관한 연구

강정훈(Jeong-Hoon Kang),강태한(Tae-Han Kang),유승화(Seung-Hwa Yoo),조해진(Hae-Jin Cho),이시완(Si-Wan Lee),김인규(In-Kyu Kim) 한국조류학회II 2008 한국조류학회지 Vol.15 No.2

2008년 5월부터 2008년 10월까지 천연기념물 무인도서 번식지로 지정된 칠발도, 사수도, 난도, 홍도에 대하여 번식조류의 현황과 실태를 조사하였다. 조사결과 칠발도는 바다제비(Oceanodroma monorhis), 슴새(Calonectris leucomelas), 칼새(Apus pacificus) 등 3종이 번식하였으며, 번식 수는 바다제비 20,715.8±5,918.8 (mean±SD)쌍, 슴새는 10쌍, 칼새는 250개체로 나타났다. 사수도는 슴새와 흑비둘기(Columba janthina) 등 2종이 번식하였으며, 번식 수는 슴새 4,052.8±4,377.4쌍, 흑비둘기 70개체로 나타났다. 난도에서는 괭이갈매기(Larus crassirostris) 1종이 번식하였으며, 번식 수는 14,376.4±4,950.8쌍으로 나타났다. 홍도 역시 괭이갈매기 1종이 번식하였으며, 번식 수는 32,071.9±10,428.3쌍으로 나타났다. 과거와 번식규모의 변화를 보면 칠발도는 큰 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 사수도는 번식밀도의 경우 전반적으로 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 난도의 경우 큰 변화가 없었으나 홍도의 경우 과거에 비해 3배 이상이 증가하여 번식지 과밀 현상이 나타나고 있었다. 각 섬의 보호 및 관리방안으로 칠발도는 쇠무릎(Achyranthes japonica)에 대한 관리가 필요하였으며, 사수도는 집쥐(Rattus norvegicus)의 구제와 번식밀도가 높은 나대지의 보호가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 난도와 홍도의 경우 과도한 사람의 출입에 대한 관리가 필요하였으며, 홍도는 집쥐에 대한 구제가 요구되었다. 향후 천연기념물 무인도서 번식지의 지속적인 보호 및 관리를 위해서는 현황 및 번식실태에 대한 주기적이며 지속적인 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. From May to October 2008, the investigation was made on the current status of the breeding birds on Chilbaldo, Sasudo, Nando and Hongdo designated as the Natural Monument Islet in Korea. In Chilbado, it was found three species of breeding birds, including Swinhoe's Storm Petrel Oceanodroma monorhis, Streaked Shearwater Calonectris leucomelas and White-romped Swift Apus pacificus. Its breeding numbers are 20,715.8±5,918.8 (mean±SD) pairs of Swinhoe's Storm Petrel, 10 pairs of Streaked Shearwater, and 250 pairs of White-rumped Swift. In Sasudo, it was found two species of breeding birds, including Streaked Shearwater and Japanese Wood Pigeon. Its breeding numbers are 4,052.8±4,377.4 pairs of Streaked Shearwaters and 70 individuals of Japanese Wood Pigeon Columba janthina. In Nando, it was found one species of breeding bird, named the Black-tailed Gull Larus crassirostris. Its breeding numbers are 14,376.4±4,950.8 pairs. In Hongdo, it was also found one species of Black-tailed Gull. Its breeding numbers are 32,071.9±10,428.3 pairs. From the past changes in breeding scale, Chilbado has shown not so much changes, while Sasudo shown the entire reduction in terms of density of breeding. In the meantime, Nando has also shown no great changes, but Hongdo shown the sign of overcrowded breeding site, increasing more than by 3 times compared to the past. As for the protection and management of each islets, it requires the extermination and management for Japonica Achyranthes japonica in Chilbado, while it requires the exterminate for Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus and the protection of bare soil where the density of breeding is high in Sasudo. In case of Nando and Hongdo, it is necessary to control or restrict excessive access of people to those areas to some degree. And the exterminate for Norway Rat is required for Hongdo. For the purpose of continuous protection and management of Natural Monument Islets as breeding sites in the future, it would be needed to conduct periodic and continuous monitoring of their current status and breeding trends.

Breeding Capacity Enhancement for Rice Breeders and Breeding Assistants of National Research Institutes in KAFACI Member Countries

Lee Jeongran,Lee Keunpyo,Kang Kyung-Ho,Oh Jeong Ho,Mamadou Sock,Baboucarr Manneh,Lee Sang Bok 한국국제농업개발학회 2022 한국국제농업개발학회 학술대회 Vol.2022 No.09

Sustainable capacity building of the rice value chain in Africa is essential in achieving the rice self-sufficiency and poverty alleviation. The breeding capacity enhancement has also been at the heart of AfricaRice’s mandate. Therefore, the Korea-Africa Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (KAFACI) has concentrated breeding capacity enhancement for young breeders or breeding technicians of national research institutes in the KAFACI member countries. Four-month trainings have been conducted at the Regional Training Center located in Saint Louis, Senegal. The actual practice training is as follows; First is to learn practical skills and techniques of key aspects of rice breeding which are field preparation and layout, sowing, transplanting, fertilizer application, weed control, water management, hybridization/crossing, selection, yield and yield components determination, and rice palatability testing. Second is to learn some theoretical aspects of plant breeding through lectures including basic principles of breeding, evaluation for biotic and abiotic stresses, and statistical analysis. Third is to learn about the accurate use of field and lab equipment for rice breeding. Forth is to learn about proper scientific reporting and presentation. The courses were organized twice per year following two rice cultivation seasons in Senegal. From 2019, a total of 24 trainees participated in the 4 month courses. We believe they have acquired the basic knowledge and skills to implement rice breeding activities indpendently in their countries.

Flock composition, breeding strategies and farmers’ traits of interest evaluation of Wollo highland sheep and their F₁ crosses

( Tadesse Amare ),( Gebeyehu Goshu ),( Berhan Tamir ) 한국축산학회(구 한국동물자원과학회) 2018 한국축산학회지 Vol.60 No.5

Background: Sheep production is a major component of the livestock sector in Ethiopia. The country owing to the large population of 30.70 million estimated numbers of sheep in the country and out of which about 72.14% are females, and 27.86% are males with diverse genetic resources. The real value of indigenous breeds was often under-estimated mostly due to their poor appearance and relatively low productivity. Developing countries in most cases opt for exotic breeds to increase animal productivity through crossbreeding or breed substitution without properly investigating the production potential of the indigenous breeds. The main objective of the research was to identify sheep flock composition and structure, farmers’ traits of interest and breeding objective of Wollo highland sheep, and their F₁ crossbreed progenies. Results: Smallholder farmers’ flock synthesized from breeding ewes, breeding rams, pre-weaned ewe lambs, pre-weaned ram lambs, unproductive ewes, castrated and fattened rams, with the percentage coverage of 29.2, 13.3, 15.5, 16.5, 12.4, and 12.5%, respectively. The maximum number of flock size was 289.0 sheep per flock and higher in the third stratum. The off-take rate percentage of the three strata presented as 21.9% in 1st stratum, 12% in the 2nd stratum, and 16.4% in the 3rd stratum and higher off-take rate recorded in the first stratum. Sheep producer’s traits of interest ranked by growth rate (first), body size (second) and marketing value was third rank. Communal breeding (random mating), village based controlled breeding, mixed type and private ram controlled breeding practice were comprised of 39.7, 61.7, 52 and 71.3%, respectively. The percentages of ewes per flock composition were presented as 36.5, 27.1 and 25.5%, respectively in the 3rd stratum, 2nd stratum and 3rd stratum in the order of their importance’s. Conclusion: Genetic improvement practices at smallholder sheep producers situation was showing promising outcome with indigenous Washera F₁ crossbred lambs and which designated for weaning rate, body size, marketing age, age at first lambing, good temperament and large litter size in the order of their rank. The contemporary breeding practice tendency indicated that, reduced flock size to improve flock productivity via crossbreeding practices.

Development of Speed-Breeding System for Korean Soybean Varieties [Glycine max (L.) Merr] Using LED Light Source

이대웅,한경진,김지홍,전태환,이주석 한국육종학회 2023 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.11 No.1

The conventional soybean breeding program by single seed descent method required around 8 to 9 years to develop a cultivar. Through the advancement of breeding techniques, such as marker-assisted selection, required resources could be significantly saved, but the generation advancement step still slows down the entire soybean breeding program time course. In this study, 28 soybean varieties were tested to find the optimal speed breeding conditions for soybeans that could rapidly advance one generation with 2 light sources, 3 light conditions, and 2 planting densities. Plants were kept under short-day conditions (9 hours light/15 hours dark). We optimized the growth conditions for shortening the period of soybean generation progression based on speed breeding. The optimizing conditions are as follows. (1) Irradiation using LED light source for 9 hours, (2) 506 mol/(m2ㆍs) of PPFD at 30 cm from the ground, (3) Planting density of 5 cm × 5 cm, (4) temperature of 25℃ ± 2℃ and (5) humidity of 50% ± 10%. If this condition is used, soybeans can be advanced by one generation within an average of 73 days. It is possible to advance five generations a year using only indoor speed-breeding system. Furthermore, if it includes the development of lines in the field, four generation per year, which is advance three generations using indoor speed-breeding system and one generation in the field, is allowed to increase soybean breeding speed with minimum input.

일제강점기 은사수산경기도원잠종제조소 운영과 그 성격

김인호 한국민족운동사학회 2024 한국민족운동사연구 Vol.0 No.119

본 연구는 경기도가 주도한 은사수산경기도잠종제조소와 은사수산잠종(업)강습소를 주된 연구대상으로 하여, 본 사업의 전개과정과 사업 실상, 재정운영 상황 등을 분석하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 이상 연구결과를정리하면, 먼저, 조선총독부는 1912년 3월 12일 조선 현실에 맞는 우량한누에고치 품종을 개량 보급하라며 각 도에다 훈령을 내렸다. 그리고 7월18일부터 서울 한강 잠실 인근에다 대규모 원잠종제조소를 건설하였다. 기존 권업모범장 용산지장에서는 1912년부터 권업모범장 용산지장 그리고 1913년부터는 수원본장에서 일본 잠종(春蠶又昔, 春蠶小石丸 春蠶靑 熟, 夏蠶新屋, 秋蠶白龍) 등을 개량하였다. 또한 수원본장에서는 제조한잠종을 각 도와 군에 배부하였고, 군에서는 다시 각 양잠가에 배부하였다. 그런데 수입된 일본산 잠종은 “품질이 아주 나빴다.” 그 원인은 일본에서 사용하지 않는 불량한 잠종을 조선에 보냈기 때문이었다. 일본종을개량한 잠종개발과 배부는 1930년대까지도 오히려 확대되었다. 원잠종제조소는 1914년부터 1917년까지 서울 잠실 인근에 있었으며, 1917년부터 동대문 인근 용두동으로 옮겼고, 1936년에는 경성부 부역의확장으로 시외 이전이 추진되어 경기도 소사역 인근으로 옮겼다. 1927년에는 명칭이 은사수산경기도원잠종제조소로 변경되었다. 이는 1925년 이래 ‘産繭100萬石15個年增産計劃’의 추진과 은사수산의 의미를 강조하려한 결과였다. 누에고치 증산이 곧 천황의 은혜라는 것이다. 한편, 1911년 용인 내사리에는 송병준강습소가 설립되었다. 이것을 모태로 경기도에서는 1917년 은사수산잠종강습소를 설립하였다. 이후1927년에는 경기도 연천에도 잠업강습소를 설치하였고, 1930년부터는용인잠업강습소를 폐지하여 연천잠업강습소가 모두 맡도록 했다. 1938 년에는 은사수산경기도원잠종제조소에 합병되었다. 합병 후 은사수산경기도원잠종제조소도 1940년부터 경기도원잠종제조소로 이름이 바뀌었다. 상황이 어려워진 것이다. 그리하여 제조소는 피마자나 가죽나무 잎을활용한 代用蠶을 실험하는 등 활로 개척에 힘썼다. 그러나 1942년 잠사령이 공포되면서 새로 설립된 잠사통제주식회사에게 대부분의 기능을 빼앗겼다. 요컨대, 일제강점기 내내 은사수산경기도원잠종제조소에는 2만원 정도의 예산이 계속 투하되었고, 다양한 원잠종을 개발하여 누에고치 증산에 기여했다. 그러나 일본종의 개량만 고집하여 농민으로부터 외면을 받았다. 또한 임시은사금도 총독부의 산견증산계획 소요자금이나 일본인중심의 은사수산산업장려자금대부금으로 轉用되었다. 또한 담당 기수임명이나 명칭에서도 조선인 차별이 지속되었다. This study aimed to focus on the Royal Silkworm Breeding Institute of Gyeonggi Province and the Sericulture Seedling (Business) Training Center, both led by Gyeonggi Province, to analyze the development process, actual implementation, financial operation, and other aspects of this initiative. "In summarizing the research results, firstly, on March 12, 1912, the Government-General of Korea issued orders to each province to improve and distribute superior silkworm breeds suitable for the reality of Korea. Then, starting from July 18, a large-scale royal silkworm breeding institute was constructed near the Han River in Jamsil, Seoul. From 1912, the exemplary sericulture supervisors' office in Yongsan, and from 1913, the Suwon headquarters, improved Japanese silkworm breeds such as 'Haru-kaiko,' 'Haru-Kaisho-gan,' 'Haru-Kaishu,' 'Natsu-Atarashi-ya,' and 'Aki-Hakuryu.' Furthermore, the Suwon headquarters distributed the produced silkworm seedlings to each province and county, which were then redistributed to each silk farm by the counties. However, the imported Japanese silkworms were of very poor quality. The cause was the disposal of defective silkworms unused in Japan, sent to Korea. Nevertheless, the development and distribution of silkworms based on Japanese-breeds continued to expand until the 1930s. The royal silkworm breeding institute was located near Jamsil, Seoul from 1914 to 1917. Then, from 1917, it was relocated to Yongdu-dong near Dongdaemun. In 1936, as part of the expansion of the Gyeongseong (Seoul) area, it was relocated to near Sosa Station in Gyeonggi Province. In 1927, its name was changed to the Royal Silkworm Breeding Institute of Gyeonggi Province. This change was a result of emphasizing the significance of sericulture and Program of ‘One Million-rice bag silkworm promoting for 15 years' since 1925. Increasing silk production was considered a grace from the Emperor. On another note, in 1911, the Song Byeong-joon Training Center was established in Naesa-ri, Yongin. Based on this, Gyeonggi Province established the Gyeonggi Province Sericulture Seedling Training Center in 1917. Then, in 1927, a sericulture training center was set up in Yeoncheon County, Gyeonggi Province, and from 1930 onwards, the Yongin Sericulture Training Center was closed, and all responsibilities were transferred to the Yeoncheon Sericulture Training Center. In 1938, it was merged into the Gyeonggi Province Royal Silkworm Breeding Institute. After the merger, the Gyeonggi Province Royal Silkworm Breeding Institute also changed its name to the Gyeonggi Province Silkworm Breeding Institute in 1940. The situation became challenging. Therefore, efforts were made to explore alternative activities, such as experimenting with ‘substitute silkworms’ using Paulownia tree or leather tree leaves. However, with the enactment of the Sericulture Control Act in 1942, most of the functions were transferred to the newly established Sericulture Control Corporation. In summary, throughout the Japanese colonial period, around 20,000 won was continuously allocated to the Gyeonggi Province Silkworm Breeding Institute, contributing to the increase in silkworm production by developing various silkworm breeds. However, insistence on improving only Japanese-breeds led to alienation from the farmers. Moreover, the allocated temporary silkworm funds were redirected towards the Governor-General's Silkworm Production Plan or the Japanese-centered silkworm industry promotion loan system. Discrimination against Koreans also persisted in appointments and designations.

종분포모형을 이용한 참매의 서식지 예측 -충청북도를 대상으로-

조해진,김달호,신만석,강태한,이명우 한국환경생태학회 2015 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.29 No.3

본 연구는 국내에서 아직 미흡한 조류 번식지 예측 모형을 이용해 참매의 서식지 예측 및 대체번식지로서 이용 가능한 지역을 선정하고, 향후 참매 번식 가능지역을 대상으로 보호관리 지역을 확대할 수 있는 근거를 제시하기 위한 방안이다. 참매의 번식지는 현장조사에서 확인된 둥지(N=10)를 이용하였으며, 출현지점은 제3차자연환경조사를 통해 확인된 참매출현지점(N=23)을 활용해 분석하였다. 모형변수로는 지형인자 4가지, 자연환경인자(식생) 3가지, 거리인자 7가지, 기후변수 9가지를 활용하였다. 활용변수 중 Random sampling을 통해 확보된 비출현 좌표와 출현좌표간 비모수 검증을 통해 최종 환경변수를 선정하였다. 유의성 검증을 통해 선택된 변수는 번식지 대상 10가지, 출현지점 대상 7가지였으며, 이 변수를 활용해 최종 서식지 예측 모형(MaxEnt)을 구축하였다. 모델 구축결과 번식에 활용된 각 변수별 모형 기여도는 온도의 계절적 변동, 혼효림과의 거리, 입목밀도, 경급의 순이었으며, 출현지점에 활용된 각 변수별 모형 기여도는 온도의 계절적 변동, 수계와의 거리, 경작지와의 거리, 경사도의 순이었다. 번식지점을 대상으로 한 모델링은 기후환경과 숲 내부에서 번식하는 참매의 특성이 반영된 것으로 판단된다. 예상서식지는 충청북도 중부 이북지역으로 예상되었으며, 그 면적은 189.5㎢(2.55%)였다. 충북 이남지역은 청주와 충주 등의 비교적 큰 도시가 발달되어 있는 반면 충청북도 북부지역의 경우 산림과 경작지가 고루 발달되어 있어 번식에 있어 일정한 세력권과 먹이원이 필요한 참매로서는 번식에 유리한 지역일 것으로 판단된다. 출현지점 대상으로 한 모델링은 면적이 3,071㎢(41.38%)으로 확인되었으며, 이는 출현지점을 대상으로 하여 단순 이동 관찰 및 계절적인 변동 미고려 등의 한계가 있기 때문에 번식지점을 대상으로 한 모델링보다 광범위한 서식예상지역을 예측하였다. 결과에서 확인된 예측지점은 번식지를 대상으로 하였을 경우 정밀한 서식예측이 가능하나, 둥지의 특성상 확인되는 지점이 적고, 참매의 행동영역을 반영하지 못하는 단점이 있다. 반면 출현지점을 대상으로 하였을 경우 더 광범위한 지점에 대한 결과 도출이 가능하였으나, 단순 이동이나 지속적인 이용실태를 반영하지 못하기 때문에 정밀도에서는 다소 떨어진다고 할 수 있다. 다만 이러한 결과들을 통해 참매의 서식지를 예측할 수 있으며, 특히 정밀한 번식지역의 예측자료는 환경영향평가나 개발계획 수립시 서식지 모형 결과를 도입하여 반영할 필요성이 있다. This research aims at identifying the goshawk’s possible and replaceable breeding ground by using the MaxEnt prediction model which has so far been insufficiently used in Korea, and providing evidence to expand possible protection areas for the goshawk’s breeding for the future. The field research identified 10 goshawk’s nests, and 23 appearance points confirmed during the 3rd round of environmental research were used for analysis. 4 geomorphic, 3 environmental, 7 distance, and 9 weather factors were used as model variables. The final environmental variables were selected through non-parametric verification between appearance and non-appearance coordinates identified by random sampling. The final predictive model (MaxEnt) was structured using 10 factors related to breeding ground and 7 factors related to appearance area selected by statistics verification. According to the results of the study, the factor that affected breeding point structure model the most was temperature seasonality, followed by distance from mixforest, density-class on the forest map and relief energy. The factor that affected appearance point structure model the most was temperature seasonality, followed by distance from rivers and ponds, distance from agricultural land and gradient. The nature of the goshawk’s breeding environment and habit to breed inside forests were reflected in this modeling that targets breeding points. The northern central area which is about 189.5 ㎢(2.55 %) is expected to be suitable breeding ground. Large cities such as Cheongju and Chungju are located in the southern part of Chungcheongbuk-do whereas the northern part of Chungcheongbuk-do has evenly distributed forests and farmlands, which helps goshawks have a scope of influence and food source to breed. Appearance point modeling predicted an area of 3,071 ㎢(41.38 %) showing a wider ranging habitat than that of the breeding point modeling due to some limitations such as limited moving observation and non-consideration of seasonal changes. When targeting the breeding points, a specific predictive area can be deduced but it is difficult to check the points of nests and it is impossible to reflect the goshawk’s behavioral area. On the other hand, when targeting appearance points, a wider ranging area can be covered but it is less accurate compared to predictive breeding point since simple movements and constant use status are not reflected. However, with these results, the goshawk’s habitat can be predicted with reasonable accuracy. In particular, it is necessary to apply precise predictive breeding area data based on habitat modeling results when enforcing an environmental evaluation or establishing a development plan.

종분포모형을 이용한 참매의 서식지 예측 -충청북도를 대상으로-

조해진 ( Hae Jin Cho ),김달호 ( Dal Ho Kim ),신만석 ( Man Seok Shin ),강태한 ( Tehan Kang ),이명우 ( Myungwoo Lee ) 한국환경생태학회 2015 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.29 No.3

본 연구는 국내에서 아직 미흡한 조류 번식지 예측 모형을 이용해 참매의 서식지 예측 및 대체번식지로서 이용가능한 지역을 선정하고, 향후 참매 번식 가능지역을 대상으로 보호관리 지역을 확대할 수 있는 근거를 제시하기 위한 방안이다. 참매의 번식지는 현장조사에서 확인된 둥지(N=10)를 이용하였으며, 출현지점은 제3차자연환경조사를 통해 확인된 참매출현지점(N=23)을 활용해 분석하였다. 모형변수로는 지형인자 4가지, 자연환경인자(식생) 3가지, 거리인자 7가지, 기후변수 9가지를 활용하였다. 활용변수중 Random sampling을 통해 확보된 비출현 좌표와 출현좌표간 비모수 검증을 통해 최종 환경변수를 선정하였다. 유의성 검증을 통해 선택된 변수는 번식지 대상 10가지, 출현지점 대상 7가지였으며, 이 변수를 활용해 최종 서식지 예측 모형(MaxEnt)을 구축하였다. 모델 구축결과 번식에 활용된 각 변수별 모형 기여도는 온도의 계절적 변동, 혼효림과의 거리, 입목밀도, 경급의 순이었으며, 출현지점에 활용된 각 변수별 모형 기여도는 온도의 계절적 변동, 수계와의 거리, 경작지와의 거리, 경사도의 순이었다. 번식지점을 대상으로 한 모델링은 기후환경과 숲 내부에서 번식하는 참매의 특성이 반영된 것으로 판단된다. 예상서 식지는 충청북도 중부 이북지역으로 예상되었으며, 그 면적은 189.5㎢(2.55%)였다. 충북 이남지역은 청주와 충주 등의 비교적 큰 도시가 발달되어 있는 반면 충청북도 북부지역의 경우 산림과 경작지가 고루 발달되어 있어 번식에 있어 일정한 세력권과 먹이원이 필요한 참매로서는 번식에 유리한 지역일 것으로 판단된다. 출현지점 대상으로 한 모델링은 면적이 3,071㎢(41.38%)으로 확인되었으며, 이는 출현지점을 대상으로 하여 단순 이동 관찰 및 계절적인 변동 미고려 등의 한계가 있기 때문에 번식지점을 대상으로 한 모델링보다 광범위한 서식예상지 역을 예측하였다. 결과에서 확인된 예측지점은 번식지를 대상으로 하였을 경우 정밀한 서식예측이 가능하나, 둥지의 특성상 확인되는 지점이 적고, 참매의 행동영역을 반영하지 못하는 단점이 있다. 반면 출현지점을 대상으로 하였을 경우 더 광범위한 지점에 대한 결과 도출이 가능하였으나, 단순 이동이나 지속적인 이용실태를 반영하지 못하기 때문에 정밀도에서는 다소 떨어진다고 할 수 있다. 다만 이러한 결과들을 통해 참매의 서식지를 예측할 수 있으며, 특히 정밀한 번식지역의 예측자료는 환경영향평가나 개발계획 수립시 서식지 모형 결과를 도입하여 반영할 필요성이 있다. This research aims at identifying the goshawk’s possible and replaceable breeding ground by using the MaxEnt prediction model which has so far been insufficiently used in Korea, and providing evidence to expand possible protection areas for the goshawk’s breeding for the future. The field research identified 10 goshawk’s nests, and 23 appearance points confirmed during the 3rd round of environmental research were used for analysis. 4 geomorphic, 3 environmental, 7 distance, and 9 weather factors were used as model variables. The final environmental variables were selected through non-parametric verification between appearance and non-appearance coordinates identified by random sampling. The final predictive model (MaxEnt) was structured using 10 factors related to breeding ground and 7 factors related to appearance area selected by statistics verification. According to the results of the study, the factor that affected breeding point structure model the most was temperature seasonality, followed by distance from mixforest, density-class on the forest map and relief energy. The factor that affected appearance point structure model the most was temperature seasonality, followed by distance from rivers and ponds, distance from agricultural land and gradient. The nature of the goshawk’s breeding environment and habit to breed inside forests were reflected in this modeling that targets breeding points. The northern central area which is about 189.5 ㎢(2.55 %) is expected to be suitable breeding ground. Large cities such as Cheongju and Chungju are located in the southern part of Chungcheongbuk-do whereas the northern part of Chungcheongbuk-do has evenly distributed forests and farmlands, which helps goshawks have a scope of influence and food source to breed. Appearance point modeling predicted an area of 3,071 ㎢(41.38 %) showing a wider ranging habitat than that of the breeding point modeling due to some limitations such as limited moving observation and non-consideration of seasonal changes. When targeting the breeding points, a specific predictive area can be deduced but it is difficult to check the points of nests and it is impossible to reflect the goshawk’s behavioral area. On the other hand, when targeting appearance points, a wider ranging area can be covered but it is less accurate compared to predictive breeding point since simple movements and constant use status are not reflected. However, with these results, the goshawk’s habitat can be predicted with reasonable accuracy. In particular, it is necessary to apply precise predictive breeding area data based on habitat modeling results when enforcing an environmental evaluation or establishing a development plan.

Development of an Automatic Silkworm Breeding System

Sang Kwun Jeong,장성욱,Jin kook Son,Seong-Wan Kim 한국잠사학회 2023 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.47 No.2

This paper is about the development results of an automatic silkworm breeding system to reduce labor and time by automatically performing the works for silkworm droppings changing and feed its food. It consists of an automatic guided vehicle and a processing unit. The automatic guided vehicle transports a silkworm dropping changing frame mounted on a silkworm tray stand, and the processing unit takes over the dropping changing frame on it, removes excrement contained the droppings changing frame and feeds silkworm food. In the case of the current silkworm farming, because the breeding period for large silkworms (4 to 5 stage) is short to 14 days and the supply of mulberry leaves takes 98% of the total amount of mulberry leaves needed for breeding silkworms at this time, labor concentration is intensive, and all breeding works depends on manpower. Therefore, it was difficult to breed large silkworms on a large scale. Moreover, silkworms are bred by adding Silkworm bed (Seop) and mulberry in the silkworm tray, and their droppings changing is to separate silkworms and excrement by moving silkworm trays one by one, and the production cost increases due to the high-cost manpower for silkworm breeding. To solve this problem, technology for automating silkworm breeding has also been developed. However, there is still a limitation that silkworm feeding and droppings changing works are not suitable for mass breeding because a lot of labor and time are spent depending on manual work. Therefore, a new silkworm breeding system for breeding silkworm automatically is needed and so we developed an Automatic Silkworm Breeding System applying the droppings change frame, the inverting unit, the feeding silkworm food device and automatic guided vehicle.

한국 돌연변이육종 연구의 역사와 주요 성과 및 전망

강시용(Si-Yong Kang),김상훈(Sang Hoon Kim),류재혁(Jaihyunk Ryu),김진백(Jin-Baek Kim) 한국육종학회 2020 한국육종학회지 Vol.52 No.S

Research on mutation breeding started in the early 1960s by researchers at the Atomic Energy Research Institute, Rural Development Administration (RDA) and several universities in Korea. The Radiation Agriculture Research Institute (RARI) was established in 1966, and studies of mutation breeding using radiation were actively conducted for a while. RARI was merged into the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) and RDA in 1973, and radiation breeding research was neglected by the two agencies. In the 1980s, the relevant research department was lost, which resulted in a recession period of radiation breeding research. The Advanced Radiation Research Institute (ARTI), under the KAERI, was established to promote radiation research and the industry in 2005, which led to the activation of radiation breeding research. Then, the Radiation Breeding Research Center (RBRC) at the ARTI was established with support of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs in 2013. Recently, the importance of seed and genetic resources has been emphasized in Korea, and many institutes, companies and private breeders are interested in mutation breeding. The RBRC is trying to develop advanced radiation breeding techniques and new genetic resources using mutation techniques combined with bio-tech. This is to deal with the loss of biodiversity due to global climate change and environmental degradation, growing global demand for food and bio-energy, and to strengthen the protection for new plant varieties. Approximately 180 new mutant varieties were developed and registered officially in Korea. Recently, new mutant varieties, especially of flowers and ornamental plants, have quickly increased and are being commercialized, mainly by private company and breeders.