개발국가 시기, 새마을 운동 부녀 지도자의 정체성 형성과 변화: 부녀 지도자의 성공사례, 수기를 중심으로

장미경 서강대학교 사회과학연구소 2008 社會科學硏究 Vol.16 No.1

This study which analyzed successful cases and essays of Saemaul Movement women leaders shows the following results. First, Saemaul Movement women leaders had strong self-identities overcoming their adversities. They had developed a leadership since their childhood days and strong self-reliances, accomplishment consciousness, and group-oriented thoughts. Second, identities as Saemaul human of women leaders coincided with the Saemaul spirit of the developmental state in 1970s. Saemaul Movement women leaders tried to formulate national identities based on the Saemaul spirit of which consists diligence, self-help, and cooperation and based on the modernistic value. In those times, the impressing desires of our people were becoming rich people and transforming their communities into wealthy communities. So did the desires of Saemaul Movement women leaders. The developmental state stimulated their patriotism through various supporting policies and promoted their desires for social participation. Third, Women leaders under the confucianism patriarchy were thrown into dilemma and confusion. It was the reason that their activities of out of home were contradictory to the traditional woman images. However, the reason why they didn’t forgive the activities as leaders was that they had the desires to proceed towards the society and to receive a social recognition, to realize their needs for living wealthy. They didn’t forgive the activities because of there being also systems related to social recognition. But the resistance and challenge of women leaders didn’t develope a clear ‘feministic’ awareness and behavior. For most of them accepted thoughts assuming woman as a weak person, and had traditional sex-stereotyped ideas which man is inherently different from woman. 새마을운동 부녀 지도자들의 성공사례나 수기를 분석한 이 연구는 다음과 같은 결과를 보여준다. 첫째, 새마을운동 부녀 지도자들이 역경을 이겨내는 강한 자아 정체성을 가지고 있으며, 높은 자존감과 성취의식, 집단중심적 사고 등 지도자적 자질을 형성해왔고, 새마을 정신을 습득하는 가운데 새마을 지도자로서의 정체성을 형성해가는 모습을 보여준다. 둘째, 부녀 지도자들의 새마을인으로서의 정체성은 70년대 개발국가의 새마을운동의 정신과 부합했다. 새마을 부녀 지도자들은 근면·자조·협동이라는 새마을 정신과 근대적 가치를 중심으로 한 국민 정체성을 형성하였음을 보여준다. 당시 우리 국민들의 가장 절박한 욕구는 ‘부자가 되고 부자마을을 이루고자’ 하는 것이었고 부녀 지도자들의 욕구 또한 그러하였다. 개발국가는 여러 가지 지원책을 통해 부녀 지도자들의 애국심을 자극하였고, 사회활동 의욕을 촉진시켰다. 이런 과정 속에서 새마을 부녀 지도자들은 자발적이고 헌신적인 국가의 새마을 지도자로 커나간다. 셋째, 유교 가부장제의 영향 아래 있던 부녀 지도자들은 새마을운동에 참여하면서 정체성의 갈등과 혼란에 빠지게 되는데, 이는 가정 밖의 활동을 요구하는 새마을 지도자로서의 활동이 가정 내에 있기를 요구하는 전통적 여성상과 모순되었기 때문이다. 이러한 어려움 속에서도 부녀 지도자들이 지도자로서의 활동을 포기하지 않은 것은 그들 내부에 사회로 나아가고 사회로부터 인정받고자 하는 강한 욕망을 가지고 있었고, ‘잘 살아보겠다’는 욕구를 실현하고자 하는 욕망과 더불어, 그들이 사회와 국가로부터 받는 사회적 인정체계가 있었기 때문이다. 그러나 이들의 가부장적 사회에 대한 반항과 도전이 명확한 ‘여성주의’적 인식과 행위로 나아갔다고는 볼 수 없다. 이들 중 상당수가 여전히 여성을 ‘약한 존재’로 인식하는 사회적 인식을 수용하고 있었으며, 남성과 여성을 선천적으로 다른 것으로 인식하는 전통적 성고정 관념을 가지고 있었기 때문이다.

여성 인재 데이터베이스 분석을 통한 활용 방안에 관한 연구

홍희정 한국디지털정책학회 2020 디지털융복합연구 Vol.18 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 공공부문에서 여성의 참여를 확대하기 위해 구축한 여성 인재 데이터베이스의 현황에 대해 살펴보고, 활용을 위한 방안을 도출하는 것이다. 이를 위해 여성가족부가 구축 및 관리하고 있는 여성 인재 데이터베이스와 인천광역시의 사례를 분석하였다. 그리고 인천광역시에서 여성 전문인을 대상으로 실시한 설문조사 결과를 분석하여 정책적 시사점을 도출하였다. 여성 인재 데이터베이스 활용을 위한 정책적 시사점은 첫째, 여성 인재 데이터베이스의 재정비, 최신정보 업데이트 등 체계적인 관리가 필요하다. 둘째, 여성 인재 현황 및 활용 추이 등을 홈페이지를 통해 자세히 공개할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 국가 차원의 적극적인 모니터링을 통한 사후점검이 필요하고, 가능하다면 결과를 기관 성과 평가에 반영할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 여성 인재 데이터베이스가 경력단절 여성 뿐 아니라 신진 인재들에게도 활용이 될 수 있도록 정기적이고, 장기적인 관점의 홍보 전략이 필요하다. 이 연구를 바탕으로 향후 여성 인재 데이터베이스를 통해 사회에 진출한 여성이 사회적 소수자로써 어떻게 대표성을 발휘하는지에 대한 후속연구가 필요할 것이다. The purpose of the study is to look at the status of the women's leaders databases designed to expand women's participation in the public sector, and to come up with measures for the utilization of the women's leaders databases. For this purpose, this study analyzed the current status of the women's leaders databases that have been established and managed by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family and Incheon Metropolitan Government. And In order to find ways to utilize the database of women leaders, the results of a survey conducted by the Incheon Metropolitan Government were analyzed and policy implications were drawn. The policy implications for utilizing the women's leaders database are as follows: First, systematic management such as the reorganization of the women's leaders database and the updating of the latest information are necessary. Second, it is necessary to disclose the current status of women's leaders and trends in utilization through the website. Third, the follow-up is needed through active monitoring at the national level. And if possible, the results need to be reflected in the agency performance assessment. Fourth, regular and long-term public relations strategies are needed so that the women's leaders database can be used not only for career-breaking women but also for emerging talent. Based on this study, further research on how women who entered the society through the women's leaders database will be representative as social minorities will be needed.

全⾯抗战时期国⺠党中央妇⼥运动委员会论述

宋⻘红 인천대학교 중국학술원 2023 비교중국연구 Vol.4 No.2

During the Anti-Japanese War, the Kuomintang Central Women's Movement Committee became the national organization of the Kuomintang leading women's work during the war. It was subordinate to the Social Affairs Department and the Organization Department of the Kuomintang successively. Elites, whose job is mainly to develop female party members, lead wartime women's organization and mobilization work, carry out women's movement and protect women's rights and many other aspects. Although the Kuomintang Central Women's Movement Committee was a women's movement organization within the Kuomintang's administrative system, its scope of work is not limited to the Kuomintang. Organizational leadership of women's organizations. Members of the Central Women's Movement Committee of the Kuomintang actively advocated the women's political suffrage movement, women's constitutional movement, and women's professional movement under the premise of serving the Kuomintang's leadership and building the country through the War of Resistance. They suppressed the tide of women returning home, promoted women's participation in politics, and fought for women's rights. Compared with the leaders of the women's movement of the Communist Party of China, their paths to women's liberation are different. However, they actively resisted the official Kuomintang's new “good wife and loving mother” doctrine, and there were certain contradictions and frictions with male superior leaders. The leaders of the women's movement of the Kuomintang and the leaders of the women's movement of the Communist Party of China have made their own efforts and contributions to the promotion of women's liberation and wartime women's work in China.

기업 여성중간관리자의 리더십 경험에 관한 현상학적 탐구: 조직사회화 및 조직구조적 관점에서

오정주(Jungjoo Oh),박재현(Jaehyun Park) 한국성인교육학회 2021 Andragogy Today : International Journal of Adult & Vol.24 No.2

본 연구는 여성 리더 경험의 현상학적 탐구를 통해 여성리더십 기회의 장애요인과 저평가 현상을 심층적으로 살펴보기 위한 것이다. 유리천장으로 대변되는 여성 리더에 대한 제약들을 문화적, 제도적 측면으로 이해하기 위해 조직사회화 및 조직구조적 관점을 중심으로 탐구하였다. 국내 대기업 여성 리더 9명을 대상으로 심층 인터뷰를 진행하였으며, 수집된 질적 데이터를 바탕으로 조직 내 여성 리더의 경험에 대해 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조직사회화 과정을 통해 여성 리더는 1) 여성에 대한 성 고정관념적 편견 2) 성 역할과 리더 역할의 상충 3) 정체성이 결여된 리더십을 경험하고 있었다. 둘째, 여성 리더가 인식하고 있는 구조적 제약으로 1) 여성을 배제하는 비공식 네트워크 2) 여성 멘토 및 롤 모델의 부재 3) 여성에게 제약된 리더십 기회 및 훈련을 경험하고 있었다. 이상의 연구결과는 국내 대기업의 여성리더십에 관한 탐색적 연구가 활발하지 않은 실정에서 조직의 문화적, 구조적 맥락으로 여성의 리더 경험을 다각적이고 심도있게 논의한 데에 의의가 있다. The present study examined women leadership in companies from a phenomenological perspective, focusing on form and function of women leaders’ experiences based on organizational socialization and structure. To these ends, the present study utilized in-depth interview of women leaders in Korean large cap companies. First, during the procedure of organizational socialization in their organization, women leaders reported that they had not received credit for their performance and achievement due to gender stereotypes, which hindered their growth and promotions. These women leaders experienced difficulty to assume managerial positions because their leader role did not correspond to their gender role. They felt skepticism on their leadership without identity and exhibited androgynous leadership. Second, women leaders reported their feelings of low self-efficacy, powerlessness, and resentment because of the lack of core information, resources and support at work in which male-oriented informal network dominates such resources and decision making process covertly within their male only in-group network. Women leaders experienced the lack of professional development, training opportunities, work experiences, and stereotype-based organization management, attributing paucity of human resource development for women employees to organizational structure and its operational formal and informal systems. Taken together, the findings of the present study highlight multi-faceted experiences of women leaders in Korean large cap companies stemmed from organizational socialization and structure.

기업 내 여성 리더급에 대한 남성 부서장의 시각에 관한 탐색적 연구

손주영(Son, Joo-young) 한국사회조사연구소 2009 사회연구 Vol.- No.17

지식기반 사회에서 기업의 경쟁력 제고를 위해서는 인재 pool의 확충을 통한 인적자원의 고급화가 주요 경쟁력의 하나이다. 그러기 위해서는 여성인력의 활용이 선행되어야 함에도 불구하고 현실적으로 기업 내 여성인력은 효율적으로 활용되지 못하고 있다. 이와 같은 현상의 원인 규명에는 많은 논란이 있을 수 있겠지만 일반적으로 기업의 많은 관리자들이 여성리더의 조직행동이 남성리더와는 상이하며, 여성리더는 남성리더에 비해 직무 몰입도(task 측면) 및 조직 몰입도(relationship 측면)가 떨어진다고 믿고 있는 것이 그 주요 원인 중 하나이다. 이 연구는 과업적(task), 관계적(relationship), 경력 비전(career Vision) 측면에서 여성리더에 대한 주요 선입견을 도출하여 이를 통계적으로 검증하는 데에 목적이 있다. 연구결과, 여성리더의 경우 과업적 측면에서는 남성과 크게 차별화되지 않지만, 관계적 측면에서는 남성에 비해 조직 내 성차별을 보다 크게 느끼고 있으며, 조직보다는 개인 생활을 중시하는 경향이 있었다. 또한 경력 비전(career Vision) 측면에서는 남성에 비해 낮은 승진 비전을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 이러한 연구결과의 근본 원인을 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 보다 실제적인 여성 리더십 교육의 방향을 제시하고 있다. In a knowledge-based society, one way to improve a company's competitiveness is to heighten the quality of human resources by expanding the talent pool. In order to do that, the utilization of women resources should come first but nevertheless, in reality, women resources in companies are not being used efficiently. There might be many debates in explaining this phenomenon, but in general, one of the biggest reasons is that managers believe that women leaders' commitment to the job and organization is lower than that of male leaders. Therefore, the goal of this study is to understand the prejudice of women leaders in the areas of 'task', 'relationship' and 'career vision' through statistical verification. Results of the study show that women leaders do not show much difference from men in 'task', but feel more sexual discrimination in the 'relationship' category, and weigh personal life over the organization than male leaders do. As for 'career vision', it shows that women leaders have lower promotion visions than male leaders have. This study analyzes the fundamental reasons of such research results and presents a more practical path for women leadership education.

글로벌 시각에서 본 여성지도력 - 역사적 접근을 중심으로

정현백 ( Chung Hyun-back ) 한국여성사학회 2011 여성과 역사 Vol.- No.15

역사 속에서 지도자는 위대한 남성이나 영웅의 모습으로 재현되었다. 이런 역사 현실 속에서 여성 지도자가 존재할 공간은 없었다. 간혹 공적 영역에서 드러났던 소수의 여성 지도자들은 당대인 혹은 후대의 역사가에 의해서 조롱을 받거나 왜곡되었다. 이 글은 역사의 뒤안길에 은폐되어 있던 여성 지도자의 모습을 트랜스내셔널 히스토리의 관점에서 발굴하고자 한다. 이를 위해서 우선 새로운, 대안적인 지도자 개념을 상정해야 하고, 이 과정에서 지도자 보다는 지도력 개념을 더 선호하고자 한다. 또한 그간의 권력관계나 위계적인 조직구조에 기반을 두기 보다는 관계적인 관점에서 바라본 지도력을 상정해야 한다. 다시 말해서 이는 포용 및 협력과 더불어 추종자의 욕구와 동기를 고려하면서, 사회변화를 추동하는 지도력을 강조해야 한다. 이렇게 대안적인 지도력 개념과 더불어 역사를 되돌아보면, 우리는 종교나 정치 혹은 사회운동 영역에서 여성들이 큰 지도력을 발휘했음을 확인할 수 있다. 특히 사회(여성)운동의 영역에서 여성들이 스스로의 노력을 통해서 사회를 개혁하고, 아래로부터 스스로를 위대한 지도자로 키워간 사례를 많이 발견할 수 있다. 또한 가부장제가 확고하게 뿌리를 내리기 이전 시대에는 여성은 종교지도자로서 큰 영향력을 행사하였다. 현대사회의 정치에서는 여성이 스스로의 노력으로 위대한 정치가로 성장해가고 있다. 이제 역사 속에서 여성지도력의 온당한 복원은 페미니스트 역사가의 과제로 남아 있다. In History, a leader has been represented by the image of a great man or a hero. In such historical realities there has been no place for a women leader. The few women leaders who sometimes did appear in public areas were misinterpreted or ridiculed by contemporaries or the historians afterwards. From a transnational historical perspective, this article tries to focus on women leaders who were hidden behind history. In order to fulfill this task I suggest a new, alternative concept of a leader and prefer the concept of a leadership than that of a leader. Also I support rather a leadership from a relational perspective than which is based on a power structure or on a hierarchical organization. In other words I would like to accentuate more on the women leadership that carried out social reforms, gave more thought to the desires and the motivations of followers, and also considered inclusions and cooperations. If we reflect on history with this new alternative concept, we can find out women`s great leadership in the areas of religions, politics and social movements. Especially in the area of social movements (and women`s movement), we can find many cases where women reformed societies by their own efforts and made themselves great leaders from bottom up. Furthermore, before the full establishment of patriarchy, women exercised much influences as a religious leader. In contemporary society, women are growing up as great politicians by themselves. Now it is the role of feminist historians to restore women`s leadership fairly in history.

Professional Socialization and Glass Ceiling Perceived by Women Sports Leaders Working in Sports Centers in South Korea

양재영 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2023 Asian Women Vol.39 No.2

The purpose of this study is to explore the biographical understanding of professional socialization and the glass ceiling through occupational socialization theory as perceived by women sports leaders working in sports centers and to provide improvement plans accordingly. Participants consisted of six women sports leaders working at sports centers in metropolitan cities of South Korea (two in taekwondo, two in pilates, one in yoga, and one in fitness; one in her 50s, two in their 40s, and three in their 30s). Data collection was conducted using one-on-one semi-structured interviews, observations, and field notes, and the collected data were analyzed using constant comparative analysis. A result was that the women sports leaders experienced gender-discriminatory behaviors and male-centered culture in the field of physical education from childhood, which acted as a temporary obstacle to their occupational choice as a sports leader. Further, such gender-discriminatory experiences continued in the stage of professional development as well as in the current position, functioning as an impediment factor in enhancing their professionalism and status. The experiences were divided into five key themes as follows: (1) sports activity in childhood and career milestones, (2) professional development and limitations as a woman sports leader, (3) discrimination and injustice against women sports leaders in sports centers, (4) institutional inequality against women’s labor in sports centers, and (5) lack of sports infrastructure and governmental policy support for women. Implications and plans for improving the occupational stability, professionalism, and promotion of women sports leaders were discussed in detail.

신종교와 여성 한국사회에서 여성 종교지도자의 카리스마 구축구조

우혜란 ( Hai Ran Woo ) 한국신종교학회 2009 신종교연구 Vol.21 No.-

Female religious leaders are not hold in high esteem in Korean society in general. Especially, those women who established independent religious communities exerting strong charismatic authority are often judged by mainstream religions deviant or heretic, while it not seldom happens that their criminal activities are revealed via mass media. Even within academic circle these women didn`t draw much attention and accordingly, they were not evaluated properly in terms of their socio-cultural role as well as religious creativity. Furthermore, it is not analysed yet in depth, how these Korean women who form a very small minority comparing to male religious leaders, build up their charismatic leadership. So this paper focused on the process of construction of female religious authority as well as the persisting tension between these female religious leaders and established religious power in South Korean society. Specifically, mystical experiences of these women were paid attention for the reason that encountering/communicating with supernatural reality/power serves as a crucial factor which legitimates the charismatic authority this women claim themselves. With the purpose of analysing religious experience of these women, the autobiographical writings or spiritual autobiographies of two female religious leaders-Buddhist nun, Myosimhwa and Catholic laywoman, Yun Julia-were chosen, and some characteristics of their life-process as well as religious experience were identified. As a last step, female religious leaders in non-mainstream and mainstream religions were compared and ascertained that these women are making use of various strategies for ensuring their leadership and autonomy against still male- and priest-centered Korean religious tradition.

The city, PKK leaders, and women’s empowerment

Kurniawati Hastuti DEWI Asian Center for Women's Studies : Ewha Womans Uni 2023 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.29 No.1

This paper examines the strategic roles of leaders of state-organized women’s groups of the Pemberdayaan dan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (Family Welfare and Empowerment or PKK), in the development of Ruang Publik Terpadu Ramah Anak (Child-Friendly Integrated Public Spaces or RPTRA) in the province of Jakarta, Indonesia. This is a qualitative study undertaken via in-depth interviews with PKK leaders and relevant officials. It is also based on observations I made of RPTRA Mutiara and RPTRA Serdang Baru in Central Jakarta, between 2019 and 2022. I found that the PKK leaders have been able to influence the design of the RPTRA that are now equipped with lactation rooms that enable women to move outside and participate more easily in public spaces. These have promoted women’s empowerment, group formation and collective action and have focused on bringing women’s interests into the initial design of the RPTRA. This paper suggests that while “State Ibuism” continues to be an important concept, PKK leaders are showing signs of adopting new ideologies and practices that indicate progressive feminist thinking and directions that are important and need to be studied.

다문화시대 여성체육인의 역할과 과제

남윤신 한국체육정책학회 2011 한국체육정책학회지 Vol.9 No.1

The purpose of this study is to analyse the concept of multi-cultural age in Korea,roles of women sports leader, multi-culture policies with a topic of role and tasks of women sports leader at the age of a multi-cultural society. The documentary survey and interview method were used for this study. The results are as follows:First, it is essential to develop and organize sports for all policy at the age of multi-cultural society. Government should establish community sports park and fitness facility for improving facility accessibility of multi-cultural immigrant women. The extended plan founding, finding of interdepartmental partnership, professional women sports leader training are required for multi-culture subjects. The task for women sports reinforcement at the multi-cultural age needs to push ahead of sports policy partnership with women sports leader, organize general association of women sports, hold a seminar with topic of role and task of women sports leader, build the development of human resources center, women sports power development, job application, create women friendship culture, and create women sports friendship.