‘경주 동궁과 월지’의 성격을 둘러싼 논의와 쟁점

이현태 한국고대학회 2023 先史와 古代 Vol.- No.72

There have been many discussions about the nature of the historic site known as “Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond in Gyeongju” and its vicinity. As is well known, the most widely accepted view on the historic site has long been that the artificial reservoir named Anapji was also called Wolji during the Silla period, while Donggung Palace, built in 679, was the official residence of the crown princes of the Silla dynasty. Following the widespread adoption of the “Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond” theory, the historic site known as the “Imhaejeon Site in Gyeongju” was renamed as “Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond” in 2011. Ironically, however, divergent opinions to that theory had already begun to emerge by the time the historic site was renamed, in accordance with a new theory established in the 1980s. This latter theory was largely based on the records in The History of the Three Kingdoms (Samguk Sagi) and the text materials excavated in the area around the Wolji Pond. Unfortunately, the researchers who proposed this theory paid little attention to the remaining archaeological features found at the site in question. Another view, which emerged in 1991, held that the area around Wolji Pond was too large to become Donggung Palace, in other words the official residence of Silla’s crown princes, and particularly so when compared with the crown prince’s palace in the subsequent Goryeo and Joseon periods. This was followed by the still new idea that the term “Donggung” referred, as the name suggests, to the “Eastern Palace,” whose precincts contained the crown prince’s residence (Taejagung Palace). The central part of the site, Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond in Gyeongju, is represented by a building complex located to the west of the pond. Discussions aiming to connect the central buildings with the crown prince’s residence only began as recently as 2010. This issue attracted the attention of many researchers, although few of them actually undertook a thorough review of the characteristic features of these palatial buildings. Recently, however, some of the structural remains of these buildings were re-excavated together with the ‘Ga’ section situated to the east of Wolji Pond. Accordingly, the achievements of the latest studies and archaeological discoveries have laid the foundation for fresh discussions about the nature of Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond in Gyeongju. One of the most important tasks required in the effort to identify the nature of Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond in Gyeongju should be to understand the nature of the building that is marked by an absence of inner columns at its center, as well as the background to Wall No. 1, which was discovered due east of Wolji Pond. That is why it has been concluded that Building No. 1 located in the ‘Ga’ section to the east of Wolji Pond, which is characterized by an interior without columns, should be compared with Building ‘A’ located to the west of Wolji Pond, which may well have been related with Silla’s kings. In order to acquire a closer, more accurate understanding of the true nature of Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond in Gyeongju, researchers will need - in addition to adopting archaeological approaches - to explore text materials connected with Wolji Pond and the buildings in its vicinity, such as the record in Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms (Samguk Yusa), according to which the entire fifty rooms forming the palace’s internal quarters were swept away when Dongji Pond overflowed. 사적으로 지정된 ‘경주 동궁과 월지’ 및 그 주변 지역의 성격을 둘러싸고 활발한 논의가 이루어지고 있다. 잘 알려져 있듯이 신라 때 안압지는 月池로 불렸고 그 주변 건물지가 바로 679년에 건립된 東宮, 즉 태자의 居所였다는 견해가 거의 통설처럼 여겨져 왔다. 이는 ‘동궁(태자궁)과 월지’설이라고 개념화할 수 있다. ‘동궁(태자궁)과 월지’설에 힘입어 ‘慶州 臨海殿址’였던 사적 지정명칭은 2011년 ‘慶州 東宮과 月池’로 바뀌었다. 하지만 공교롭게도 사적 지정명칭의 변경을 전후해 ‘동궁(태자궁)과 월지’설에 대한 반론이 본격화되었다. ‘동궁(태자궁)과 월지’설은 『삼국사기』의 기록과 월지 일대에서 출토된 문자 자료를 기반으로 1980년대에 성립하였다. 하지만 가장 기본인 ‘경주 동궁과 월지’ 내의 遺構 분석을 소홀히 한 문제가 있다. 특히 월지 일대를 동궁(태자궁)으로 파악하기에는 고려나 조선의 태자궁과 비교해 그 규모가 지나치게 크다는 비판이 1991년에 제기되었다. 이에 따라 동궁은 ‘동쪽의 궁궐’을 가리키며, 그 안에 태자궁이 포함되었다는 수정된 해석이 나오기도 했다. ‘경주 동궁과 월지’에서 중심 건물은 월지 서편에 자리한 건물군이다. 하지만 월지 서편 건물군을 태자와 연관 지을 수 있느냐는 문제는 2010년에 이르러서야 비로소 논의되기 시작했다. 그 뒤 여러 연구자가 월지 서편 건물군의 성격에 관해 언급했지만, 건물의 특징을 면밀하게 검토한 경우는 많지 않다. 최근 월지 서편 건물군 가운데 일부 유구가 재발굴되었고, 월지 동편의 가지구도 발굴보고서가 모두 발간되었다. 따라서 최신 발굴 성과를 바탕으로 ‘경주 동궁과 월지’의 성격을 새롭게 논의할 수 있는 토대가 마련된 셈이다. 이와 관련해 건물의 중앙부에 기둥이 생략된 內陣 減柱가 확인된 건물의 성격과 월지 동편에서 발굴된 1호 담장의 축조 배경을 밝히는 것이 ‘경주 동궁과 월지’의 성격을 규명하는데 중요한 과제라고 생각된다. 특히 내진 감주가 확인된 월지 동편 가지구의 1호 건물은 국왕의 공간일 가능성이 큰 월지 서편의 A건물과 동등한 차원에서 검토가 이루어져야 한다고 판단하였다. 이와 같은 고고학적인 접근과 더불어 東池가 넘쳐 內殿 50여 칸이 떠내려갔다는 『삼국유사』의 기록처럼 월지 및 그 주변 건물과 연관 지을 수 있는 사료를 적극적으로 활용하여야 ‘경주 동궁과 월지’의 실체에 한 걸음 더 다가갈 수 있을 것이다.

7세기 후반 월성 외곽의 공간적 재편과 그 의미 - 월지 주변과 발천 유적을 중심으로

이현태 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2021 新羅文化 Vol.59 No.-

It is generally assumed that Wolji Pond was built in 674 (the 14th year of the reign of King Munmu of Silla). However, traces indicating the existence of the pond before the late seventh century were identified during the excavation. Samguk sagi (1146, Historical Record of the Three Kingdoms) states that a dragon appeared in the pond to the east of Wolseong Fortress in the mid-third century, which suggests that a pond already existed in the area where Wolji Pond is located. In this regard, researchers also pay attention to Dongji Pond, which dates from the eighth century and is mentioned in Samguk yusa (1281, Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms). There are also stories about the appearance of a dragon at this pond, and it is said that around 50kan* of the inner buildings of the fortress was once flooded when the pond overflowed. As a result of the surveys conducted so far, the only place in or outside Wolseong Fortress that could contain enough water to flood an area the size of 50 kan is Wolji Pond, and the only place where inner buildings of the fortress could have been located is the area close to Wolji Pond; as such, it has been concluded that the pond to the east of the fotress where the dragon is said to have appeared, namely, Dongji Pond, and Wolji Pond refer to one and the same thing. Now, some researchers believe that the group of buildings to the west of Wolji Pond is associated with a king rather than a crown prince. Furthermore, judging by the results of the excavations of the group of buildings situated to the west of Wolji Pond and their spatial layout, it seems clear that the three buildings lying along a vertical line were used for official meetings and the king's private purposes. Interestingly, it has been ascertained - through an examination of the relevant materials - that Wolji Pond was closely associated with a dragon. As the dragon symbolizes a king, and as there are many stories about the appearance of a dragon at Wolji Pond dating from the mid-third century, the areas around the pond are recognized as being associated with a king. This may be why important buildings associated with state affairs, including those used for official meetings, were built near to Wolji Pond in the late seventh century. It is also noteworthy that the dragon was viewed as a water deity. The area outside Wolseong Fortress, including Wolji Pond, mostly consisted of swampland, so much work had to be done to control the water and to form solid ground on which to build. It is thought that in the course of such work, a water deity came to be identified with a king and that the buildings used for official meetings were built near Wolji Pond. Recently, the remains of facilities possibly related with sacrificial rites, including the site of an open space under a roof supported with columns outside the original section of a building, which is assumed to date from the late seventh century, as well as stone facilities and a brick drainage were excavated at the historic site at the Balcheon Stream, about 250 meters west of the group of buildings situated to the west of Wolji Pond. This discovery may indicate that the repairs of King Munmu's royal palace in the late seventh century, which are mentioned in Samguk sagi, included the construction of state facilities for sacrificial rites and the renovation of the buildings of the royal palace. The spatial rearrangement of the buildings in the areas close to Wolji Pond and the Balcheon Stream may be interpreted as a planned relocation of the central axis of governance of the kingdom from inside Wolseong Fortress to the area near Wolji Pond. Meanwhile, the area south of Hwangryongsa Temple was developed into a town as a part of the spatial rearrangement of the areas outside Wolseong Fortress in the later seventh century.

월지(月池) 서측 호안의 출수시설(出水施設)에 관한 고찰

오준영 국립문화재연구원 2018 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.51 No.3

본 연구는 월지의 서측 호안 일대에 존재했던 출수구(出水口)와 구거(溝渠)를 재조명하고, 서측 호안의 출수시설이 월지의 역사적 배수체계와 연관되었을 가능성에 주목하고 있다. 세부적으로는 출수구의 위치와 형태, 월지 북서측 구거와 서측 호안 출수구의 관계성, 서측 호안 출수시설의 조성시기와 성격을 중점적으로 고찰하였다. 1975년 발굴조사로 확인된 서측 호안의 출수구는 1922년 실측도면에 기록된 수낙구(水落口)와 동일시설로 판단된다. 따라서 1920년대 이전부터 월지의 서측 호안에는 별도의 출수시설이 존재했을 가능성이 높다. 서측 호안 출수구는 장방형 석재를 가공한 시설이며, 수위조절을 위한 4개의 배수공(排水孔)이 설치되어 있었다. 배수공을 통한 출수방식은 월지 북측 호안에서 조사된 출수시설과 동일하다. 1913년 제작된 지적도에서는 월지의 북서측 외곽으로 구거가 확인된다. 구거와 출수구는 근거리에 위치하며, 동일한 축선을 형성하고 있었다. 따라서 구거와 출수구는 월지의 배수체계와 연관된 유기적 시설로 판단된다. 특히 월지 북서측 구거는 서측 호안 출수시설의 조성시기를 1910년대 이전으로 소급할 수 있는 단초다. 출수구의 배수공을 통해 유입된 물은 구거를 통해 월지의 북서측 일대로 배출 되었다. 서측 호안 출수시설의 조성시기와 성격은 두 가지 측면에서 해석된다. 첫 번째는 월지가 농업용 저수지로 기록되었다는 점, 월지의 북서측 일대가 농경지로 이용되었다는 점에 근거한 ‘조선시대의 농업용 관개시설’이다. 두 번째는 출수구가 월지의 수제선(水際線)을 형성하는 하층 호안석축에 설치되었다는 점, 최상단 배수공의 높이가 월지의 만수위(滿水位)와 유사하다는 점에 근거한 ‘월지 조영 당시의 수위조절용 출수시설’이다. 관련 근거와 정황을 고려하면 후자의 가능성이 더욱 높다고 판단된다. This study highlights a drainage gate and a ditch, which existed around the whole area of the western shore of Wolji Pond(月池) and focuses on a possible connection between the drainage facility on the western shore and the historical drainage system of Wolji Pond. Specifically, it primarily considered locations and the form of a drainage gate, the relationship between northwestern ditch of Wolji Pond and the drainage gate, and the establishment period and the character of the drainage facility on the western shore. The drainage gate found in excavation in 1975 is determined as the same facility as Surakgu(水落口) recorded on an actual measurement drawing, 1922. Therefore, it is highly probable that there were already the drainage facility in the western shore of Wolji Pond before the 1920s. The drainage gate constructed by processing rectangular stones has four drainage holes for controlling water level. The way of the drainage through the drainage holes is the same as that of the northern shore of Wolji Pond. From a cadastral map drawn in 1913, it is found that the ditch existed in northwest of Wolji Pond. The ditch was proximate to the drainage gate and shared the same axes. Hence, the ditch and the drainage gate are determined as a organic facility connected to the drainage system of Wolji Pond. In particular, the ditch existed in northwest of Wolji Pond is the basis for judging that the drainage facility in the western shore were established before the 1910s. Water flowed in through drainage holes of the drainage gate is drained into the northwest of Wolji Pond, through the ditch. The establishment period and the intention of the drainage facility on the western shore can be interpreted in two aspects. First, they might be 'a agricultural irrigation facility in the Joseon era', given that Wolji Pond was recorded as a agricultural reservoir, and that the whole northwestern area of Wolji Pond was used as farm land areas. Second, they might be 'a drainage facility for controlling the water level in creating Wolji Pond', given that the drainage gate was annexed to the lower shore forming the waterline of Wolji Pond, and that the hight of drainage holes on top of the drainage gate was similar to the full water level of Wolji Pond. Considering the related grounds and circumstance, the latter possibility is high.

‘경주 동궁과 월지’ 출토 고려 기와와 그 의미

이현태 신라사학회 2024 新羅史學報 Vol.- No.61

‘경주 동궁과 월지’에서는 지금까지 다양한 문화유산이 출토되었는데, 가장 큰 비중을 차지하는 것은 瓦塼類이다. 와전류의 대부분은 7세기 후반~10세기 전반으로 편년되는데, 日暉文 막새를 비롯한 고려 기와도 일부 확인된다. 1978년에 발간된 雁鴨池 發掘調査報告書 에 수록된 고려 기와는 그동안 황룡사에서 유입된 것으로 이해하는 경향이 강했다. 하지만 동궁과 월지에서 출토된 고려 기와 가운데는 발굴조사보고서에 실리지 않은 것도 있고 일제강점기에 출토된 것도 있어서 보다 면밀한 검토가 필요하다. 동궁과 월지에서 출토된 고려 기와는 대체로 월지의 서쪽 湖岸 또는 남쪽 호안과 인접한 지점에서 출토되었거나 월지 서편 건물군에서 출토되었음이 확인된다. 그런데 월지와 황룡사의 사이에 자리한 월지 동편의 가・나지구에서는 일휘문 막새가 출토된 적이 없으며, 월지에서 출토된 日暉・雲文 수막새는 황룡사에서 출토된 적이 없는 형식이다. 이는 동궁과 월지에서 출토된 고려 기와가 황룡사에서 유입된 것이 아니라 원래 사용처가 월지 주변의 건물이었음을 시사한다. 나아가 동궁과 월지에서 출토된 고려 기와는 적어도 월지 주변의 일부 건물이 일휘문 막새가 등장하는 11세기 중엽까지 남아 있었음을 알려준다. 동궁과 월지에서 출토된 고려 기와 가운데 附椽瓦가 포함된 점도 주목되는데, 통일신라 때 월지 주변의 건물은 서까래와 附椽의 끝부분을 金銅 透彫 裝飾으로 마감・장식했기 때문에 椽木瓦 및 부연와는 출토된 적이 없다. 따라서 비록 1점에 불과하지만 고려시대의 부연와가 출토되었다는 사실은 월지 주변에 남아 있던 건물을 유지・보수하는 방식을 짐작하게 한다. 아울러 권위건물로서의 전반적인 외형은 고려시대까지 이어졌다고 하더라도 건물을 장엄하는 방식에서는 차이를 보여 건물 자체의 위상은 통일신라시대에 비해 낮아진 것으로 판단된다. A variety of cultural heritages have been excavated from Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond in Gyeongju, among which roof tiles and tile bricks (wajeon 瓦塼) comprise the largest proportion. Although the majority of these roof tiles and tile bricks date from the late seventh to the early tenth centuries-corresponding to the Unified Silla period (676-935)-several roof tiles from the Goryeo period (918-1392), such as roof-end tiles (maksae) with sun halo design (ilhwimun 日暉文), were also found. Based on the findings included in the Excavation Survey Report of Anapji Pond, published in 1978, the common understanding thus far was that these Goryeo roof tiles were brought to Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond from the nearby Hwangnyongsa Temple. However, not all of the Goryeo roof tiles were featured in the 1978 excavation report, and some Goryeo roof tiles were also found during excavations in the Japanese colonial period (1910-1945). Thus, a more detailed review of the Goryeo roof tiles excavated from Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond is needed. Most of the site’s Goryeo roof tiles were discovered in the vicinity of the western or southern retaining walls (hoan 湖岸) of Wolji Pond or around the buildings situated on the pond’s western side. However, no roof-end tiles with sun halo design have been found in Zones A or B, located to the east of Wolji Pond between Wolji Pond and Hwangnyongsa Temple. Furthermore, no convex roof-end tiles (sumaksae) with sun halo design or cloud design (unmun 雲文), in the style of those excavated from Wolji Pond, have been found at Hwangnyongsa Temple Site. This suggests that rather than being brought over from Hwangnyongsa Temple, the Goryeo roof tiles were used in the first place on the buildings around Wolji Pond. Furthermore, as roof-end tiles with sun halo design emerged in mid-eleventh century, we can know that at least some of the buildings around Wolji Pond remained in use until this time. In addition, the discovery of a rafter extension tile among the Goryeo roof tiles excavated from Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond is noteworthy. Because the ends of rafters and rafter extensions were finished/decorated with gilt-bronze openwork decorations during the Unified Silla period, rafter tiles (yeonmogwa 椽木瓦) or rafter extension tiles (buyeonwa 附椽瓦) had not been found around the buildings of Wolji Pond. However, the single Goryeo-period rafter extension tile allows us to conjecture that the buildings in the vicinity of Wolji Pond continued to undergo maintenance and repair. Moreover, this change in the way the building was adorned suggests that the even if the building retained its external appearance as an authoritative structure, its status had declined in the Goryeo period.

동궁과 월지 주변 건물군의 구조와 기능에 대한 고고학적 검토 -월지 서편 A건물지를 중심으로-

김경열(Kim, Gyeong-yeol) 신라사학회 2023 新羅史學報 Vol.- No.57

경주 東宮과 月池(사적)는 신라 통일 직후인 문무왕 14년(674)과 19년(679)에 조성된 宮苑池와 王宮이다. 월지 주변에서 조사된 여러 건물군은 동궁의 위치 문제와 구조 등 많은 논란을 야기하였다. 따라서 동궁과 월지 주변에 위치한 여러건물군들의 구조는 어떠한지, 그것이 왜 왕궁인지, 그리고 이에 대해 충분한 고고학적 검토가 수반되었는지 확인할 필요가 있다. 본고는 기존의 연구 성과와 A건물지에 대한 고고학적인 조사성과를 분석하고 월지의 동・서・남・북편 건물군의 배치 구조와 기능, 더 나아가 월성과의 관계, 동궁의 위치비정 등에 대해 고고학적 검토를 진행하였다. 동궁과 월지 서편 A건물지 발굴조사에서는 7×4칸의 대형건물, 계단의 답도시설, 특징적인 기단토와 2m 높이의 대지성토, 건물지 입지 지대의 고대화 등 왕궁으로 볼 수 있을 만한 건축적 속성을 확인하였다. 이는 신라 왕경 내에서 확인되는 건물군 중 A건물지가 최상위 위계를 가진 건물임을 방증해준다. 따라서 현재 북궁, 남궁 등에 대한 왕궁의 위치 비정은 A건물지와 유사하거나, 한 단계 낮은 위계를 가진 건물지의 존재가 확인되어야 가능할 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 맥락에서 월지를 중심으로 동・서・남・북에 7세기 후반 이후의 권위 건물(군)이 입지해있는 점과 월성에서는 월지 주변의 건물에 상응하는 권위 건물이 부재하는 특징도 확인된다. 이는 신라 통일 후 월지를 중심으로 왕궁이 재편되었을 가능성을 시사한다. 물론 월지를 중심으로 입지한 서편과 남편 일대에는 7세기 후반 이전에 축조되었던 건물군도 확인되어 왕궁의 중심 공간 이동 전의 대지 이용 양상도 짐작할 수 있다. 동궁의 영역과 위치는 출토 유물과 문헌을 통해 월지 주변에 입지할 것으로 추정된다. 그 중에서도 가능성이 높은 곳은 월지 동편으로 추정된다. 월지 동편에는 (추정)소형 연지와 더불어 권위 건물군이 입지하며, 그 건물군 북편에 휴식 및 교육시설로 추정되는 ‘가’지구 4호 건물지와 생활시설(수세식 화장실, 우물 등)이 위치한다. 따라서 잠정적으로 월지 동편 ‘나’지구에 위치한 권위 건물군을 동궁으로, ‘가’지구에 위치한 건물군은 동궁에 부속된 생활구역으로 추정하였다. Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond(Historic Site) are royal garden and palace located in Gyeongju, were built in the 15th (674) and 19th (679) years of King Munmu, right after the unification of Silla. Several groups of buildings investigated on the west and south side of Wolji Pond caused a lot of controversies, such as the location and structure of Donggung Palace. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm how formed the structure of various groups of buildings is located around Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond, why it is a royal palace, and whether sufficient archaeological review has been conducted. This paper analyzed the results of previous research and archaeological investigation of building site A and conducted an archaeological review on the arrangement structure and function of the building groups in the east, west, south and north side of Wolji, and furthermore, the relationship with Wolseong. In the excavation of bui lding site A on the west side of Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond, found the architectural attributes include such as a large building of 7×4 cells, a king`s walkway facility for stairs (Tapdo), a distinctive stylobate soils of the building, 2m-high land reclaiming, and the fill-up ground higher than others ground. This proves that building A is the highest-ranking building among the buildings found within the capital of Silla, and it can be thought as a royal palace. Therefore, it is considered possible to determine currently the North Palace and South Palace locations in Silla capital with confirmation of the existence of a building site similar hierarchy compare with Building A or one level lower hierarchy. In this context, it is also confirmed that authority buildings since the late 7th century are located in the east, west, south, and north of Wolji Pond. On the other hand, it doesnt discover any authority buildings in Wolseong. This suggests the possibility that the royal palace was reorganized around Wolji Pond after the uni fication of Silla. Of course, it could assume a group of buildings was built before the late 7th century that located in the western and southern areas around Wolji pond, suggesting how the site was used before the move to the central place of the capital. And the range of Donggung Palace is presumed that be located around Wolji Pond through relics excavated from Wolji Pond and literature records. Among them, the most suitable place is assumed to be on the east side of Wolji. On the east of Wolji Pond, it has a group of authoritative buildings with a (presumed) small pond, and on the north of this group, there are building sites presumed to be educati onal facilities and living areas like a flush toilet, wells, etc. Therefore, it is provisionally assumed that Donggung Palace is located on the east side of Wolji Pond as the group of authority buildings.

고대 동아시아의 東宮과 신라 東宮

이재환(LEE, Jae-hwan) 한국고대사학회 2020 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.100

안압지라고 불리던 월성 동북편 연못은 신라 시대 명칭이 月池로서, 그 주변의 건물지는 太子의 居所인 東宮이자 月池宮이었다고 간주되어 왔다. 그런데 최근 월지와 월지궁을 국왕의 공간으로 간주하면서, 태자 거소로서의 동궁은 1호 담장지로 분리되어 월지 동편에 별도로 위치해 있었다는 새로운 해석이 제기되었다. 본고는 고대 동아시아에서 ‘동궁’이라는 표현이 사용된 맥락을 점검해 봄으로써 이 문제에 접근해 보았다. 계승예정자가 ‘동궁’으로 지칭된 사례는 先秦 시기부터 종종 나타나지만, 원칙은 아니었다. 西漢代에는 동궁이 皇太后의 居所인 長樂宮을 가리키며 그 代稱으로 사용되었다. 계승예정자의 居所가 동궁이어야 한다는 관념은 東漢代를 거치면서 성립하여, 西晉代에 이르러서야 관념과 실제 居所가 일치하게 된다. 그러나 ‘동쪽에 위치한 宮’을 의미하는 동궁의 용례 또한 지속적으로 확인된다. 신라에도 이러한 다양한 용례가 전달되어 있었을 것으로 여겨진다. 월지와 주변 건물들을 조영하는 작업은 기존 궁성 중심 구역의 동북쪽에 새로운 궁성을 만들고 園池를 조영했다는 점에서 唐의 大明宮을 연상시킨다. 대명궁의 완공 당시 명칭은 ‘蓬萊池’에서 따온 ‘蓬萊宮’으로서 ‘月池宮’의 작명 방식과 유사하다. 조영 과정에서 禮制的 典範에 대한 인식 하에 왕위계승자의 거소를 동쪽 宮에 위치시키면서, 월지궁은 동쪽의 궁인 동시에 왕위계승자의 거소 ‘동궁’으로서의 의미를 함께 가지게 된 것으로 보인다. 월지에서는 『三國史記』 職官志에 나오는 東宮官 9개 관부 중 8개 관부에 각각 대응되는 유물들이 출토되었으며, 太子와의 연관성도 확인된다. 특히 唐이나 日本의 太子·東宮 관부와 달리 신라의 동궁관에는 太子에 대한 보좌·시봉의 성격을 가지는 관서와 宮의 시설물을 관리하는 관서가 함께 배속되어, 신라 동궁의 복합적 성격을 보여준다. 궁성 중 일부에 계승예정자의 공간을 설정해 주었다고 해서, 그 공간이 왕에 의해 사용될 수 없는 공간이 되는 것은 아니다. 국왕과 왕위계승예정자의 공간이 반드시 분리되어야 했던 것 또한 아니다. 唐에서는 太子가 더 이상 동궁에 머물지 않고 少陽院에 거주하게 되는 변화가 나타나는데, 이는 太子의 통제를 위해 ‘황제 침전의 곁’에 거주하게 하는 의미를 가진다. 결국 국왕과 태자의 공간이 구분되어야 한다는 인식을 전제로 두고 월지궁과 별도로 동궁을 다른 위치에서 찾아야만 할 당위는 아직 부족하다고 하겠다. The pond located northeast of Wolseong, which was called Anapji since Joseon Dynasty, was originally named Wolji during Silla Dynasty. The buildings around it, also known as Wolji Palace, have been considered as the East Palace of Silla owned by the crown prince. However, a new view was raised that Wolji Pond and Wolji Palace were the king’s residences, and that the prince’s East Palace was on the east side of Wolji Pond separated by a wall. This view is based on the premise that the word ‘East Palace’ means only the residence of the crown prince, not the king. Even before the Qin Dynasty of China, there were cases where the crown prince was called ‘East Palace’, but it was not a principle. The East Palace in the Western Han Dynasty was residence of the Queen Mother. The idea that the prince should reside in the East Palace was established at Eastern Han Dynasty, and became real at Western Jin Dynasty. But the word ‘East Palace’, which simply meant ‘a palace located in the east’, was also used at the same time. These two meanings would have been known to Silla as well. The construction of Wolji Pond and the surrounding buildings was to build a new palace and a huge pond in the northeast of the existing palace area, reminding us of the construction of Tang dynasty’s Daming Palace. The original name of Daming Palace was Penglai Palace, which was derived from Penglai Pond, similar to the Wolji Palace named after Wolji Pond. During construction, the idea that the crown prince should live in the East Palace was applied, and the prince was decided to reside in that palace. Eventually, Wolji Palace came to have a complex character of ‘the (king’s) palace in the east’ and ‘the residence of the prince’. Many things thought to have been used in the offices of the East Palace were excavated from Wolji Pond, and some were related to the crown prince. Among the offices of the East Palace recorded in Samguksagi, there were offices dedicated to serve the crown prince, and were also some offices that manage the facilities of the palace, reflecting the complex character of Silla’s East Palace. In the Ancient East Asia, the prince’s residence was not an exclusive space that the king could not use. The space used by the king and the prince did not necessarily have to be separated. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a change in which the crown prince no longer resided in the East Palace, but instead resided in the Shaoyangyuan near the emperor’s bedroom. It is not necessary to search Wolji Palace and the East Palace in different places under the premise that the space of the king and the crown prince must have been separated.

新羅 月池와 東宮의 變化過程 檢討

양정석(Yang, Jeong Seok) 한국사연구회 2011 한국사연구 Vol.154 No.-

The remains of Royal Capital in the eastern side of Wolji, which have been researched newly recently, provided many performances which enabled the high concern and new perception about Wolji and Donggllng. Because the concern about Wolji and Donggung has been stagnant for some time, In order to utilize fully such research performances in restoring the change process of Wolji and Donggung, it is necessary to examine fully the preceding research performances about Wolji and Donggung simultancously. With such question consciousness, the purpose of this study is to rearrange preceding research performances by focusing on the reports published in the end of the 1970's, First of all, this study arranged the parts, which were overlapped in remains and could be related to chronicles, among the diverse research performances which had begun to be issued from the beginning of excavation researches, and so highlighted the importance of data which had not been dealt with importantly but could explain the change process of remains. On the basis of this arrangement, this study reclassified the remains interpretation parts of reports, and so made the relative chronicles of individual remains based on overlapping or correlation, and arranged their change processes, and then classified the periods of building sites. As a result, this study confirmed the aspect very similar to the period classification which had been presented in the process of arranging the research performances about the remains of Royal Capital in the eastern side of Wolji. Only, in this process, this study found that there was the difference in perceiving the relative chronicles of Wall No, 1 in the remains of Royal Capital in the eastern side of Wolji and Wall No. 1 in the building sites in the southern side of Wolji, This study analyzed the roles of the walls, and so revealed that they had been built basically with the same meaning as the walls of palace garden ponds, Accordingly, it became natura11y more possible that the period when these walls had been built was also the identical period, Also, this study confirmed that the axes of Building Site No. 1 and Wall No.1 in the remains of eastern Royal Capital were different with each other, and so approached newly by also connecting the sequence relation between them with the difference of axes which had been confirmed between the western building site and the southern building site in the preceding reports on Anapji. Through such examination, it was confirmed that, in the process of building Wolji and Donggung, like the records of Samguksagi, Wolji had been built first, and then, in addition to it, Donggung had been built afterward according to the new plan, In its process, it seems that the change of axes occurred around the royal palaces regarded as the main buildings of Donggung and the other peripheral buildings utilized the basis of existing buildings built according to the direction of Wolji. It appears that all these change processes were executed within a relative short period, By inference, the reason can be that the plan of forming the palace was changed newly not long after Wolji had been completed first.

신라 臨海殿과 月池宮의 성격 재론

이현태(Lee, Hyuntae) 한국사학회 2020 史學硏究 Vol.0 No.140

경주 안압지는 통일신라 때 月池로 불렸고, 그 서편의 건물지군은 태자의 활동 공간인 東宮이자 月池宮으로 불렸다는 것이 학계의 일반적인 인식이었다. 하지만 최근에 안압지 서편 건물지군을 태자궁(동궁)으로 보기 힘들다는 견해가 대두되었고, 월지마저 안압지가 아닌 다른 곳으로 비정하는 주장이 제기되었다. 이에 이 글에서는 안압지와 그 서편 건물지군의 성격을 논의할 때 언급되는 사료를 면밀히 살펴보았다. 우선 월성 안팎의 苑池를 확인한 결과 안압지는 月池로 불린 것이 분명하고, 월지의 ‘月’은 최고의 권력 또는 권위를 상징함을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 안압지서편 건물지군에 속한 臨海殿의 경우 태자와 관련한 기록은 보이지 않고, 국왕이 주재하였던 연회 또는 건물의 중수 기록만 확인된다는 점에 주목하였다. 나아가 秀宗이 副君으로 임명되어 월지궁에 들어간 지 2개월 뒤에 貞嬌를 태자비로 삼았다는 기사를 검토하였다. 수종(흥덕왕)에게 章和夫人외에 다른 부인이 있었다는 기록은 없기 때문에, 태자비 정교의 기사는 헌덕왕의 태자와 부군 수종이 일정 기간 공존하였음을 시사한다. 그래서 태자가 존재하는 상황에서 부군 수종이 들어간 월지궁은 태자궁일 수 없으며, 안압지 서편 건물지군은 태자와 연결시키기 힘들다고 판단하였다.『삼국사기』등을 고려하면 임해전과 월지궁은 태자가 아니라 왕의 활동 공간으로 이해하는 것이 타당하다고 결론지었다. 아울러 임해전은 안압지 서편의 C건물지일 가능성이 높으며, 이곳은 三朝가운데 內朝에 해당하므로 왕의 일상적인 정무 처리 공간이면서 필요한 경우 군신 간의 연회 장소로 활용된 것으로 보았다. It was once generally accepted among historians that Anapji Pond in Gyeongju was called Wolji Pond during the Unified Silla period and that the complex of buildings situated to the west of the pond were the remains of Woljigung Palace, where the crown prince of Unified Silla had his residence and his offices. Recently, however, a new theory or viewpoint has emerged to the effect that the complex of buildings situated to the west of the pond was not actually the crown prince’s palace(called Donggung Palace, or the “Eastern Palace”) and that the pond currently called Anapji Pond is not the same as the pond called Wolji Pond mentioned in ancient sources. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the original function of Anapji Pond and the aforementioned complex of buildings based on the extant historical materials related with the site. A careful survey of the “garden pond”(Wonji) at Wolseong clearly shows that the present-day Anapji Pond was known as Wolji Pond(月池, “Moon Pond”), where the first character, Wol(月), symbolizes the supreme authority or power. As for the complex of buildings, which now includes Imhaejeon Hall, no related records have ever been found, although there are some records about the renovation of the buildings and the banquets hosted in them by Unified Silla’s rulers. One important clue concerning the function of the complex of buildings can be found in the record that Sujong, after being designated heir apparent(副君, Bugun), was allowed to reside in Woljigung(月池宮, “Moon Pond Palace”), and married Jeonggyo, a daughter of Kim Chunggong , two months later. Given that there is no record that Sujong(later King Heungdeok, r. 826-836) had any other consorts apart from Lady Janghwa, the record of Jeonggyo’s marriage to become a crown princess suggests that King Heondeok’s crown prince and the Bugun Sujong existed together for a certain period of time. One cannot argue, therefore, that Woljigung Palace, in which Sujong was allowed to live, was the crown prince’s palace. This also suggests that the complex of buildings to the west of Anapji Pond was directly connected with the crown prince of Unified Silla. As such, it is safer to conclude, based on the statements provided in The History of the Three Kingdoms(三國史記, Samguk sagi) and other historical records, that Imhaejeon Hall and Woljigung Palace were domains of the king, rather than the crown prince, of Unified Silla.

경주 東宮과 月池 유적 건물지 配置 및 空間區劃 검토

김경열(Kim gyeong yeol) 한국고대사학회 2020 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.100

동궁과 월지(사적 제18호)는 문무왕 19년(679)에 조성된 통일신라를 대표하는 궁원지로 여러 차례의 발굴조사를 통해 월지 내부와 그 주변 건물지의 양상이 확인된 바 있다. 조사결과 월지를 중심으로 각각의 건물지가 정연하게 배치되어있음을 알 수 있으며, 여러 군으로 구획되어 축조된 사실도 함께 확인할 수 있었다. 다만 월지 주변에 대한 발굴조사가 전체적으로 이루어지지 않아 건물지의 배치구조 및 양상과 다른 유적과의 관계를 알기는 현재로선 힘든 실정이다. 본고에서는 기존의 발굴조사 성과 검토를 진행하여 남편에 축조된 1군의 건물지(도면 내 붉은색 건물지)는 월지 축조(674) 이전에 조성되었음을 새롭게 확인할 수 있었고, 이는 A건물지 남편에 위치한 줄기초 건물지와 시기적으로 연동될 가능성이 있을 것으로 추정하였다. 따라서 이러한 양상을 근거로 동궁과 월지 주변에 축조된 건물지 및 부속시설의 중복양상을 통해 건물지의 선후관계를 상정하였다. 본 검토에서 새롭게 확인한 부분은 첫째, 담장 등 부속시설의 재검토를 통해서 월지 주변에 위치한 담장은 서로 연결되지 않을 가능성이다. 따라서 기존에 제기된 월지 주변을 감싸는 ‘宮牆’을 상정하기보다는 각 시기별로 건물지 구역마다 상이한 담장의 이용양상이 있었을 것으로 판단하였다. 두 번째, 월지 동편에 위치한 ‘가’지구와 ‘나’지구 건물지에서의 서로 다른 특징을 확인한 점이다. 즉 가지와 나지구는 전체적으로 건물지의 중복현상에 있어 차이점이 뚜렷한 점, 대형 건물지 사이의 공간에 대한 소형 건물지 점유 양상 등의 차이를 확인하였다. 이러한 양상의 의미는 가지구와 나지구의 구역분리 및 건물지 기능이 다를 것으로 추정하였다. 이러한 점은 나지구에서는 대체로 소형건물지보다는 대형건물지가 주로 물리탐사에서 확인되었고, 가지구에서는 단독으로 위치한 소형건물지와 생활시설(우물, 화장실, 창고 등) 등이 많이 확인되는 점도 이를 뒷받침해준다고 할 수 있다. Donggung (The Eastern Palace) and Wolji (The Moon Pond) (historical site no. 18) are the representative examples of a palace and pond from the Unified Silla, built in the 19th year of the reign of King Munmu (679). Through several excavations, the aspects of the inside of Wolji and the surrounding building sites has been found. Based on the result of the current research, it can be seen that each building site is systematically arranged around the Wolji and these buildings were constructed in several sections. However, it is hard to know the connection between the arrangement and aspects of the building sites and other historical sites because the excavation research around the Wolji has not been conducted as a whole. In this thesis, using a review of the results of existing excavation research, it is newly confirmed that a group of building sites in the south part of Wolji was constructed before the construction of the Wolji (674). This work suggests that the date of construction of the group of building sites could be related to the date of construction of strip foundations in the south part of building site A, which located in the West side of the Wolji. Therefore, the sequence of the construction of the building sites could be estimated through examining the overlapped building sites and attachment facilities around Donggung and Wolji based on the research. Two parts of this thesis are newly identified. The first is the possibility that the stone walls located around the Wolji might not be connected to each other according to re-examination of the attachment facilities. Hence, it is determined that the stone walls were constructed according to different functions from one building site to another rather than, as was previously suggested, as ‘Gungjang_宮牆_the palace stone wall’ around the Wolji. The second is to examine the different characteristics of the building sites in areas 가 and 나 located on the East side of the Wolji. It was identified that these two areas, despite overlaps when considered as wholes, have distinct differences in the occupancy patterns of the small buildings in the spaces between the larger ones. This suggests areas 가 and 나 were divided up differently for different functions. This is supported by the fact that physical research discovered large-scale building sites in area 나, while a number of independently situated small building sites and living facilities (wells, toilets and warehouses) were found in area 가.

신라 동궁의 구조와 범위

이동주(LEE DONG-JOO) 한국고대사학회 2020 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.100

동궁은 차기 왕위 계승자인 태자가 거처하는 독립된 영역이자 전각을 이르는 말이다. 신라의 동궁은 문무왕 19년에 창조되었다. 유교적 예제와 관련하여 장자상속을 공고히 하려는 조치로 보인다. 그간 동궁의 영역을 월지 일대로 보는 데는 이견이 없었다. 그런데 발굴조사가 진전됨에 따라 임해전을 동궁이 아니라고 하거나 경주박물관 남측 부지에 비정하는 견해가 제출되었다. 임해전은 온실전에 비견되는 국왕의 영역이므로 동궁이 될 수 없다. 그런데 동궁 산하의 관부 가운데 월지악전, 월지전이 배치된 것을 보면 동궁은 월지 일대에 있었던 것은 분명하다. 이와 관련하여 월지 동편 일대의 발굴 성과가 주목된다. (가) 지구에서는 月臺를 갖춘 건물지 2동이 확인되었다. 1호 건물지로 명명된 공간은 담장으로 격절 되어 있다. 궁역의 모퉁이에 위치하고 있으므로 186번 목간에 보이는 ‘隅宮’으로 볼 수 있다. 그리고 7호 건물지 남서편 (나) 지구로 이어지는 공간에 月臺 일부가 노출되어 있다. (나) 지구의 발굴이 이루어지면 그 면모가 드러나겠지만, 이 건물은 1호 건물의 규모를 압도하는 가장 권위적인 공간이다. 따라서 태자가 정무를 보면서 후계자 교육을 받는 공적 공간일 가능성이 높다. 동궁의 범위는 동편은 남북 대로에 의해 구획되며 출입시설로 동문이 조영되어 있다. 서편은 월지와 건물군 사이를 격절하는 담장으로 구획되었을 것이고, 월지 방면으로 소통하기 위한 서문이 조영되었을 것이다. 그리고 남편은 (나) 지구의 월대를 갖춘 건물 앞까지로 추정된다. 북편은 발천이 자연 경계면을 형성하며, 그리 멀지 않은 공간에 흥륜사-황룡사로 이어지는 도로가 조영되었을 가능성이 있다. The East Palace (Donggung) refers to an independent area and royal palace where the crown prince, the next successor to the throne, resides. The East Palace of the Silla Dynasty was established in the 19<SUP>th</SUP> year of King Munmu’s reign. It seems to be a measure for strengthening primogeniture, concerning the Confucian ritual protocol. Until now, there has been no opinion against the consideration of the Wolji Pond area as the East Palace area. And yet, with the progress of the investigation and excavation, some had an opinion that Imhaejeon might not be the East Palace or that it was located at the southern site of the Gyeongju National Museum. Imhaejeon is the King’s realm compared to Onsiljeon. From the placement of Woljiakjeon and Woljijeon of the government departments under the East Palace, it is certain that the East Palace was in the Wolji Pond area. Concerning this, the result of excavation at the east side of Wolji Pond attracts attention. In District Ga(가), two Woldae-style building sites were found. The space named Building Site No. 1 is isolated by the wall. Since it is located at the corner of the palace district, it is assumed to be ‘Ugung Palace’ seen in Wooden Tablet No. 186. Also, in the space connected to District B, part of Woldae is exposed on the south side of Building Site No. 7. If District Na(나) is excavated, the appearance would be revealed, but this building is the most authoritative space that overwhelm the scale of Building No. 1. On the east side of Wolji Pond, this building is very likely to be the public space where the crown prince receives successor education, managing political affairs. As for the scope of the East Palace, the east side is partitioned by Nambuk-daero, and the west side is partitioned by the fence built on the Wolji Pond. The south side is assumed to be in front of the building with the Woldae District Na(나) reaches. It is hard to know the northern border, Balcheon is the border, and it is possible that the road leading to Heungryunsa Temple-Hwangnyongsa Temple was constructed in a not far space.